BivalTyp

Northern Mansi

Contributed by Daria Zhornik (Academia.edu profile)

D.Z.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023 in the town of Ivdel’ (Sverdlovsk Oblast’, Russia) where speakers of the Upper Lozva dialect from the villages Ushma and Treskol’je were located at that time, the main speakers consulted being Anastasiya Anyamova and Albina Anyamova. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Zhornik, Daria. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Northern Mansi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 16, 2023; last revised on June 11, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

The basic word order is SOV. Subjects and direct objects, if represented by nouns, do not distinguish between each other since the language does not have a nominal accusative case. Only personal pronouns have a separate “accusative” form which consists of the pronoun and a possessive suffix of the same person and number. The verb has a subject conjugation, where it agrees with the subject in person and number, and an object conjugation, where it additionally agrees with the object in number. Object conjugation is grammatically possible for all transitive verbs and for transitive verbs only. The choice of conjugation is based on topicality, sometimes definiteness and other factors. Sometimes passive voice is used to promote a topical constituent to the subject position and for some other purposes.

Case system

In Northern Mansi, there are 6 nominal cases: nominative, lative, locative, instrumental, elative, translative. As mentioned earlier, personal pronouns have a special “accusative” form.

Verb lemmas

The verbs are cited in several forms in the questionnaire, the most common being NPST.3SG and PST.3SG

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3 – 1st, 2nd, 3rd person, ADV – adverbalizer, ASP – aspectual marker, CAR – caritive, CAUS – causative, COM – comitative, COMP – comparative, DIM – diminutive, DU – dual, EMPH – emphatic particle, EL – elative, INS – instrumental case, LAT – lative case, NEG – negation, NPST – non-past tense, O – object, OBL – oblique form, PASS – passive voice, PFV – perfective aspect, PL – plural, PN – personal name, POSS – possessive marker, PROP – proprietive, PTCL – particle, PTCP – participle, REFL – reflexive, S – subject, SG – singular, TR – transitivizer, TRANS – translative case, VBZ – verbalizer.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ājmən

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pājel puŋk-e ājməŋ
pn head- poss .3 sg sick
‘Pasha has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness) ajməntaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
pajel ājməntaxt-i xōpsi ājm-əl
pn suffer_from- npst .3 sg lungs illness- ins
‘Pasha has tuberculose.’

3. be afraid pili

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
āji-riɕ pil-i kūt’uw-əl
girl- dim be_afraid- npst .3 sg dog- el
‘The girl is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw wuɕkasas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel wuɕkas-as āxwtas
pn throw- pst .3 sg stone
‘Pasha threw a stone.’

5. have enough towlawe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
am ōln-əl towl-awe-m
i money- ins suffice- pass - npst .1 sg
‘I have enough money.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

6. resemble xurip

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pājel āɕ-e xurip
pn father- poss .3 sg similar
‘Pasha resembles his father.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe ajti

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
taw ajt-i ɕān’-e-n
he believe- npst .3 sg mother- poss .3 sg - lat
‘He believes his mother.’

8. take wis

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji-riɕ wi-s nēpak pasan-əl
girl- dim take- pst .3 sg book table- el
‘The girl took a book from the table.’

9. see kasali

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am kāsal-ej-um kol
i see- npst -1 sg house
‘I see a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter kasalaxtas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
ēkwa kāsal-axt-as āji-te jot
woman see- refl - pst .3 sg daughter- poss .3 sg with
‘The woman encountered her daughter (accidently).’

12. enter ɕaltəs

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMkiwern
X: NOM
Y: NOMkiwern
Locus: Y
ōjka ɕalt-əs kol kīwər-n
man enter- pst .3 sg house inside- lat
‘The man entered the house.’

13. win noxpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pētra anum kāsarǝl nox=pat-t-ǝs
p eter i . obl cards- ins up=fall- caus - pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’

14. go out konkwaləs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ōjka kol-əl kon-kwal-əs
man house- el out-go- pst .3 sg
‘The man went out of the house.’

