Rutul (Myukhrek)

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2025 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. Fazil Dashlay translated the questionnaire sentences in his capacity of a native speaker.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Rutul (Myukhrek). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 12, 2025; last revised on April 7, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.68, 47.3.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain vedda-ra

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-dı	ğiyğa	vıq'ıl	vedda-ra
pn - attr	today	head( a )	a .ache. ipf - cv
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) yıˁxaˁ-ra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	hava-bır	yıˁxaˁ-ra
pn - dat	air- pl . nom	n .strike. ipf - prs
‘Murad has the flu.’

3. be afraid giç'e-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

mırad-ıs	t'ıla-yala	giç'e-ra	yi
pn - dat	dog- obl . superel	fear. ipf - cv	n . cop
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw layi-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	qat'	layi-ri
son. obl - erg	stone( n )	n .throw. pf - aor
‘The son threw a stone.’

5. have enough ğayq'a-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	şeyi-bır	ğayq'a-ra	yi
pn - dat	money- pl . nom	n .reach. ipf - cv	n . cop
‘Murad has enough money.’

6. resemble kika-ra yi

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-ı-ky	kika-ra	yi
pn	pn - obl - cont	m .resemble. ipf - cv	m . cop
‘Murad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe ilamiş yiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-ı	ilamiş	yiʔi
pn	pn - super	believe	m . cop
‘Murad believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take lafı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	kitab	lafı-ri
son. obl - erg	book	a .take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

9. see ğagva-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	xal	ğagva-ra	yi
pn - dat	house	n .see. ipf - cv	n . cop
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence vuˁruˁq'uˁ-ra vi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

yeş-e-kvan	haq'al	değiş	vuˁruˁq'uˁ-ra	vi
age- obl - com	wisdom	change	a .become. ipf - cv	a . cop
‘Wisdom comes with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter salat' yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-u-xhvan	salat'	yişi-ri
pn	pn - obl - com	meeting	n .be. pf - aor
‘Murad encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter aç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

mırad	xal-a	aç'uˁ-ri
pn	house- in	m .enter. pf - aor
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win ğami yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-ula	ğami	yişi-ri
pn	pn - obl . superel	victorious	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out ğaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_INga7

X: NOM

Y: INga7

Locus: Y

mırad	xal-a	ğaʔ	ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn	house- in	outside	m .go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive yivıghı-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	zer	bıniya	yivıghı-ra
son. obl - erg	cow	pasture. in	a .drive. pf - prf
‘The son is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend ç'ukuʔu-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	pert	ç'ukuʔu-ra
son. obl - erg	stick	n .bend. pf - prf
‘Murad bent the branch.’

17. tell huxhu-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-da	huxhu-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - ad	say. pf - aor
‘Murad told Rasul: ...’

18. hold xvakka-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	kitab	xıl-e	xvakka-ra
son. obl - erg	book	hand-in	n .hold. ipf - cv
‘Murad is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

19. catch up laqhayq'ı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRdjibra

X: NOM

Y: ATTRdjibra

Locus: Y

mırad	xatun-dı	djibra	laqhayq'ı-ri
pn	pn - attr	behind	m .catch_up. pf - aor
‘Murad caught up with Khatun.’

20. milk vezı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	zer	vezı-ri
son. obl - erg	cow	a .milk. pf - aor
‘Murad milked the cow.’

21. reach layq'as i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

mırad	qırağ-di	layq'as	i
pn	side- obl . super	m .arrive. inf	m . cop
‘Murad reached the bank.’

22. touch kiyq'a-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

mırad	mas-alı-k	kiyq'a-ri
pn	wall- obl - cont	m .touch. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight kiç'ırq'a-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-u-xhvan	kiç'ırq'a-ra
pn	pn - obl - com	m .fight. ipf - cv
‘Murad is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dusvaldı vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_COM

X: ERG

Y: COM

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-u-xhvan	dusvaldı	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	pn - obl - com	friendship( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikır vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	xatun-ı-kla	fikır	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	pn - obl - contel	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is thinking about Rasul.’

