BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘kill’

Argument frame:

X (kill) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. killed M .

Predicate label Ru:

убивать

Argument frame Ru:

X (убивать) Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. убил М .

Abaza š’ə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

murád	a-ʁá	də-j-š’ə́-d
pn	def -enemy	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . m . erg -kill( aor )- dcl
‘Murad killed the enemy.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) wəč̣ʼə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

askerə-m	pəjə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
soldier- obl	enemy- abs	3 sg . erg -kill- pst
‘The soldier killed the enemy.’

Aghul k’.i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	meʜemed	k’.i-ne
pn ( erg )	pn	kill. pf - aor
‘Aslan killed Muhammad.’

Alik Kryz q'ayic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	rasul	q'ay-id
pn - erg	pn	kill. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan killed Rasul.’

Archi a-čas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	muħammad	u<w>ču
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn	<1>kill. pfv
‘Pasha killed Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +kaṭəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

švava	švot-u	+kṭil-a-l
neighbour( m )	neighbour( f )- p .3 m	kill. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m
‘The neighbor (he) killed his neighbor (her).’

Avar č’waze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	č’wa-na	aħmad
pn - erg	strike- aor	pn
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani öldürmək

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	Rǝsul-u	öl-dür-dü
pn	pn - acc	die- caus - pst (3)
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

Bafut ʒwítə́

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	kɨ̀	ʒwítə́	sùù
pn	sm	p 2	kill	pn
‘Ambe killed Suh.’

Bambara fàga

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	wáraba`	fàga
pn	pfv . tr	lion\ art	kill
‘Seku killed a lion.’

Brazilian Portuguese matar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	mat-ou	Miguel
pn ( m )	kill-3 sg . pst	pn ( m )
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

Budugh arot’u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	rosul	at'u-ci
pn - erg	pn	( m )kill. pf - aor
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

Catalan matar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	mat-ar	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	kill- inf	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere killed Marc.’

Chechen AGR-ii-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	v-ii-na
pn - erg	pn . abs	v -kill- prf
‘Islam killed Nadir.’

Chirag elχːʷi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ʡa̰li-le	qːačaʁ	elχː-un
pn - erg	robber( abs )	kill: pf - aor .3
‘Ali killed the robber.’

Czech zabít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zabi-l	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr killed Michal.’

Danish dræbe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	dræb-te	Marie
pn	kill- pst	pn
‘Peter killed Marie.’

Dutch doden

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	Marie	ge-dood
pn ( c )	have.3 sg	pn ( c )	ptcp -kill
‘Piet killed Marie.’

Eastern Maninka fàa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	Fónbà	fàa.
pn	prf	pn	kill
‘Seku has killed Fomba.’

English kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	killed	Mary.

Estonian tapma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	tapp-is	Mareti
pn . sg . nom	kill- pst .3 sg	pn . sg . gen
‘Peeter killed Maret.’

Finnish tappaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tapp-oi	Mati-n
pn . nom	kill- pst .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka killed Matti.’

Forest Enets kaza

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	saame	kaza
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	wolf	obtain( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend killed a wolf’.

French tuer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	tué	Michel
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	kill. pst . ptcp . m	pn ( m )
‘Paul killed Michel.’

Georgian mo-Ø-k'l-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	mašo-Ø	mo-Ø-k'l-a
pn - erg	pn - nom	prv : prox - do 3-kill- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre killed Masho.’

German töten

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	töte-te	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	kill- pst .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl killed Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle pǎa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pépèe	àa	Ámadù	pǎa
pn	3 sg . prf	pn	kill
‘Pepee killed Amadu.’

Hindi mār ḍālnā

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pratīk	ne	Mohan	ko	mār	ḍāl-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl	erg	pn ( m ). sg . obl	acc / dat	beat	throw. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek killed Mohan.’

Icari Dargwa ke=j=x-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	Nadir	ke=j=x-ub
pn - erg	pn . abs	on = m =throw: pf - aor
‘Islam killed Nadir.’