15. drive n’āwi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ōjka n’āw-i sāli
man drive- npst .3 sg reindeer
‘The man is driving the reindeer (to the pasture).’

16. bend xutəltaste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ōjka xut-əlt-as-t-e tow
man bend_oneself- caus - pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s branch
‘The man bent the branch.’

17. tell lāwəs

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pājel kol’i-n lāw-əs …
pn pn - lat say- pst .3 sg
‘Pasha told Kolja....’

18. hold ūri

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel ūr-i nēpak kāt-ta
pn hold- npst .3 sg book hand- loc
‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’

19. catch up jujəljoxtəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw jujəl=joxt-əs-t-e ōtr-e
dog after=go- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s master- poss .3 sg
‘The dog catched up with its master.’

20. milk posəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ruɕ ēkwa kōsla-te pos-əs
r ussian woman goat- poss .3 sg milk- pst .3 sg
‘The Russian woman milked her goat.’

21. reach l’apamas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpoxen
X: NOM
Y: NOMpoxen
Locus: Y
am kol-um pox-ǝn ta l’apa-m-as-um
i house- poss .1 sg near- lat ptcl close- vbz - pst -1 sg
‘I reached my home.’

22. touch nowxatas

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
āji-riɕ kūt’uw-na now-xat-as
girl- dim dog- lat touch- refl - pst .3 sg
‘The girl (accidently) touched the dog.’

23. fight alxati

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
pājel alxat-i kol’a jot
pn fight- npst .3 sg pn with
‘Pasha fights with Kolja.’

24. be friends ruməŋ

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
pājel kol’a jot rum-əŋ ōl-ēj
pn pn with friend- prop be- npst .3 du
‘Pasha is friends with Kolja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think nomsaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
āɣi noms-axt-i ɕān’-ēl
girl think- refl - npst .3 sg mother- poss .3 sg . el
‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’

26. eat tājapaste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel tāj-ap-as-t-e xūl
pn eat- pfv - pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s fish
‘Pasha ate the fish.’

27. fry pōnslas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel xūl pōnsl-as
pn fish fry- pst .3 sg
‘Pasha fried the fish.’

28. wait ūri

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw ūr-i ōtr-e
dog wait- npst .3 sg master- poss .3 sg
‘The dog waits for his master.’

29. forget xotjoruwlaslum

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am l’ōŋx-um xot-joruwl-as-l-um
i road- poss .1 sg pfv -forget- pst -3 sg . o -1 sg . s
‘I forgot the road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call wowəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-e wōw-əs-t-e āɣi-te
mother- poss .3 sg call- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s girl- poss .3 sg
‘The mother called her daughter.’

32. get to know rumalaxtas

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
am rumalaxt-as-um jēn’a jot
1 sg befriend- pst -1 sg pn com
‘I recently made friends with Eugene.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

33. know wāji

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am wāj-l-um ti ōjka-riɕ
i know-3 sg . o -1 sg . s this old_man- dim
‘I know this old man.’

34. play (instrument) jonji

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ōjka-riɕ jonj-i sāŋkwəltap-əl
old_man- dim play- npst .3 sg sangkweltap- ins
‘The old man plays the sangkweltap.’

35. avoid ūrjalaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
am ūrjal-axt-ej-um ti ēlmxolas-ǝl
i keep- refl this person- el
‘I avoid this person.’

36. make wārəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am āpa wār-s-um
i craddle make- pst -1 sg
‘I made a craddle.’

37. make fun *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

38. have ōn’ɕi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel xāp ōn’ɕ-i
pn boat have- npst .3 sg
‘Pasha has a boat.’

39. look for kinsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am kins-ēj-um mil lōx
i look_for- npst -1 sg deep backwater
‘I am looking for deep backwater.’

40. paint sartəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel pūsas ōl’p-əl sart-əs-t-e
pn fence color- ins smear- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘Pasha painted the fence’

41. bite purəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw pur-əs-t-e n’āwram
dog bite- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s child
‘The dog bit the child.’

