BivalTyp

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2025 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. Fazil Dashlay translated the questionnaire sentences in his capacity of a native speaker.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Rutul (Myukhrek). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 12, 2025; last revised on August 12, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM
X: ATTR
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-dı ğiyğa vıq'ıl vedda-ra
pn - attr today head( a ) a .ache. ipf - cv
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs hava-bır yıˁxaˁ-ra
pn - dat air- pl . nom n .strike. ipf - prs
‘Murad has the flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs t'ıla-yala giç'e-ra yi
pn - dat dog- obl . superel fear. ipf - cv n . cop
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a qat' layi-ri
son. obl - erg stone( n ) n .throw. pf - aor
‘The son threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs şeyi-bır ğayq'a-ra yi
pn - dat money- pl . nom n .reach. ipf - cv n . cop
‘Murad has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ı-ky kika-ra yi
pn pn - obl - cont m .resemble. ipf - cv m . cop
‘Murad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ı ilaamiş yiʔi
pn pn - super believe m . cop
‘Murad believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kitab lafı-ri
son. obl - erg book a .take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xal ğagva-ra yi
pn - dat house n .see. ipf - cv n . cop
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yeş-e-kvan haq'al değiş vuˁruˁq'uˁ-ra vi
age- obl - com wisdom change a .become. ipf - cv a . cop
‘Wisdom comes with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan salat' yişi-ri
pn pn - obl - com meeting n .be. pf - aor
‘Murad encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
mırad xal-a aç'uˁ-ri
pn house- in m .enter. pf - aor
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ula ğami yişi-ri
pn pn - obl . superel victorious m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_INga7
X: NOM
Y: INga7
Locus: Y
mırad xal-a ğaʔ ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn house- in outside m .go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a zer bıniya yivıghı-ra
son. obl - erg cow pasture. in a .drive. pf - prf
‘The son is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a pert ç'ukuʔu-ra
son. obl - erg stick n .bend. pf - prf
‘Murad bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-da huxhu-ri
son. obl - erg pn - ad say. pf - aor
‘Murad told Rasul: ...’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kitab xıl-e xvakka-ra
son. obl - erg book hand-in n .hold. ipf - cv
‘Murad is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRdjibra
X: NOM
Y: ATTRdjibra
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-dı djibra laqhayq'ı-ri
pn pn - attr behind m .catch_up. pf - aor
‘Murad caught up with Khatun.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a zer vezı-ri
son. obl - erg cow a .milk. pf - aor
‘Murad milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad qırağ-di layq'as i
pn side- obl . super m .arrive. inf m . cop
‘Murad reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
mırad mas-alı-k kiyq'a-ri
pn wall- obl - cont m .touch. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan kiç'ırq'a-ra
pn pn - obl - com m .fight. ipf - cv
‘Murad is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-u-xhvan dusvaldı vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl - com friendship( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is friends with Rasul.’

25. think

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a xatun-ı-kla fikır vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl - contel thought( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is thinking about Rasul.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a eç lip'ı-ri
son. obl - erg apple( a ) a .eat. pf - aor
‘The son ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a baluğ vije hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg fish a .fry. co a .do. pf - aor
‘The son fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a rasul guzat haʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn wait( co ) m .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs tin bayda raˁq yik'-ya upxhu-ri
pn - dat dist other road( a ) heart- inel a .fall. pf - aor
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ı-xda unğuʔu-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - apud call. pf - aor
‘The son called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan sen mi-i-la ulixhda taniş yişi-ri
pn pn - obl - com year this- super - el before known m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs rasul hats'a-ra yi
pn - dat pn m .know. ipf - cv m . cop
‘Murad knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a saz vıˁrxa-ra
son. obl - erg saz( a ) a .strike. ipf - cv
‘Murad is playing the saz.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ula gyağayxa-ra
pn pn - obl . superel m .avoid. ipf - cv
‘Murad avoids Rasul.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a çart'ma hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg trap n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad made a trap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ula matsxara vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl . superel joke( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ı-xda maşin ana vi
pn - obl - apud car( a ) exist. cv a . cop
‘Murad has a car.’

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a k'ıl-dı gileg t'alap' haʔa-r
son. obl - erg small- attr key search n .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is looking for his key.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
duxvar-a zabor-a şir yıpxıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg fence- in paint( a ) a .strike. pf - aor
‘The son painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tıla-ye-r mırad-ıs ghaˁl yıˁxıˁ-ri
dog- obl - erg pn - dat mouth n .strike. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
mırad xal-ı-dda yişi-ri
pn house- obl - adel m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a get xvavulga-ra
son. obl - erg cat a .catch. ipf - cv
‘The son is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a t'ul q'at' hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg stick( a ) break( co ) a .do. pf - aor
‘The son broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
duxvar-a xatun-ı-kla tyarif hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - contel praise( a ) a .do. pf - aor
‘The son is flattering Khatun.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun qhırga-ri
pn - dat pn f .love. ipf - prs
‘Murad loves Khatun.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a yalığ subdu vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg veil( a ) a .wave( co ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is waving a veil.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a ts'in-di maşin-ı-kla fikır vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg new- obl car( a )- obl - contel thought( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a çaşka yidğı-ri
son. obl - erg cup n .wash. pf - aor
‘The son washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a badu uu lap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg trousers( a ) on a .put_on. pf - aor
‘The son put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