26. eat lip'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	eç	lip'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	apple( a )	a .eat. pf - aor
‘The son ate an apple.’

27. fry vije hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	baluğ	vije	hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	fish	a .fry. co	a .do. pf - aor
‘The son fried the fish.’

28. wait guzat haʔa-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	rasul	guzat	haʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	pn	wait( co )	m .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget yik'-ya upxhu-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	tin	bayda	raˁq	yik'-ya	upxhu-ri
pn - dat	dist	other	road( a )	heart- inel	a .fall. pf - aor
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call unğuʔu-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-ı-xda	unğuʔu-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - obl - apud	call. pf - aor
‘The son called Rasul.’

32. get to know taniş yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-u-xhvan	sen	mi-i-la	ulixhda	taniş	yişi-ri
pn	pn - obl - com	year	this- super - el	before	known	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know hats'a-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	rasul	hats'a-ra	yi
pn - dat	pn	m .know. ipf - cv	m . cop
‘Murad knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) vıˁrxa-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	saz	vıˁrxa-ra
son. obl - erg	saz( a )	a .strike. ipf - cv
‘Murad is playing the saz.’

35. avoid gyağayxa-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-ula	gyağayxa-ra
pn	pn - obl . superel	m .avoid. ipf - cv
‘Murad avoids Rasul.’

36. make hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	çart'ma	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	trap	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad made a trap.’

37. make fun matsxara vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-ula	matsxara	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	pn - obl . superel	joke( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have ana vi

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ı-xda	maşin	ana	vi
pn - obl - apud	car( a )	exist. cv	a . cop
‘Murad has a car.’

39. look for t'alap' haʔa-r

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	k'ıl-dı	gileg	t'alap'	haʔa-r
son. obl - erg	small- attr	key	search	n .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is looking for his key.’

40. paint şir yıpxıˁ-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_IN

X: ERG

Y: IN

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	zabor-a	şir	yıpxıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg	fence- in	paint( a )	a .strike. pf - aor
‘The son painted the fence.’

41. bite ghaˁl yıˁxıˁ-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

tıla-ye-r	mırad-ıs	ghaˁl	yıˁxıˁ-ri
dog- obl - erg	pn - dat	mouth	n .strike. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

mırad	xal-ı-dda	yişi-ri
pn	house- obl - adel	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’

43. try to catch xvavulga-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	get	xvavulga-ra
son. obl - erg	cat	a .catch. ipf - cv
‘The son is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q'at' hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	t'ul	q'at'	hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	stick( a )	break( co )	a .do. pf - aor
‘The son broke a stick.’

45. flatter tyarif hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

duxvar-a	xatun-ı-kla	tyarif	hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - obl - contel	praise( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘The son is flattering Khatun.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person) qhırga-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	xatun	qhırga-ri
pn - dat	pn	f .love. ipf - prs
‘Murad loves Khatun.’

47. wave subdu vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	yalığ	subdu	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	veil( a )	a .wave( co )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is waving a veil.’

48. dream fikır vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	ts'in-di	maşin-ı-kla	fikır	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	new- obl	car( a )- obl - contel	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash yidğı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	çaşka	yidğı-ri
son. obl - erg	cup	n .wash. pf - aor
‘The son washed the cup.’

50. put on uu lap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	badu	uu	lap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	trousers( a )	on	a .put_on. pf - aor
‘The son put on his trousers.’

51. be called *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack kiç'ibq'ı-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

siy	baluçi-y	kiç'ibq'ı-ra
bear	fisherman- super	a .clutch. pf - prf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) lets'i-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)

X: NOM

Y: ERG(NON.CORE)

Locus: Y

vedra	xhiyi-r	lets'i-ra
pail	water. obl - erg	n .fill. pf - prf
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find akkı-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	gileg	akkı-ri
pn - dat	key	n .find. pf - aor
‘Murad found his key.’

56. be short ğavırq'a-ra + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	sa	manut	ğavırq'a-ra	diş
pn - dat	one	manat( a )	a .reach. ipf - cv	neg . cop
‘Murad is one manat short.’

