BivalTyp

‘envy’

Argument frame: X (envy) Y
Stimulus sentence: (M. has a car, and P. doesn't). P. envies M .
Predicate label Ru: завидовать
Argument frame Ru: X (завидовать) Y -у
Stimulus sentence Ru: (У М. есть машина, а у П. — нет) П. завидует М .

Abaza [c-]n-χč’alə

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
wə-s-c-nə́-m-χč’alə-n
2 sg . m . abs -1 sg . io - com - loc - neg -envy- neg . imp
‘Don’t envy me!’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-χʷepse

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r dirjekterə-m j-e-χʷapse
teacher- abs director- obl 3 sg . io . dat - dyn -envy
‘The teacher envies the director.’

Aghul *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Akhvakh (Northern) rak’wač’iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi musa-ge rak’wač’iɬ-ohe w-uk’-iri
pn pn - loc envy- seq m -be- ipf 3
‘Patahi envies Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) rok’o qχubi-ɬ.i-j

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER
X: GEN
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: XY
muħammadi-r rok’o qχubi-ɬ.i-j ali-ʔa
pn - inan 2( gen ) heart[ inan 2][ nom ] untidy- inch . pst - pf pn - super
‘Muhammad envies Ali.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ġwġ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām qa-yǝġāġ mǝn-Maryam
pn prs -be_jealous. ipf .3 ms from- pn
‘Abraham envies Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ḥəsəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad yəḥsəd Salwa
pn envy. ipfv .3 m pn
‘Ahmad envies Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.s.d

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi biḥsed Reem
pn envy. prs .3 m . sg pn
‘Shadi envies Reem.’

Arabic (standard) ḥasada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yaḥsudu Maryam-a
pn - nom envy. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr envies Maryam.’

Archi maˁrš

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
paša marina-t maˁrš
pn pn - sup be.envious
‘Pasha envies Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Armenian (Eastern) naxanjel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə naxanjum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def envy: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros envies Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic baxxəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+Ašur baxxul=əl bi švav-u
pn envy. prog =3 m with neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur envies his neighbor.’

Avar žaħda buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER
X: GEN
Y: INTER
Locus: XY
ʕali-l žaħda b-uk’-una aħmad-i-ɬ
pn - gen envy n -be- ipf pn - obl - inter
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Azerbaijani paxıllıq etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Rǝsul-a paxıllıq ed-ir
pn pn - dat / lat envy do- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Bafut tɛ́ʔɛ̂ nᵼ̀líʔî

Valency pattern: SBJ_a.atu.nu
X: SBJ
Y: a.atu.nu
Locus: Y
àmbɛ́ à tɛ́ʔɛ̂ nᵼ̀líʔî á àtû nú sùù
pn sm put eye at head/ prep body/ prep pn
‘Ambe envies Suh.’

Bambara kɔ́niya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bɛ Fùséni kɔ́niya
pn ipfv pn envy
‘Seku envies Fuseyni.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Ahmed Abdullo=qati qayti kix̌-t
pn pn = com envy do-3 sg
‘Ahmed envies Abdullo.’

Belarusian zajzdroscić

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Alieś zajzdrosc-ić Alien-je
pn [ nom . sg ] envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Ales envies Alena.’

Budugh paxıruvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-uz paxıruvol siʔi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat envy n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Bulgarian zavizhdam

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petăr zavizhda na Mihail
pn envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar envies Mihail.’

Catalan envejar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere envej-a en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) envy-3 sg . prs . ind def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere envies Marc.’

Chechen hwagh AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_INS
X: GEN
Y: INS
Locus: XY
Islam-an Nadir-aca hwagh j-u
pn - gen pn - ins jealousy. abs j -be. prs
‘Islam envies Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chinese (Mandarin) jídù

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān jídù Lǐsì
pn envy pn
‘Zhangsan envies Lisi.’

Chirag q’aq’a ik’-le

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul-l-i ʡa̰χː-dixː b-uχ-ar, ʡa̰le q’aq’a ik’-le
pn - obl - super good- abstr ( abs ) n . sg -become: pf - cond .3 pn ( abs ) tight ( m . sg )come: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘If Rasul is fine, Ali becomes envious.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Croatian zavidjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Per-o zavidi Miš-i
pn - nom . sg envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Pero envies Mišo.’