52. punish

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
siy baluçi-y kiç'ibq'ı-ra
bear fisherman- super a .clutch. pf - prf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
vedra xhiyi-r lets'i-ra
pail water. obl - erg n .fill. pf - prf
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs gileg akkı-ri
pn - dat key n .find. pf - aor
‘Murad found his key.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs sa manut ğavırq'a-ra diş
pn - dat one manat( a ) a .reach. ipf - cv neg . cop
‘Murad is one manat short.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun ğargvas-na-kal diş
pn - dat pn f .see. inf - adv -like neg . cop
‘Murad hates Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs hemi vıxın xuş viʔi
pn - dat very. prox shirt( a ) please( co ) a . cop
‘Murad likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs şeyi-bır lazim yiʔi
pn - dat money- pl . nom needed n . cop
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRgara
X: NOM
Y: ATTRgara
Locus: Y
mas-bır şahar-di-d ğara ruˁq'uˁ-ra
wall- pl . nom city- obl - attr outside n .come. ipf - cv
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a mıʔalim-a-s djevab havʔı-ri
son. obl - erg teacher- obl - dat answer( a ) a .do. pf - aor
‘The son answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a banka açux hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg jar open n .do. pf - aor
‘The son opened the jar.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
iz-di vıxın vidi vıxn-ala djuğra viʔi
my- obl shirt( a ) your shirt. obl - superel separate a . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-la qhu qhargı-ri
pn pn - obl . superel be_behind m .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a xuy leyxaˁ-ra yi
son. obl - erg field n .till. ipf - cv n . cop
‘The son is tilling the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR
X: CONTEL
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
iz-di xıl-abı-kla benzin-di il çağayğaˁ-ra yi
my- attr hand- pl - contel gas- attr smell ooze. ipf - cv n . cop
‘The hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rıˁqqıˁla teʔ ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn road. obl . superel across m .go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a badra-d maˁʔni hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg nice- attr song n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a nice song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kağad kixhi-ri
son. obl - erg letter n .write. pf - aor
‘The son wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a nek va-rağı-ri
son. obl - erg milk( a ) a -drink. pf - aor
‘The son drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a qurquşim yirts' hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg lead n .melt( co ) n .do. pf - aor
‘The son melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mi ç'il iz-dı vıxna-s kivılka-ra v-i
this belt( a ) my- attr shirt. obl - dat a .match. ipf - cv a - cop
‘This belt goes well with my shirt.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
mırad mi şahar-dya ağaç'uˁ-ri
pn this city- obl . inel m .go_away. pf - aor
‘Murad left this city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
xayma xal-dı cil-e-y yuq'sur-u savi-ra yi
carpet house- attr floor- obl - super around- super a .throw. pf - prf n . cop
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xal yik'-i ğana yi
pn - dat house heart- super be_on. cv n . cop
‘Murad remembers the house.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-u-s kumag hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - dat help( a ) a .do. pf - aor
‘The son helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad frantsuzki ç'il-ı-xda giyq'a-ra yi
pn f rench language. obl - apud m .reach. ipf - cv m . cop
‘Murad understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ts'ay rapı-r xal-ı-k kiyq'ı-ri
fire flash. pf - seq house- obl - cont n .touch. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ERG_ERG
X: ERG
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
duxvar-a britva-ri hat'u-ri
son. obl - erg razor- erg m .cut. pf - aor
‘The son cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
istakan iskam-ı-k kiç'ibq'a-ra
glass( a ) table- obl - cont a .stick- cv
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-s gergı-ri
pn pn - obl - dat m .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mırad kağad-ıs şad hişi-ri
pn letter- dat glad m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan halgı-ra
pn pn - obl - com m .talk. pf - prf
‘Murad is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
xatun-u-s dux huxu-ri
pn - obl - dat son m .give_birth. pf - aor
‘Khatun gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a istakan av savi-ri
son. obl - erg glass( a ) down a .throw. pf - aor
‘The son dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a ixh-di kud-i-s q'ixhvaldı vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg our- obl village- obl - dat chairmanship( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son runs our village.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs xatun-u-xda djehel hişi-ri
pn - dat pn - obl - apud lack n .be. pf - aor
‘Murad misses Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRdjibra
X: NOM
Y: ATTRdjibra
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-dı djibra qhu
pn pn - attr behind be_behind
‘Murad follows Rasul.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad heyvan-ala suçu-ri
pn horse- superel m .dismount. pf - aor
‘Murad got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a radi-la ubur qhasu-ra
son. obl - erg radio. obl - superel ear n .put_at. pf - prf
‘The son is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad nin-ı-xda qhayisu-ray
pn mother- obl - apud m .listen. ipf - prog
‘Murad obeys his mother.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs maˁʔni-d un ruˁq'uˁ-ray