57. hate ğargvas-na-kal + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	xatun	ğargvas-na-kal	diş
pn - dat	pn	f .see. inf - adv -like	neg . cop
‘Murad hates Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like xuş viʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	hemi	vıxın	xuş	viʔi
pn - dat	very. prox	shirt( a )	please( co )	a . cop
‘Murad likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need lazim yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	şeyi-bır	lazim	yiʔi
pn - dat	money- pl . nom	needed	n . cop
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ruˁq'uˁ-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRgara

X: NOM

Y: ATTRgara

Locus: Y

mas-bır	şahar-di-d	ğara	ruˁq'uˁ-ra
wall- pl . nom	city- obl - attr	outside	n .come. ipf - cv
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

62. answer djevab havʔı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	mıʔalim-a-s	djevab	havʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	teacher- obl - dat	answer( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘The son answered the teacher.’

63. open açux hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	banka	açux	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	jar	open	n .do. pf - aor
‘The son opened the jar.’

64. be different djuğra viʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

iz-di	vıxın	vidi	vıxn-ala	djuğra	viʔi
my- obl	shirt( a )	your	shirt. obl - superel	separate	a . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qhu qhargı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-u-la	qhu	qhargı-ri
pn	pn - obl . superel	be_behind	m .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough leyxaˁ-ra yi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	xuy	leyxaˁ-ra	yi
son. obl - erg	field	n .till. ipf - cv	n . cop
‘The son is tilling the field.’

67. smell il çağayğaˁ-ra yi

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR

X: CONTEL

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

iz-di	xıl-abı-kla	benzin-di	il	çağayğaˁ-ra	yi
my- attr	hand- pl - contel	gas- attr	smell	ooze. ipf - cv	n . cop
‘The hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross teʔ ğaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

mırad	rıˁqqıˁla	teʔ	ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn	road. obl . superel	across	m .go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	badra-d	maˁʔni	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	nice- attr	song	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a nice song.’

70. write kixhi-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	kağad	kixhi-ri
son. obl - erg	letter	n .write. pf - aor
‘The son wrote a letter.’

71. drink va-rağı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	nek	va-rağı-ri
son. obl - erg	milk( a )	a -drink. pf - aor
‘The son drank the milk.’

72. melt yirts' hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	qurquşim	yirts'	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	lead	n .melt( co )	n .do. pf - aor
‘The son melted a piece of lead.’

73. match kivılka-ra v-i

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mi	ç'il	iz-dı	vıxna-s	kivılka-ra	v-i
this	belt( a )	my- attr	shirt. obl - dat	a .match. ipf - cv	a - cop
‘This belt goes well with my shirt.’

74. leave ağaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

mırad	mi	şahar-dya	ağaç'uˁ-ri
pn	this	city- obl . inel	m .go_away. pf - aor
‘Murad left this city.’

75. cover savi-ra yi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

xayma	xal-dı	cil-e-y	yuq'sur-u	savi-ra	yi
carpet	house- attr	floor- obl - super	around- super	a .throw. pf - prf	n . cop
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik'-i ğana yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	xal	yik'-i	ğana	yi
pn - dat	house	heart- super	be_on. cv	n . cop
‘Murad remembers the house.’

77. help kumag hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-u-s	kumag	hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - obl - dat	help( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘The son helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) giyq'a-ra yi

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

mırad	frantsuzki	ç'ilı-xda	giyq'a-ra	yi
pn	f rench	language. obl - apud	m .reach. ipf - cv	m . cop
‘Murad understands French.’

79. hit (target) kiyq'ı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ts'ay	rapı-r	xal-ı-k	kiyq'ı-ri
fire	flash. pf - seq	house- obl - cont	n .touch. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself hat'u-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_ERG(NON.CORE)

X: ERG

Y: ERG(NON.CORE)

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	britva-ri	hat'u-ri
son. obl - erg	razor- erg	m .cut. pf - aor
‘The son cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kiç'ibq'a-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

istakan	iskam-ı-k	kiç'ibq'a-ra
glass( a )	table- obl - cont	a .stick- cv
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) gergı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-u-s	gergı-ri
pn	pn - obl - dat	m .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad şad hişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mırad	kağad-ıs	şad	hişi-ri
pn	letter- dat	glad	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak halgı-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-u-xhvan	halgı-ra
pn	pn - obl - com	m .talk. pf - prf
‘Murad is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth huxu-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

xatun-u-s	dux	huxu-ri
pn - obl - dat	son	m .give_birth. pf - aor
‘Khatun gave birth to a son.’

