BivalTyp

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2025 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. Fazil Dashlay translated the questionnaire sentences in his capacity of a native speaker.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Rutul (Myukhrek). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 12, 2025; last revised on October 12, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The verb takes gender-number prefixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. These gender-number agreement prefixes can be word-initial but are more often found after deictic preverbs, as well as after the negation prefix in some forms.

Case system

Myukhrek Rutul is underdescribed. Probably, there is a total of 17 (or 18?) case forms as in the Mukhad dialect. However, in the dataset below only 15 cases are used, plus some combinations of the attributive (alias genitive) case with a postposition.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with IV class agreement.

Glossing abbreviations

A — animate (non human) gender, aka class III; ABL — ablative case; AD — adlocative case; ADEL — adelative case; ADV — adverb; AOR — aorist tense; APUD — apudlocative case; ATTR — attributive ending; CO — coverb; COM — comitative case; CONT — contlocative case ; CONTEL — contelative case; COP — copula; CV — converb; DAT — dative case; ERG — ergative case; F — feminine gender; IN — inlocative case; INEL — inelative case; INF — infinitive; IPFV — imperfective aspect; M — human masculine gender; N — neuter gender, aka class IV; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative case; OBL — oblique nominal stem extension; PFV — perfective aspect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRF — perfect; PROG — progressive; PROX — proximal; PRS — present tense; REFL — reflexive; REV — reversive; SEQ — sequential or ‘perfective converb’; SIMUL — simultaneous or ‘imperfective converb’; SUPER — superlocative case; SUPEREL — superelative case.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain vedda-ra

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM
X: ATTR
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-dı ğiyğa vıq'ıl vedda-ra
pn - attr today head( a ) a .ache. ipfv - prs
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) yıˁxaˁ-ra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs hava-bır yıˁxaˁ-ra
pn - dat air- pl . nom n .strike. ipfv - prs
‘Murad has the flu.’

3. be afraid giç'e-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs t'ıla-yala giç'e-ra yi
pn - dat dog- obl . superel fear. ipfv - cv n . cop
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw layi-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a qat' layi-ri
son. obl - erg stone( n ) n .throw. pfv - aor
‘The son threw a stone.’

5. have enough ğayq'a-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs şeyi-bır ğayq'a-ra yi
pn - dat money- pl . nom n .reach. ipfv - cv n . cop
‘Murad has enough money.’

6. resemble kika-ra yi

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ı-ky kika-ra yi
pn pn - obl - cont m .resemble. ipfv - cv m . cop
‘Murad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe ilamiş yiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ı ilamiş yiʔi
pn pn - super believe m . cop
‘Murad believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take lafı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kitab lafı-ri
son. obl - erg book a .take. pfv - aor
‘The soon took a book.’

9. see ğagva-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xal ğagva-ra yi
pn - dat house n .see. ipfv - cv n . cop
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence vuˁruˁq'uˁ-ra vi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yeş-e-kvan haq'al değiş vuˁruˁq'uˁ-ra vi
age- obl - com wisdom change a .become. ipfv - cv a . cop
‘Wisdom comes with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter salat' yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan salat' yişi-ri
pn pn - obl - com meeting n .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter aç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
mırad xal-a aç'uˁ-ri
pn house- in m .enter. pfv - aor
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win ğami yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ula ğami yişi-ri
pn pn - obl . superel victorious m .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out ğaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_INga7
X: NOM
Y: INga7
Locus: Y
mırad xal-a ğaʔ ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn house- in outside m .go_out. pfv - aor
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive yivıghı-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a zer bıniya yivıghı-ra
son. obl - erg cow pasture. in a .drive. ipfv - prs
‘The son is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend ç'ukuʔu-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a pert ç'ukuʔu-ra
son. obl - erg stick n .bend. pfv - prf
‘The son bent the branch.’

17. tell huxhu-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-da huxhu-ri
son. obl - erg pn - ad say. pfv - aor
‘Murad told Rasul: ...’