42. forfeit patəs

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR
X: NOM
Y: CAR
Locus: Y
ti ēkwa kol-tāl pat-əs
this woman house- car fall- pst .3 sg
‘This woman lost her house.’

43. try to catch puwi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel puw-i kati
pn try_to_catch- npst .3 sg cat
‘Pasha is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break sakwatas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel sakwat-as tow
pn break- pst .3 sg branch
‘Pasha broke a branch.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) ēruptite

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-e ērupt-i-t-e āji-te
mother- poss .3 sg love- npst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s daughter- poss .3 sg
‘The mother loves her daughter.’

47. wave xosji

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ēkwa tōr-əl xosj-i
woman kerchief- ins wave- npst .3 sg
‘The woman is waving a kerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

49. wash lowtəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel āni lowt-əs
pn cup wash- pst [3 sg ]
‘Pasha washed the cup.’

50. put on masəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji-riɕ sup mas-əs
girl- dim dress put_on- pst .3 sg
‘The girl put on a dress.’

51. be called lāwawe

Valency pattern: NOM_TRANS
X: NOM
Y: TRANS
Locus: Y
ti ūj n’oxsiɣ lāw-awe
this animal sable- trans say- pass [ npst .3 sg ]
‘This animal is called a sable.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack porijmaste

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMlalt
X: NOM
Y: NOMlalt
Locus: Y
wōrtōlnōjka xūl puw-ne ōjka l’al’t porijm-as-t-e
bear fish catch- ptcp . npst man on jump- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

55. find xōntsəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am xōnt-s-um xōxsa
i find- pst -1 sg cigarette
‘I found a cigarette.’

56. be short at towlawe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
pajel at towl-awe moɕɕa-kw-nuw ōln-əl
pn neg suffice- pass . npst .3 sg a_little- adv - comp money- ins
‘Pasha is short of a little more money.’
Note: This is a passive construction (cf. 5 for the active).

57. hate *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

58. like jomas

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
āji-riɕ-na ti sup jomas
girl- dim - lat this dress good
‘The girl likes this dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need ēri

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
anum-n oln ēri
i . obl - lat money necessary
‘I need money.’
Note: This predicate has lost some, but not all, of its verbal properties.

60. surround *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

61. remain ārijtas

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
am sotǝr solkowi ārijt-as
i thousand rouble be.left- pst [3 sg ]
‘I only have a thousand roubles left.’
Note: Although X is construed as a possessor of Y, it displays some properties of a clause-level rather than NP-internal constituent (e.g. discontinuous uses are possible).

62. answer akwjuwl’e lawǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
n’āwram ēkwa-n akwjuwl’e law-ǝs
child woman- lat back say- pst [3 sg ]
‘The child answered the woman’

63. open pūnsas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pēt’a āwi pūns-as
p eter door open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter opened the door.’

64. be different *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

65. fall behind juw xul’tǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
am juw xul’t-s-um jurt-an-ǝl
i back stay- pst -1 sg friend- pl - el
‘I fell behind my friends.’

66. plough xili

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xum xil-i mā
man dig- npst [3 sg ] earth
‘A man is digging/ploughing the earth.’

67. smell at pasi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
am kāt-aɣ-um xūl at pas-ē-ɣ
1 sg hand- du - poss .1 sg fish smell smell- npst -3 du
‘My hands smell of fish.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross minas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMultta
X: NOM
Y: NOMultta
Locus: Y
ēkwa l’ōŋx ūltta min-as wiɣir pōs-ǝl
woman road across go- pst [3 sg ] red light- el
‘A woman crossed the road on a red light.’

69. sing ērɣǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am ɕan’-um jomas ēriɣ ērɣ-ǝs
1 sg mother- poss .1 sg good song sing- pass [3 sg ]
‘My mother sang a beautiful song.’

70. write xansǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āɣi piɕma xans-ǝs
girl letter write- pst [3 sg ]
‘A girl wrote a letter.’

71. drink ajǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jēn’a saw wīna aj-i
pn much alcohol drink- npst [3 sg ]
‘Eugene drinks a lot of alcohol.’