Czech závidět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr závidí Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr envies Michal.’

Danish være misundelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Peter er misundelig på Marie
pn be. prs jealous. c . sg on pn
‘Peter envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Itsari) ʕaˤsi-li ca-B

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam Nadir-ri-j ʕaˤsi-li ca-w
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super ( lat ) angry- adv cop - m
‘Islam is discontent with Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Dargwa (Kadar) baχ-il CL-ak'-es (PFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad baχ-il w-ak'-ib rasu-j-ke
pn jealous- atr m -come. pfv - pret pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad envies Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i uk'e ħuˤsut-le=saw
boy friend- obl - dat heart envious- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy envies his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) ħaˤl b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
uršːi juldaš-li-jaˤ ħaˤl ik'-ule=saj
boy friend- obl - super ( lat ) wish ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) waˤħaˤl-le + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
durħaˤ zumra-ge-w waˤħaˤl-le=caj
boy neighbor- super - m . ess jealous- adv - cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch jaloers zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_op
X: SBJ
Y: op
Locus: Y
Piet is jaloers op Marie
pn ( c ) cop .3 sg envious on pn ( c )
‘Piet envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Enets (Forest) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

English envy

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter envies Mary.

Estonian kadestama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter kadesta-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom envy- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter envies Maret.’

Finnish kadehtia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka kadehti-i Matti-a
pn . nom envy- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka envies Matti.’

French envier

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul envie Marie
pn ( m ) envy. prs .3 sg pn ( f )
‘Paul envies Marie.’

Gascon enveja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir enveja a Maria
pn envy. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir envies Maria.’

Gban sɔ́ gò lè

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ∅ sɔ́ gó=lȅ Mɔ̰̈bì là
pn 3 sg envy ipfv \buy= loc 2 pn on
‘Zan envies Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-šur-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
p'et're-s mašo-si Ø-šur-s
pn - dat pn - gen io 3-envy- s 3 sg
‘Petre envies Masho.’
Note: An insertion of a NOM argument, such as švil-i [child-NOM] is not ruled out here; in this instance, the sentence would read as 'Petre is envious of Masho's child'.

German beneiden

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl beneide-t Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] envy- prs .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl envies Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) mekan-e

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Pinχas mekan-e be Menaχem
pn envy[ ptcp ]- sg . m in pn
‘Pinchas envies Menachem.’

Hindi jalnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se jal-t-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl burn- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek envies Mohan.’

Indonesian (standard) iri

Valency pattern: SBJ_pada
X: SBJ
Y: pada
Locus: Y
Ade iri pada Ali
pn jealous for pn
‘Ade envies Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Irish bí formad

Valency pattern: aige_le
X: aige
Y: le
Locus: XY
Tá formad aige Pól le Máire.
be. prs envy at pn with pn
‘Pól envies Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian invidiare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo invidi-a Maria
pn ( m ) envy-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo envies Maria.’

Karata džahda bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM
X: POSS
Y: COM
Locus: XY
ʕali-b herk’a-m džaħda b-ik’u-da aħmat’-i-k’el
pn - n big- n envy n -be- ipf pn - obl - com
‘Ali envies Ahmat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Kazakh qïzɣan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa qïzɣan-adï
pn pn - dat envy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya envies Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) wǔšmaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
waśa-j-en pet’a-j-a wǔšmaś-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - dat envy- npst [3 sg ]
‘Vasja envies Petja.’

Khoekhoe suri

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ra suri
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv envy
‘Peter envies Maria.’

Khwarshi lok'ʷa liχʷa

Valency pattern: GEN1_GEN2
X: GEN1
Y: GEN2
Locus: XY
di-ja lok'ʷa liχʷa-ha isu-lo žоhоl
1 sg . o - gen 1 heart( iv ) remain- prs dem . an . o . i - gen 2 behind
‘I envy him.’
Note: The NPs in the genitive display some properties of clause-level arguments.