18. hold xvakka-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kitab xıl-e xvakka-ra
son. obl - erg book hand- in n .hold. ipfv - prs
‘The son is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

19. catch up laqhayq'ı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRdjibra
X: NOM
Y: ATTRdjibra
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-dı djibra laqhayq'ı-ri
pn pn - attr behind m .catch_up. pfv - aor
‘Murad caught up with Khatun.’

20. milk vezı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a zer vezı-ri
son. obl - erg cow a .milk. pfv - aor
‘The son milked the cow.’

21. reach layq'as i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad qırağ-di layq'as i
pn side- obl . super m .arrive. inf m . cop
‘Murad will reach the bank.’

22. touch kiyq'a-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
mırad mas-alı-k kiyq'a-ri
pn wall- obl - cont m .touch. pfv - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight kiç'ırq'a-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan kiç'ırq'a-ra
pn pn - obl - com m .fight. ipfv - prs
‘Murad is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dusvaldı vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-u-xhvan dusvaldı vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl - com friendship( a ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikır vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a xatun-ı-kla fikır vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl - contel thought( a ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son is thinking about Rasul.’

26. eat lip'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a eç lip'ı-ri
son. obl - erg apple( a ) a .eat. pfv - aor
‘The son ate an apple.’

27. fry vije hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a baluğ vije hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg fish a .fry. co a .do. pfv - aor
‘The son fried the fish.’

28. wait guzat haʔa-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a rasul guzat haʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn wait( co ) m .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget yik'-ya upxhu-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs tin bayda raˁq yik'-ya upxhu-ri
pn - dat that other road( a ) heart- inel a .fall. pfv - aor
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call unğuʔu-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ı-xda unğuʔu-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - apud call. pfv - aor
‘The son called Rasul.’

32. get to know taniş yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan sen mi-ila ulixhda taniş yişi-ri
pn pn - obl - com year this- superel before known m .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know hats'a-ra yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs rasul hats'a-ra yi
pn - dat pn m .know. ipfv - cv m . cop
‘Murad knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) vıˁrxa-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a saz vıˁrxa-ra
son. obl - erg saz( a ) a .strike. ipfv - prs
‘The son is playing the saz.’

35. avoid gyağayxa-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ula gyağayxa-ra
pn pn - obl . superel m .avoid. ipfv - prs
‘Murad avoids Rasul.’

36. make hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a çart'ma hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg trap n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son made a trap.’

37. make fun matsxara vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ula matsxara vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl . superel joke( a ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have ana vi

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ı-xda maşin ana vi
pn - obl - apud car( a ) exist. cv a . cop
‘Murad has a car.’

39. look for t'alap' haʔa-r

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a k'ıl-dı gileg t'alap' haʔa-r
son. obl - erg small- attr key search n .do. ipfv - cv
‘The son is looking for his key.’

40. paint şir yıpxıˁ-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
duxvar-a zabor-a şir yıpxıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg fence- in paint( a ) a .strike. pfv - aor
‘The son painted the fence.’

41. bite ghaˁl yıˁxıˁ-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tıla-ye-r mırad-ıs ghaˁl yıˁxıˁ-ri
dog- obl - erg pn - dat mouth n .strike. pfv - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
mırad xal-ı-dda yişi-ri
pn house- obl - adel m .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’

43. try to catch xvavulga-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a get xvavulga-ra
son. obl - erg cat a .catch. ipfv - prs
‘The son is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q'at' hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a t'ul q'at' hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg stick( a ) break( co ) a .do. pfv - aor
‘The son broke a stick.’

45. flatter tyarif hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
duxvar-a xatun-ı-kla tyarif hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - contel praise( a ) a .do. pfv - aor
‘The son is praising Khatun.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person) qhırga-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun qhırga-ri
pn - dat pn f .love. ipfv - prs
‘Murad loves Khatun.’

47. wave subdu vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a yalığ subdu vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg veil( a ) a .wave( co ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son is waving a veil.’

48. dream fikır vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a ts'in-di maşin-ı-kla fikır vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg new- obl car( a )- obl - contel thought( a ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash yidğı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a çaşka yidğı-ri
son. obl - erg cup n .wash. pfv - aor
‘The son washed the cup.’