72. melt toltǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xum kēr tolt-ǝs
man iron melt- pst [3 sg ]
‘The man melted the iron.’

73. match rōwi

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ti ēntap am sup-um-n rōw-i
this belt 1 sg dress- poss .1 sg - lat match- npst [3 sg ]
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave ossuwlas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
n’awram-ǝt jānij-m-as-ǝt, pāwl-anǝl ta ossuwl-as-anǝl
child- pl big- vbz - pst -3 pl village- poss .3 pl pl leave- pst - sg . o .3 pl . s
‘The children grew up and abandoned their village.’

75. cover lappantǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jānij tor kolkan lap-pant-ǝs
big cloth floor close-cover- pst [3 sg ]
‘A large cloth covered the whole floor.’

76. remember nomite

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am nom-i-l-um kol-um xot jānij-m-as-um
1 sg remember- npst - sg . o -1 sg . s house- poss .1 sg where big- vbz - pst -1 sg
‘I remember the house where I grew up.’

77. help n‘oti

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
n’āwram n’ōt-i ɕān’-e-n
child help- npst [3 sg ] mother- poss .3 sg - lat
‘The child helps his/her mother.’

78. understand (language) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

79. hit (target) xojas

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
jowt n’al sāli sam-na xoj-as
bow arrow reindeer eye- lat hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘An arrow hit the reindeer in the eye.’

80. cut oneself *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

81. get stuck xanǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
istakan pasan-ǝn xan-ǝs
glass table- lat get_stuck- pst [3 sg ]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) patwes

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
am pet’a jot kasǝr-l-as-um, taw-e-n pat-we-s-um
1 sg pn com card- vbz - pst -1 sg 3 sg - obl - lat fall- pass - pst -1 sg
‘I played cards with Peter and lost to him.’
Note: This is a passive construction based on an intransitive verb.

83. be glad xotɕajtunkw

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because this verb can only take clausal complements.

84. speak potǝrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
jēn’a potǝrt-i mārja jot
pn speak- npst [3 sg ] pn com
‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’

85. give birth on’ɕas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mārja mōlxōtal on’ɕ-as āji
pn yesterday have- pst [3 sg ] daughter
‘Yesterday Mary gave birth to a daughter.’

86. drop jolpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am istakan jol-pat-t-ǝs
1 sg glass down-fall- tr - pst [3 sg ]
‘I dropped the glass.’

87. govern *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

88. miss *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

89. follow n’awlaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjuji.palt
X: NOM
Y: NOMjuji.palt
Locus: Y
kati am juji pal-um akwaj ta n’awl-axt-i
cat 1 sg back half- poss .1 sg always ptcl follow- refl - npst [3 sg ]
‘The cat follows me everywhere.’

90. dismount xotkwalapas

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
jēn’a buran-e-nǝl xot-kwal-ap-as
pn snowmobile- poss .3 sg - el from-stand- pfv - pst [3 sg ]
‘Eugene dismounted from his snowmobile.’

91. listen xūntli

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am xūntl-ēj-um rādio
1 sg listen- npst -1 sg radio
‘I am listening to the radio.’

92. obey xūntli

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ti n’awram at xūntl-i ɕān’-e-n
this child neg obey- npst [3 sg ] mother- poss .3 sg - lat
‘This child doesn’t obey his mother.’

93. hear xūli

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am xūl-s-um kūt’uw
1 sg hear- pst -1 sg dog
‘I heard the dog.’

94. mix tēlijtas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
sākkar tēlijt-as ɕaj jot
sugar mix- pst [3 sg ] tea com
‘Sugar mixed with the tea.’

95. look sunsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am suns-ēj-um televizor
1 sg watch- npst -1 sg television
‘I am watching television.’

96. take off noxāŋxǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am xot-āŋx-ǝs-l-um i nox-tājat-as-l-um kūrtka-m
1 sg off-take_off- pst - sg . o -1 sg . s and up-hang- pst - sg . o -1 sg . s jacket- poss .1 sg
‘I took off and hung my jacket’

97. dream (sleeping) ulmajas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am ulmaj-as-um am-ki iškōla-m
1 sg dream- pst -1 sg 1 sg - emph school- poss .1 sg
‘I dreamt about my school.’