86. drop av savi-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	istakan	av	savi-ri
son. obl - erg	glass( a )	down	a .throw. pf - aor
‘The son dropped the glass.’

87. govern q'ixhvaldı vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	ixh-di	kud-i-s	q'ixhvaldı	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	our- obl	village- obl - dat	chairmanship( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son runs our village.’

88. miss djehel hişi-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD

X: DAT

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

mırad-ıs	xatun-u-xda	djehel	hişi-ri
pn - dat	pn - obl - apud	lack	n .be. pf - aor
‘Murad misses Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow qhu

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRdjibra

X: NOM

Y: ATTRdjibra

Locus: Y

mırad	rasul-dı	djibra	qhu
pn	pn - attr	behind	be_behind
‘Murad follows Rasul.’

90. dismount suçu-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

mırad	heyvan-ala	suçu-ri
pn	horse- superel	m .dismount. pf - aor
‘Murad got down from the horse.’

91. listen ubur qhasu-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	radi-la	ubur	qhasu-ra
son. obl - erg	radio. obl - superel	ear	n .put_at. pf - prf
‘The son is listening to radio.’

92. obey qhayisu-ray

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

mırad	nin-ı-xda	qhayisu-ray
pn	mother- obl - apud	m .listen. ipf - prog
‘Murad obeys his mother.’

93. hear ruˁq'uˁ-ray

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	maˁʔni-d	un	ruˁq'uˁ-ray
pn - dat	song- attr	sound	n .come. ipf - prog
‘Murad hears the (sound of) the song.’

94. mix kiyxaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

it	nikkiy-xhvan	kiyxaʔa-ra
honey	milk. obl - com	n .mix. ipf - cv
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gyapqı-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

mırad	gıblımı-xda	gyapqı-ra
pn	cloud. pl . obl - apud	look. ipf - cv
‘Murad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off saʔ qhvapşı-r

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	vıxın	saʔ	qhvapşı-r
son. obl - erg	shirt( a )	down	a .take_off. pf - aor
‘Murad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) naq'-a ğarurgva-ra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	xatun	naq'-a	ğarurgva-ra
pn - dat	pn	dream- in	f .see. ipf - cv
‘Murad dreams about Khatun.’

98. agree rağzi hişi-r

Valency pattern: DAT_COM

X: DAT

Y: COM

Locus: XY

mırad-ıs	xatun-u-xhvan	rağzi	hişi-r
pn - dat	pn - obl - com	content	n .be. pf - aor
‘Murad agreed with Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel ariy kipxhu-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

mırad	xatun-da	ariy	kipxhu-ri
pn	pn - ad	inside	a .sink. pf - aor
‘Murad had a quarrel with Khatun.’

100. cost q'iymet vi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hemi	çaşka-dı	q'iymet	sa	manut	vi
very. prox	cup- attr	price	one	manat( a )	a . cop
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at sel qhıʔı-r

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	şirk-u-xda	sel	qhıʔı-r
son. obl - erg	bird- obl - apud	aim	rev . n .do. pf - aor
‘The son shot at the bird.’

102. pour ıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	şakkar	ıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	sugar( n )	n .pour. pf - aor
‘Murad poured the sugar.’

103. lose sukka hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	açar	sukka	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	key	n .lose	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his key.’

104. sink kipxhu-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

us	xhiyi-k	kipxhu-ri
wood( a )	water. obl - cont	a .sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill yiq'e hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	rasul	yiq'e	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	pn	m .die. co	m .do. pf - aor
‘The son killed Rasul.’

106. hit ç'ipxı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	rasul	ç'ipxı-ri
son. obl - erg	pn	a .hit. pf - aor
‘The son hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k'uxh kixıˁ-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	xatun-ı-k	k'uxh	kixıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - obl - cont	kiss	n .strike_at. pf - aor
‘The son kissed Khatun.’