50. put on uu lap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a badu uu lap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg trousers( a ) on a .put_on. pfv - aor
‘The son put on his trousers.’

51. be called *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack kiç'ibq'ı-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
siy baluçi-y kiç'ibq'ı-ra
bear fisherman- super a .clutch. pfv - prf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) lets'i-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
vedra xhiyi-r lets'i-ra
pail water. obl - erg n .fill. pfv - prf
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find akkı-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs gileg akkı-ri
pn - dat key n .find. pfv - aor
‘Murad found his key.’

56. be short ğavırq'a-ra + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs sa manut ğavırq'a-ra diş
pn - dat one manat( a ) a .reach. ipfv - cv neg . cop
‘Murad is one manat short.’

57. hate ğargvas-na-kal + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun ğargvas-na-kal diş
pn - dat pn f .see. inf - adv -like neg . cop
‘Murad hates Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like xuş viʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs hemi vıxın xuş viʔi
pn - dat very. prox shirt( a ) please( co ) a . cop
‘Murad likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need lazim yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs şeyi-bır lazim yiʔi
pn - dat money- pl . nom needed n . cop
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ruˁq'uˁ-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRgara
X: NOM
Y: ATTRgara
Locus: Y
mas-bır şahar-di-d ğara ruˁq'uˁ-ra
wall- pl . nom city- obl - attr outside n .come. ipfv - prs
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

62. answer djevab havʔı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a mıʔalim-a-s djevab havʔı-ri
son. obl - erg teacher- obl - dat answer( a ) a .do. pfv - aor
‘The son answered the teacher.’

63. open açux hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a banka açux hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg jar open n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son opened the jar.’

64. be different djuğra viʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
iz-di vıxın vidi vıxn-ala djuğra viʔi
my- obl shirt( a ) your shirt. obl - superel separate a . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qhu qhargı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-la qhu qhargı-ri
pn pn - obl . superel be_behind m .remain. pfv - aor
‘Murad fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough leyxaˁ-ra yi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a xuy leyxaˁ-ra yi
son. obl - erg field n .till. ipfv - cv n . cop
‘The son is tilling the field.’

67. smell il çağayğaˁ-ra yi

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR
X: CONTEL
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
iz-di xıl-abı-kla benzin-di il çağayğaˁ-ra yi
my- attr hand- pl - contel gas- attr smell ooze. ipfv - cv n . cop
‘The hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross teʔ ğaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rıˁqqıˁla teʔ ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn road. obl . superel across m .go_out. pfv - aor
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a badra-d maˁʔni hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg nice- attr song n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son sang a nice song.’

70. write kixhi-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kağad kixhi-ri
son. obl - erg letter n .write. pfv - aor
‘The son wrote a letter.’

71. drink va-rağı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a nek va-rağı-ri
son. obl - erg milk( a ) a -drink. pfv - aor
‘The son drank the milk.’

72. melt yirts' hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a qurquşim yirts' hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg lead n .melt( co ) n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son melted a piece of lead.’

73. match kivılka-ra v-i

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mi ç'il iz-dı vıxna-s kivılka-ra v-i
this belt( a ) my- attr shirt. obl - dat a .match. ipfv - cv a - cop
‘This belt goes well with my shirt.’

74. leave ağaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
mırad mi şahar-dya ağaç'uˁ-ri
pn this city- obl . inel m .go_away. pfv - aor
‘Murad left this city.’

75. cover savi-ra yi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
xayma xal-dı cil-e-y yuq'sur-u savi-ra yi
carpet house- attr floor- obl - super around- super a .throw. pfv - prf n . cop
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik'-i ğana yi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xal yik'-i ğana yi
pn - dat house heart- super be_on. cv n . cop
‘Murad remembers the house.’

77. help kumag hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-u-s kumag hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - dat help( a ) a .do. pfv - aor
‘The son helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) giyq'a-ra yi

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad frantsuzki ç'ilı-xda giyq'a-ra yi
pn f rench language. obl - apud m .reach. ipfv - cv m . cop
‘Murad understands French.’