Irish maraigh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Do=mhairbh	Pól	Máire.
pst =kill	pn	pn
‘Pól killed Máire.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	q'er	ar-d
pn - erg	pn	kill	do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

Italian uccidere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	ucciso	Maria
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	kill. pst . ptcp	pn ( f )
‘Leo killed Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa ka-CL-uš-es / ka-CL-urš-es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	rasul	ka-0-wš-ib
pn - erg	pn	down - m -kill. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad killed Rasul.’

Kalderash Romani mudarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	mudar-ď-a	le	źukl-es
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	kill- pst -3 sg	art . m . obl	dog- acc . sg
‘Murša killed a dog.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ǯanavar	ʁa-b-k’-nu
pn - erg	wolf( abs )	pf - n . sg -kill- pst
‘Mahamad killed the wolf.’

Karata k’k’obaɬa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-l	k’k’ob-e	aħmat’
pn - erg	kill- pf	pn
‘Ali killed Ahmat.’

Kaytag Dargwa kixvara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	miša	kiš-ur
pn - erg	pn	kill. pf - aor
‘Petja killed Misha.’

Kazakh öltіr

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-nï	öltіr-dі
pn	pn - acc	kill- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya killed Masha.’

Kazym Khanty weλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-en	weλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	kill- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja killed Vasja.’

Khoekhoe ǃgam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s-a	ge	ǃgam
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	pst	kill
‘Peter killed Maria.’

Khwarshi j/ihaχa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

šamil-i	b-iha-χ-χa	ʁʷe
pn - erg	iii -die- caus - pst . w	dog( iii )
‘Shamil killed the dog.’

Kina Rutul riq’e rɨʔɨra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	r-iq’-e	r-ɨʔɨ-r=a	asijet
pn - erg	2-die- imp	2-do. pfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul killed Asijat.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	q'ay-id
pn - erg	pn	die. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

Kumyk öltürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	musa-nɨ	öl-tür-d-ü
pn	pn - acc	die- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Basir killed Musa.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) kuştin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

zilam	jin	kuşt
man	woman	kill. pfv . sg
‘The man killed the woman.’

Latin neco

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

(Oppianic-us)	eodem	venen-o	C.	Oppianic-um	fratr-em	neca-v-it
pn ( m )- nom . sg	same. abl . sg . n	poison( n )- abl . sg	pn	pn ( m )- acc . sg	brother( m )- acc . sg	kill- prf - ind . act .3 sg
‘(Oppianicus) killed his brother Caius Oppianicus with the same poison.’
Note: (Cic. Pro Cluentio. 31)

Laz o-γur-(in)-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	Fatma-Ø	d-Ø-o-γu(r)-in-u
pn - b - erg	pn - nom	prv - do 3- caus -die- caus - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim killed Fatma.’

Mandarin Chinese shāsǐ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	shāsǐ	le	Lǐsì
pn	kill	pfv	pn
‘Zhangsan killed Lisi.’

Mano zɛ̄

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

āà	miī	zɛ̄
3 sg . prf	person	kill
‘S/he has killed a person.’

Mehweb -aˁbʡas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	w-aˤbʡ-ib	Nadir
pn - erg	m -kill: pfv - pst	pn
‘Islam killed Nadir.’

Mingrelian do-Ø-ʔvil-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	anučia-Ø	do-Ø-ʔvil-u
pn - erg	pn - nom	prv - do 3-kill- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo killed Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew harag

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	harag	et	Menaχem
pn	kill[ pst .3 sg . m ]	do	pn
‘Pinchas killed Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul jiq'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'urban	jiq'e	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	pn	m .die	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad killed Kurban.’

Nanai waa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	waa-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	kill- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia killed Masha.’

Nivkh iɣd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	Irgun	i-ɣ-d
pn	pn	3 sg -kill- ind
‘Kaskazik killed Irgun.’

Northern Akhvakh ƛ’ƛ’waruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	musa	ƛ’ƛ’war-ari
pn - erg	pn	strike- aor
‘Patahi killed Musa.’

Northern Mansi ɕamalas

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ti	xum	ɕam-al-as	mōt	xum
this	man	to.death-kill- pst [3 sg ]	another	man
‘This man killed another man.’