Komi-Permyak завидуйтыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя завидуйт-ӧ Маша-вö
pn завидовать- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Петя завидует Маше.’

Komi-Zyrian zavid'ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a zavid't-e̮ Maša-li̮
pn envy- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja envies Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) hwɛ́ɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe káa hwɛ́ɛ-ì Hèhee ɓà
pn cop fill- inf pn on1
‘Pepee envies Hehee.’

Kryz (Alik) paxiluval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-iz paxiluval yi-re
pn - erg pn - dat envy do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan envies Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) xayinluğol aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-iz xayinluğol i-re
pn - erg pn - dat envy do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) paxilival yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is paxilival yi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat envy n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Kumyk güllemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir musa-nɨ gül-le-j
pn pn - acc (envy)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir envies Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) bexîlî birdin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be
X: SBJ.TR
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa bexîlî be Sîrwan-î de-b-a
pn envy to pn - obl ind -take. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa envies Sirwan.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) çavnebarî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam çavnebari-ya jin-ê di-k-e
man envy- ez . f woman- obl . f prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man envies the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad dak’ maˁš qana-j ur Rasul-du-j
pn heart be.greedy become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - obl - sup
‘Mohammad envies Rasul.’

Latin invideo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
prob-us autem invide-t nemin-i
honest- nom . sg . m but envy[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg nobody- dat . sg
‘An honest man does not envy anyone.’
Note: (Cic. Tim. 9, 4)

Laz tol-i o-skid-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s tol-i do-Ø-skid-un-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat eye- nom prv - s 3-remain- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim envies Fatma.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?

Lezgian (Yargun) ppaxil + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Sahib Eldar-a-l ppaxil ya
pn pn - obl - sup envious cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib envies Eldar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Macedonian zaviduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì zaviduva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar envies Maja.’

Maltese għer

Valency pattern: SBJ_ghal
X: SBJ
Y: ghal
Locus: Y
Ġwanni jgħir għal Mark
pn be.jealous. ipf . m .3 sg for pn
‘Ġwanni envies Mark.’

Maninka (Eastern) tɛ́ɛmasìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù tɛ́ɛmasìi-nin Fónbà mà.
pn envy- ptcp . res pn adr
‘Seku envies Fomba.’

Mano fɔ̀ɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo
X: SBJ
Y: mo
Locus: Y
lɛ́ɛ̀ fɔ̀ɔ̄ ē ɓɛ́ì mɔ̀
3 sg . ipfv inflate: ipfv 3 sg . refl friend on
‘S/he envies his friend.’

Mansi (Northern) nuraɕi

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
anum-n sāw māxum nuraɕ-ēj-t
1 sg . obl - lat many people envy- npst -3 pl
‘Many people envy me.’

Mehweb ħalwahaj -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam ħalwahaj urh-an Nadir-li-če
pn envious m .become: ipfv - hab pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam envies Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-nǯar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
čelo-s anučia-ši Ø-o-nǯar-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - gen io 3- ver : sup -envy- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo envies Anuchia.’

Nanai ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-či anana.si-ni
pn pn - dir jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å være misunnelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Per er misunnelig på Ola
pn be. prs envious on pn
‘Per envies Ola.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Oromo (West Central) inaafa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
obsaa-n tolaa-tti inaaf-a
pn - nom pn - loc envy-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa invies Tola.’

Persian ḥasādat kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM
X: NOM
Y: beNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad be mariam ḥasādat mī-kon-ad
pn to pn envy cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad envies Mariam.’

Polish zazdrościć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Michał zazdrości Janc-e
pn [ nom . sg ] envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Michał envies Janka.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) invejar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro invej-a Miguel
pn ( m ) envy-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) xal xoli

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xa-l xoli pe Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg eat- prs .3 sg spite on pn - nom . sg
‘Murša envies Marijka.’

Romanian a invidia

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o invidiază pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant envy. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru envies Maria.’