79. hit (target) kiyq'ı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ts'ay rapı-r xal-ı-k kiyq'ı-ri
fire flash. pfv - seq house- obl - cont n .touch. pfv - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself hat'u-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: ERG
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
duxvar-a britva-ri hat'u-ri
son. obl - erg razor- erg m .cut. pfv - aor
‘The son cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kiç'ibq'a-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
istakan iskam-ı-k kiç'ibq'a-ra
glass( a ) table- obl - cont a .stick- prs
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) gergı-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-s gergı-ri
pn pn - obl - dat m .remain. pfv - aor
‘Murad lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad şad hişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mırad kağad-ıs şad hişi-ri
pn letter- dat glad m .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak halgı-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-u-xhvan halgı-ra
pn pn - obl - com m .talk. ipfv - prs
‘Murad is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth huxu-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
xatun-u-s dux huxu-ri
pn - obl - dat son m .give_birth. pfv - aor
‘Khatun gave birth to a son.’

86. drop av savi-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a istakan av savi-ri
son. obl - erg glass( a ) down a .throw. pfv - aor
‘The son dropped the glass.’

87. govern q'ixhvaldı vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a ixh-di kud-i-s q'ixhvaldı vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg our- obl village- obl - dat chairmanship( a ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son runs our village.’

88. miss djehel hişi-ri

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs xatun-u-xda djehel hişi-ri
pn - dat pn - obl - apud lack n .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad misses Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow qhu

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRdjibra
X: NOM
Y: ATTRdjibra
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-dı djibra qhu
pn pn - attr behind be_behind
‘Murad follows Rasul.’

90. dismount suçu-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad heyvan-ala suçu-ri
pn horse- superel m .dismount. pfv - aor
‘Murad got down from the horse.’

91. listen ubur qhasu-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a radi-la ubur qhasu-ra
son. obl - erg radio. obl - superel ear n .put_at. ipfv - prs
‘The son is listening to radio.’

92. obey qhayisu-ray

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad nin-ı-xda qhayisu-ray
pn mother- obl - apud m .listen. ipfv - prog
‘Murad obeys his mother.’

93. hear ruˁq'uˁ-ray

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs maˁʔni-d un ruˁq'uˁ-ray
pn - dat song- attr sound n .come. ipfv - prog
‘Murad hears (the sound of) the song.’

94. mix kiyxaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
it nikkiy-xhvan kiyxaʔa-ra
honey milk. obl - com n .mix. ipfv - prs
‘The honey is getting mixed with milk.’

95. look gyapqı-ra

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad gıblımı-xda gyapqı-ra
pn cloud. pl . obl - apud look. ipfv - prs
‘Murad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off saʔ qhvapşı-r

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a vıxın saʔ qhvapşı-r
son. obl - erg shirt( a ) down a .take_off. pfv - aor
‘The son took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) naq'-a ğarurgva-ra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun naq'-a ğarurgva-ra
pn - dat pn dream- in f .see. ipfv - prs
‘Murad dreams about Khatun.’

98. agree rağzi hişi-r

Valency pattern: DAT_COM
X: DAT
Y: COM
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs xatun-u-xhvan rağzi hişi-r
pn - dat pn - obl - com content n .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad agreed with Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel ariy kipxhu-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-da ariy kipxhu-ri
pn pn - ad inside a .sink. pfv - aor
‘Murad had a quarrel with Khatun.’

100. cost q'iymet vi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hemi çaşka-dı q'iymet sa manut vi
very. prox cup- attr price one manat( a ) a . cop
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at sel qhıʔı-r

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
duxvar-a şirk-u-xda sel qhıʔı-r
son. obl - erg bird- obl - apud aim rev . n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son shot at the bird.’

102. pour ıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a şakkar ıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg sugar( n ) n .pour. pfv - aor
‘The son poured the sugar.’

103. lose sukka hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a açar sukka hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg key n .lose n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son lost his key.’

104. sink kipxhu-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
us xhiyi-k kipxhu-ri
wood( a ) water. obl - cont a .sink. pfv - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill yiq'e hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a rasul yiq'e hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg pn m .die. co m .do. pfv - aor
‘The son killed Rasul.’