98. agree nomtǝn patǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
am jēn’a jot nomt-ǝn pat-s-um
1 sg pn com mind- lat fall- pst -1 sg
‘I agreed with Eugene.’

99. have a quarrel xotkantmalaxtas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
n’āwram-ǝt xot-kant-m-alt-axt-as-ǝt ɕān’-anǝl jot
child- pl off-anger- vbz - asp - refl - pst -3 pl mother- poss .3 pl com
‘The children had a quarrel with their mother.’

100. cost *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at pātamtas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jēn’a wās pātamt-as-t-e, at xoj-as
pn duck shoot- pst - sg . o -3 sg . s neg hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘Eugene shot at the duck but missed.’

102. pour tārtǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-um sākkar āni-n tārt-ǝs
mother- poss .1 sg sugar cup- lat pour- pst [3 sg ]
‘My mother poured sugar into the cup.’

103. lose xotūstǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am os ta kasaj-um xot-ūst-ǝs-um
1 sg add ptcl knife- poss .1 sg off-lose- pst -1 sg
‘I lost my knife again.’

104. sink witna ɕaltǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
sājrap wit-na ɕalt-ǝs
axe water- lat enter- pst [3 sg ]
‘The axe sank in the water.’

105. kill ɕamalas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ti xum ɕam-al-as mōt xum
this man to.death-kill- pst [3 sg ] another man
‘This man killed another man.’

106. hit junijtas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pijriɕ āji junijt-as
boy girl hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘The boy hit the girl.’

107. kiss an’apaste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji ɕān’-e an’ap-as-t-e
daughter mother- poss .3 sg kiss- pst - sg . o -3 sg . s
‘The daughter kissed her mother.’

108. read lowin’tas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am jomas nēpak lowin’t-as-um
1 sg good book read- pst -1 sg
‘I read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) n’uwitas

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
am pol’am tul’ōwl-ǝt-ǝl n’uwit-as-um
1 sg cold finger- pl - ins move- pst -1 sg
‘I moved my cold fingers.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

113. fall in love ēruptite

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jēn’a anum ērupt-i-t-e
pn 1 sg . obl love- npst - sg . o -3 sg . s
‘Zhenja loves me.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

114. trust *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

115. sympathise sāl’ ōlēj

Valency pattern: LAT_ACC
X: LAT
Y: ACC
Locus: XY
anum-n sāl’ rum-ēkwa-m
1 sg . obl - lat pity friend-woman- poss .1 sg
‘I pity my female friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy nuraɕi

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
anum-n sāw māxum nuraɕ-ēj-t
1 sg . obl - lat many people envy- npst -3 pl
‘Many people envy me.’

117. be angry kantmawe

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMnupel
X: NOM
Y: NOMnupel
Locus: Y
mārja kantm-awe āɕ-e nupǝl
pn be.angry- pass . npst .3 sg father- poss .3 sg towards
‘Mary is angry about her father.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

118. be surprised *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

119. love (tea) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want tāŋxi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am āji-m tāŋx-i lil’pi t’el’efōn
1 sg daughter- poss .1 sg want- npst [3 sg ] new phone
‘My daughter wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry”

123. take offence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry”

124. upset xotkantmaltas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pīj ɕān’-e takiɕ xot-kantm-alt-as-t-e
son mother- poss .3 sg strongly off-be.angry- caus - pst - sg . o -3 sg . s
‘The son made the mother very angry.’

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy ēssamti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMmajes
X: NOM
Y: NOMmajes
Locus: Y
pijriɕ ēssamt-i takwi pōsl-ǝm xuri-jan-e mājǝs
boy be_shy- npst [3 sg ] 3 sg . emph draw- res picture- pl - poss .3 sg for
‘The boy is shy about the pictures he drew.’