Russian zavidovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet-ja zavidu-et Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja envies Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) paxil jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
rasul paxil jiɁi asijed-ɨ
pn ( nom ) envy 1. cop pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul envies Asijat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Mukhad) peχil jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad q'urban-ıı peχil jiʔi
pn pn - super envious m . cop
‘Murad envies Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER
X: DAT
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs rasul-u ul ğana vi
pn - dat pn - super eye( a ) be_on. cv a . cop
‘Murad envies Rasul.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) bexil yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ıı bexil ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn pn - super jealous ( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Murad envies Aydin.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shinaz) ul livxi-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER
X: ATTR
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
basir-dɨ hamıʔ ul ʁa karam-ɨ
pn - attr now eye( a ) be_on pn - super
‘Basir envies Karam.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Saami (Skolt) kađšted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kaađašt Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom envy. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete envies Maria’

Sagada k’ek’eƚa

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕale k’ek’eƚ-xo muħamad-ʁo
pn envy- prs pn - apud
‘Ali envies Muhamad.’

Serbian zavideti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar zavidi Marij-i
pn . nom . sg envy. prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar envies Maria.’

Shughni qayti čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_INS
X: NOM.CL
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Naǰiba Safina=qati qayti kix̌-t
pn pn = ins envy do-3 sg
‘Najiba envies Safina.’

Slovak závidieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter závidí Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’

Slovenian zavidati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
An-a zavida Petr-u
pn - nom . sg envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Ana envies Peter.’

Spanish envidiar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro envidi-a a María
pn [ sg . m ] envy- prs .3 sg dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro envies Maria.’

Svan x-a-txäm (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN
X: DAT
Y: BEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s lile-šd x-a-txäm
pn - dat pn - ben io 3- ver : sup -envy
‘Maizer envies Lile.’

Swedish att vara avundsjuk

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn är avundsjuk på Maja
pn be. prs envious. indf . n . sg on pn
‘Björn envies Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmed rasul.i-in ʁanix-ǯi vu
pn ( abs ) pn - super eager- adv cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad envies Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog mainggit

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-i~inggit si Pedro kay Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~envy pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu īrṣya + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki maheṣ aṁṭē īrṣya
pn ( m ). sg - dat pn ( m ). sg . nom that_is envy( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen envies Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur paхıliyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aˁlee manq:u-na paхıliyvalla haaʔa
pn . erg med . obl . m - a envy( a ) a .do. ipf
‘Murad envies him.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Tswana fufegela

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Mpho o-fufeg-el-a Ø-tsala ya-gagwe
prn (1) s i :cl1-be.envious- appl - fv sg -friend(9) cl9. gen -cl1. pro
‘Mpho envies his friend.’

Turkish kıskanmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Orhan-ı kıskan-ıyor
pn pn - acc envy- prs
‘Mehmet envies Orhan.’

Turoyo maku gawo

Valency pattern: SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-maku gawo me Maryam
pn prs -make_hurt. ipfv .3 m stomach from pn
‘Gabriyel envies Maryam.’

Twi anibere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi anibere nana
pn envy. prs grandfather
‘Kofi envies grandfather.’

Udi paxılluğbes

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
Rit'a-n Navel-eynak' paxılluğ=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - ben envy=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Rita envies Navela.’

Udmurt vožjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a Maša-li̮ vožjaśk-je
pn . nom pn - dat envy- prs .3 sg
‘Petja envies Masha.’

Ukrainian zazdryty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o zazdr-yt’ Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro envies Mariya.’

Ulcha ananasi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
nan əj əktə-wə ananas-i-ni
s/he this female- acc envy- prs -3 sg
‘S/he envies this woman.’

Uzbek hasad qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Miša-ga hasad qil-a-di
pn pn - dat envy do- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja envies Miša.’

Wolof ñee

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Usmaan dafa ñee xarit-am ndax kër-am g-u bees g-i
pn f oc v .s i :3 sg envy friend( b )- poss :3 sg because_of house( g )- poss :3 sg rel -cl g be.new cl g - def
‘Usmaan envies his friend because of his new house.’

Yukaghir (Northern) hollijuori=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ mǝ hollij-uo-ri-m
pn pn - acc aff envy- stat - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien envies Cheri.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
o hɛsuːdi-ja ajɛ kɛ-n-o
3 sg . m . abs jealousy- ez . f 3 sg . f . obl make. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He envies her.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.