106. hit ç'ipxı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a rasul ç'ipxı-ri
son. obl - erg pn a .hit. pfv - aor
‘The son hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k'uxh kixıˁ-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a xatun-ı-k k'uxh kixıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - cont kiss n .strike_at. pfv - aor
‘The son kissed Khatun.’

108. read q'ale hıʔı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a hix-di kitab q'ale hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg good- attr book read n .do. pfv - aor
‘The son read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) sikk hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a t'iliy sikk hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg finger( a ) move a .do. pfv - aor
‘The son moved his finger.’

110. respect qhayisu-ray

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mırad rasul-u-xda qhayisu-ray
pn pn - obl - apud m .listen. ipfv - prog
‘Murad listens to Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

111. be squeamish xuş + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs ç'ep'elvaldı xuş diş
pn - dat dirt pleasing neg . cop
‘Murad does not like the dirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content rağzi yiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mırad dju-d duxvaru-xhvan rağzi yiʔi
pn refl . obl - attr son. obl - com content m . cop
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love ğaç'uˁ-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-ı-xda ğaç'uˁ-ri
pn pn - obl - apud m .go_out. pfv - aor
‘Murad fell in love with Khatun.’

114. trust ilamiş yiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-u ilamiş yiʔi
pn pn - super trust m . cop
‘Murad trusts Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise yazux yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_IN
X: DAT
Y: IN
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs dju-d nin-a yazux yiʔi
pn - dat refl . obl - attr mother- in pity n . cop
‘Murad sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy ul ğana vi

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER
X: DAT
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs rasul-u ul ğana vi
pn - dat pn - super eye( a ) be_on. cv a . cop
‘Murad envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ajiğ ğana vi

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPEREL
X: ATTR
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
mırad-ıd rasul-ula ajiğ ğana vi
pn - attr pn - obl . superel resentment( a ) be_on. cv a . cop
‘Murad is angry with Rasul.’
Note: The NP in the attributive form displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised maˁʔtal yişi-ri

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
mırad mi padarka-ya maˁʔtal yişi-ri
pn this gift- inel surprised m .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) xuş yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs çay xuş yiʔi
pn - dat tea please( co ) n . cop
‘Murad loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy lezet lafı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
duxvar-a çay-ı-xhvan lezet lafı-ri
son. obl - erg tea- obl - com pleasure a .take. pfv - aor
‘The son enjoys tea.’

121. want vıga-ra vi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs ts'in-dı telefon vıga-ra vi
pn - dat new- attr telephone( a ) a .want. ipfv - cv a . cop
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ajiğ vaʔa-ra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ula ajiğ vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl . superel resentment( a ) a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The son holds a grudge against Rasul.’

123. take offence qhaˁl hap'ı-ri

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a rasul-ula qhaˁl hap'ı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl . superel anger( a ) a .do. pfv - aor
‘The took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset xatir adgı hıɁı-ri

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
duxvar-a rasul-dı xatir adgı hıɁı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - attr respect( n ) n .remain n .do. pfv - prf
‘The son greatly upset Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel maˁʔ-dı hişi-r

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mırad mi şahar-dı-gı maˁʔ-dı hişi-r
pn this city- obl - abl surprised- attr m .be. pfv - aor
‘Murad was surprised by this city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise k'veç yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs rasul k'veç yiʔi
pn - dat pn despise m . cop
‘Murad despises Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

127. get upset rağzi + NEG

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad duxvar-ıla rağzi diş
pn son. obl - superel content neg . cop
‘Murad got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated ğargvas-na-kal + NEG

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mırad-ıs cu-du riş ğargvas-na-kal diş
pn - dat refl - attr daughter f .see. inf - adv -like neg . cop
‘Murad does not want to see his daughter.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

129. be fond xuş yiʔi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs rasul xuş yiʔi
pn - dat pn pleasing m . cop
‘Murad is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy rıˁx ruˁq'uˁ-ray

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
mırad-ıs dju-du bıy-dila rıˁx ruˁq'uˁ-ray
pn - dat refl . obl - attr size- obl . superel shame( n ) n .come. ipfv - prog
‘Murad is embarrassed about his height.’