pn - dat song- attr sound n .come. ipf - prog
‘Murad hears the (sound of) the song.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
it nikkiy-xhvan kiyxaʔa-ra
honey milk. obl - com n .mix. ipf - cv
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad gıblımı-xda gyapqı-ra
pn cloud. pl . obl - apud look. ipf - cv
‘Murad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a vıxın saʔ qhvapşı-r
son. obl - erg shirt( a ) down a .take_off. pf - aor
‘Murad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun naq'-a ğarurgva-ra
pn - dat pn dream- in f .see. ipf - cv
‘Murad dreams about Khatun.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: DAT_COM
X: DAT
Y: COM
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs xatun-u-xhvan rağzi hişi-r
pn - dat pn - obl - com content n .be. pf - aor
‘Murad agreed with Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-da ariy kipxhu-ri
pn pn - ad inside a .sink. pf - aor
‘Murad had a quarrel with Khatun.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hemi çaşka-dı q'iymet sa manut vi
very. prox cup- attr price one manat( a ) a . cop
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
duxvar-a şirk-u-xda sel qhıʔı-r
son. obl - erg bird- obl - apud aim rev . n .do. pf - aor
‘The son shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a şakkar ıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg sugar( n ) n .pour. pf - aor
‘Murad poured the sugar.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a açar sukka hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg key n .lose n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his key.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
us xhiyi-k kipxhu-ri
wood( a ) water. obl - cont a .sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a rasul yiq'e hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg pn m .die. co m .do. pf - aor
‘The son killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a rasul ç'ipxı-ri
son. obl - erg pn a .hit. pf - aor
‘The son hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a xatun-ı-k k'uxh kixıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - cont kiss n .strike_at. pf - aor
‘The son kissed Khatun.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a hix-di kitab q'ale hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg good- attr book read n .do. pf - aor
‘The son read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a t'iliy sikk hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg finger( a ) move a .do. pf - aor
‘The son moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mırad rasul-u-xda qhayisu-ray
pn pn - obl - apud m .listen. ipf - prog
‘Murad listens to Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs ç'ep'elvaldı xuş diş
pn - dat dirt pleasing neg . cop
‘Murad does not like the dirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad dju-d duxvaru-xhvan rağzi yiʔi
pn refl . obl - attr son. obl - com content m . cop
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-ı-xda ğaç'u-ri
pn pn - obl - apud m .go_out/up. pf - aor
‘Murad fell in love with Khatun.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-u ilamiş yiʔi
pn pn - super trust m . cop
‘Murad trusts Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_IN
X: DAT
Y: IN
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs dju-d nin-a yazux yiʔi
pn - dat refl . obl - attr mother- in pity n . cop
‘Murad sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER
X: DAT
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs rasul-u ul ğana vi
pn - dat pn - super eye( a ) be_on. cv a . cop
‘Murad envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPEREL
X: ATTR
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
mırad-ıd rasul-ula ajiğ ğana vi
pn - attr pn - obl . superel resentment( a ) be_on. cv a . cop
‘Murad is angry with Rasul.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
mırad mi padarka-ya maˁʔtal yişi-ri
pn this gift- inel surprised m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs çay xuş yiʔi
pn - dat tea please( co ) n . cop
‘Murad loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
duxvar-a çay-ı-xhvan lezet lafı-ri
son. obl - erg tea- obl - com pleasure a .take. pf - aor
‘The son enjoys tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs ts'in-dı telefon vıga-ra vi
pn - dat new- attr telephone( a ) a .want. ipf - cv a . cop
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ula ajiğ vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl . superel resentment( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son holds a grudge against Rasul.’

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ula qhaˁl hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl . superel anger( a ) a .do. pf - aor
‘The took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
duxvar-a rasul-dı xatir adgı hıɁı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - attr respect( n ) n .remain n .do. pf - prf
‘The son greatly upset Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mırad mi şahar-dı-gı maˁʔ-dı hişi-r
pn this city- obl - abl surprised- attr m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised by this city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs rasul k'veç yiʔi
pn - dat pn despise m . cop
‘Murad despises Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad duxvar-ıla rağzi diş
pn son. obl - superel content neg . cop
‘Murad got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mırad-ıs cu-du riş ğargva-snekal diş
pn - dat refl - attr daughter f .see. ipf - inf . adv +like neg . cop
‘Murad does not want to see his daughter.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs rasul xuş yiʔi
pn - dat pn pleasing m . cop
‘Murad is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs dju-du bıy-dila rıˁx ruˁq'uˁ-ray
pn - dat refl . obl - attr size- obl . superel shame( n ) n .come. ipf - prog
‘Murad is embarrassed about his height.’