108. read q'ale hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	hix-di	kitab	q'ale	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	good- attr	book	read	n .do. pf - aor
‘The son read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) sikk hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	t'iliy	sikk	hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	finger( a )	move	a .do. pf - aor
‘The son moved his finger.’

110. respect qhayisu-ray

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mırad	rasul-u-xda	qhayisu-ray
pn	pn - obl - apud	m .listen. ipf - prog
‘Murad listens to Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

111. be squeamish xuş + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	ç'ep'elvaldı	xuş	diş
pn - dat	dirt	pleasing	neg . cop
‘Murad does not like the dirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content rağzi yiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

mırad	dju-d	duxvaru-xhvan	rağzi	yiʔi
pn	refl . obl - attr	son. obl - com	content	m . cop
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love ğaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

mırad	xatun-ı-xda	ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn	pn - obl - apud	m .go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad fell in love with Khatun.’

114. trust ilamiş yiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

mırad	xatun-u	ilamiş	yiʔi
pn	pn - super	trust	m . cop
‘Murad trusts Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise yazux yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_IN

X: DAT

Y: IN

Locus: XY

mırad-ıs	dju-d	nin-a	yazux	yiʔi
pn - dat	refl . obl - attr	mother- in	pity	n . cop
‘Murad sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy ul ğana vi

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER

X: DAT

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

mırad-ıs	rasul-u	ul	ğana	vi
pn - dat	pn - super	eye( a )	be_on. cv	a . cop
‘Murad envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ajiğ ğana vi

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPEREL

X: ATTR

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

mırad-ıd	rasul-ula	ajiğ	ğana	vi
pn - attr	pn - obl . superel	resentment( a )	be_on. cv	a . cop
‘Murad is angry with Rasul.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised maˁʔtal yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

mırad	mi	padarka-ya	maˁʔtal	yişi-ri
pn	this	gift- inel	surprised	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) xuş yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	çay	xuş	yiʔi
pn - dat	tea	please( co )	n . cop
‘Murad loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy lezet lafı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_COM

X: ERG

Y: COM

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	çay-ı-xhvan	lezet	lafı-ri
son. obl - erg	tea- obl - com	pleasure	a .take. pf - aor
‘The son enjoys tea.’

121. want vıga-ra vi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	ts'in-dı	telefon	vıga-ra	vi
pn - dat	new- attr	telephone( a )	a .want. ipf - cv	a . cop
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ajiğ vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-ula	ajiğ	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	pn - obl . superel	resentment( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son holds a grudge against Rasul.’

123. take offence qhaˁl hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-ula	qhaˁl	hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - obl . superel	anger( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘The took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset xatir adgı hıɁı-ri

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

duxvar-a	rasul-dı	xatir	adgı	hıɁı-ri
son. obl - erg	pn - attr	respect( n )	n .remain	n .do. pf - prf
‘The son greatly upset Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel maˁʔ-dı hişi-r

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mırad	mi	şahar-dı-gı	maˁʔ-dı	hişi-r
pn	this	city- obl - abl	surprised- attr	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised by this city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise k'veç yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	rasul	k'veç	yiʔi
pn - dat	pn	despise	m . cop
‘Murad despises Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

127. get upset rağzi + NEG

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

mırad	duxvar-ıla	rağzi	diş
pn	son. obl - superel	content	neg . cop
‘Murad got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated ğargvas-na-kal + NEG

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mırad-ıs	cu-du	riş	ğargvas-na-kal	diş
pn - dat	refl - attr	daughter	f .see. inf - adv -like	neg . cop
‘Murad does not want to see his daughter.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

129. be fond xuş yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mırad-ıs	rasul	xuş	yiʔi
pn - dat	pn	pleasing	m . cop
‘Murad is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy rıˁx ruˁq'uˁ-ray

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

mırad-ıs	dju-du	bıy-dila	rıˁx	ruˁq'uˁ-ray
pn - dat	refl . obl - attr	size- obl . superel	shame( n )	n .come. ipf - prog
‘Murad is embarrassed about his height.’