Northern Yukaghir punˈ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	punˈi-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	kill- tr .3 sg
‘Semien killed Cheri.’

Norwegian Bokmål å drepe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	drep-te	Ola
pn	kill- pst	pn
‘Per killed Ola.’

Polish zabić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Janek	zabi-ł	Magdalen-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	kill: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	pn - acc . sg
‘Janek killed Magdalena.’

Russian ubitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ubi-l	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja killed Maša.’

Serbian ubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	ubi-o	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	kill- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar killed Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul h-iq'e hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	h-iq'e	hɨʔɨ-r	karam
pn ( erg )	m -die. cov	m .do. pf - aor	pn
‘Basir killed Karam.’

Shughni zīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil=i	Azim	zīd
pn =3 sg	pn	kill. pst
‘Shamil killed Azim.’

Skolt Saami kåʹdded

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	kooʹdd-i	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	kill- pst .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete killed Maria’

Slovak zabiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zabi-l	Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter killed Maria.’

Slovenian ubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	ubi-l	An-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	kill: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	pn - acc . sg
‘Peter killed Ana.’

Sorani Kurdish kuʂtin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	Sîrwan=î	kuʂt-Ø
pn	pn =3 sg . pc	kill. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa killed Sirwan.’

Southern Rutul yiq'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aydın	yiq'e	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	pn	m .die	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad killed Aydin.’

Spanish matar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	mata-do	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	kill- ptcp : prf	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro killed Maria.’

Standard Arabic qatala

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	qatala	Maryam-a
pn - nom	kill. pf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr killed Maryam.’

Svan ad-Ø-gär-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	gegi-Ø	ad-Ø-gäːr
pn - erg	pn - nom	prv : dist - do 3-kill. pst
‘Maizer killed Gegi.’

Swedish att döda

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	döda-de	Maja
pn	kill- pst	pn
‘Björn killed Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

p<in>atay	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .kill	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

Telugu caṁpēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	caṁpēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	kill. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen killed Mahesh.’

Tsakhur gik’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	хoče	givk’u
pn - erg	snake	a .kill. pf
‘Murad killed the snake.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa ka-b-uš-iz/ka-b-urš-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	ħunri	ka-b-ušː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	mosquito	down -kill. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy killed a mosquito.’

Tsugni Dargwa k-aq'-i / k-alq'-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	žibin	k-aq'-ur
boy- erg	mosquito	down -kill. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy killed a mosquito.’

Turkish öldürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Orhan-ı	öldür-dü
pn	pn - acc	kill- pst
‘Mehmet killed Orhan.’

Turoyo qoṭəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	qṭi-le	Yuḥanən
pn	kill. pfv - ls .3 m	pn
‘Gabriyel killed Yuḥanən.’

Twi kum

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	kum-m	nanabarima
pn	kill- pst	grandfather
‘Kofi killed grandfather.’

Udmurt виыны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Петя	Миша-ез	ви-из
pn . nom	pn - acc	kill- pst .3 sg
‘Petja killed Misha.’

Ulcha wā-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ama	buju-wə	wā-xa-ni
father	bear- acc	kill- pst -3 sg
‘Father killed the bear.’

Uzbek o’ldirib qoymoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-ni	o’l-dir-ib	qoy-di
pn	pn - acc	die- caus - cvb	put- pst .3 sg
‘Petja killed Maša.’

West Central Oromo addʒeesa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	tolaa	addʒees-e
pn - nom	pn . abs	kill-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa killed Tola.’

Wolof rey

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

gaynde	g-i	rey	na	rëbbkat	b-i
lion( g )	cl g - def	kill	prf .s i :3 sg	hunter( b )	cl b - def
‘The lion killed the hunter.’

Yargun Lezgian req’in

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	murdar	qˈe-na
pn - erg	snake	kill. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib killed the snake.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	o	kɨʃt
3 sg . m . obl	3 sg . m . abs	kill. pst
‘He killed him.’

Zilo Andi dʒab.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ali-di	muħammadi	dʒab.i
pn - erg	pn [ m ][ nom ]	beat. pst ( aor )
‘Ali killed Muhammad.’