BivalTyp

‘touch’

Argument frame: X (touch) Y
Stimulus sentence: (The wall was covered with fresh paint.) P. touched the wall (and got dirty).
Predicate label Ru: дотронуться
Argument frame Ru: X (дотрагиваться) до Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Стена недавно была покрашена). П. дотронулся до стены (и испачкался).

Abaza [χ’ə-]sə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCxe
X: ABS
Y: LOCxe
Locus: Y
rasúl a-bɮən d-a-χ’ə́-s-ṭ
pn def -wall 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - loc -touch( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul touched the wall.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ne-sə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TO
X: ABS
Y: LOC.TO
Locus: Y
ŝeweẑəje-r depqə-m ne-sə-ʁ
boy- abs wall- obl loc : to -reach- pst
‘The boy touched the wall.’

Aghul kürq’.u-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a-n χil kürq’.u-ne cil.i-k
pn - gen hand { sub / cont }strike. pf - aor wall- sub / cont
‘Aslan touched the wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Akhvakh (Northern) q’wen beɬɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
patħudi-de q’q’enda-ge q’w-en b-eɬɬ-eri
pn - erg wall- loc reach- seq n -end_up- uwpst
‘Pathudi touched the wall.’

Andi (Zilo) reʔa ob.i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ali-di reʔa ob.i qχ’enno-ʔa
pn - erg hand[ inan 2][ nom ] touch. pst ( aor ) wall. obl - super
‘Ali touched the wall.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) lzm

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām lzam-u l-ǝl-ḥāyǝṭ
pn touch. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms to- art -wall
‘Abraham touched the wall.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) gass

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad gass əl-ḥāyeṭ w wassex id-u
pn touch. pfv .3 m def -wall( m ) and make_dirty. pfv .3 m hand- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad touched the wall and got his hand dirty.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) d.ʾ.r

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi daʾar il- ḥēṭ
pn touch. pst .3 m . sg def -wall
‘Shadi touched the wall.’

Arabic (standard) lamasa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un lamasa l-ḥāɁiṭ-a
pn - nom touch. pf .3 m def -wall- acc
‘Badr touched the wall.’

Archi qˁečbos

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patʼimat-li čʼeˁn-ni-s qˁečbo
pn - obl ( erg ) wall- obl - dat touch. pfv
‘Patimat touched the wall.’

Armenian (Eastern) dipč’el

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə dipav pat-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def touch: aor :3 sg wall- dat - def
‘Petros touched the wall.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic kayət

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
yala kət-lə bi guyda
boy( m ) knock. pst - ls .3 m with wall( m )
‘The boy touched the wall.’

Avar qwaze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali he-l-da qwa-na wa čorokɬ-ana
pn that- obl - loc scratch- aor and get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched it and got dirty.’

Azerbaijani toxunmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan divar-a toxun-du
pn wall- dat / lat touch- pst (3)
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

Bafut mɔ̀ɔ̀ntə̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ mɔ̀ɔ̀ntə̂ àwùgə̀-ndâ já
pn sm p 2 touch wall-house def
‘Ambe touched the wall.’

Bambara bólo màga

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù y'í bólo` màga só dɛnɛn` ná
pn pfv . tr . refl hand\ art touch house wall\ art in
‘Seku touched the wall of a house.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_pa
X: NOM
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Ahmed pa divor ǰon δo-d
pn up wall soul give- pst
‘Ahmed touched the wall.’

Belarusian dakranucca

Valency pattern: NOM_daGEN
X: NOM
Y: daGEN
Locus: Y
Alieś dakranu-ŭ-sia da scian-y
pn [ nom . sg ] touch( pfv )- pst . sg . m - refl up_to wall- gen . sg
‘Ales touched the wall.’

Budugh veşki

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan diva'r-ca vaka-ci
pn wall- obl . loc m .touch. pfv - prf
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

Bulgarian dopra se

Valency pattern: SBJ_do
X: SBJ
Y: do
Locus: Y
Petăr se doprya do stena-ta
pn refl touch( pfv ). aor .3 sg up_to wall- def . f . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

Catalan tocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va toc-ar la paret
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind touch- inf def . sg . f wall( f )
‘Pere touched the wall.’

Chechen kyg wotta

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT
X: ERG
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-as pen-ax kyg woetti-na
pn - erg wall- lat hand touch- prf
‘Islam touched the wall.’

Chinese (Mandarin) mō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān mō le yīxià qiángbì
pn touch pfv once wall
‘Zhangsan touched the wall once.’

Chirag sa-b-a̰qi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le lac-l-i sa-j-a̰q-ib
pn ( abs ) wall- obl - super ante - m . sg -hit: pf - aor .3
‘Ali touched the wall.’

Croatian dodirnuti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je dodirnu-o zid
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg touch( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg wall[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero touched the wall.’

Czech dotknout se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr se dotk-l stěn-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Petr touched the wall.’

Danish røre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter rør-te vægg-en
pn touch- pst wall( c )- def . sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’

Dargwa (Itsari) tːi-B-B-aˤq-aˤraj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam lac-leh tːi-w-w-aˤq-ib
pn ( abs ) wall- obl + post ( lat ) behind - m - m -touch. pfv - aor
‘Islam touched the wall.’

Dargwa (Kadar) t'ul-ag-es / t'ul-ig-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li t'ul-ag-i-le taˤm-i-ke nas-0-uh-ub
pn - erg finger-touch. pfv - pret - cvb wall- obl - super dirt- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad touched the wall and got dirty.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) k:ač:vikara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
Petja baˁʕaˁ-c:i k:ač:vič:-iv
pn fence- inter m .touch. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja touched the fence.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jusːe las-i-ta akta j-duχ-e
girl wall- obl - ante ( lat ) close f -be. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The girl walked up to the wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) če-ačː-iz/če-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_INTER(LAT)
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: INTER(LAT)
Locus: Y
rursːi-le baˤħ-li-c:e če-ačː-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat ) wall- obl - inter ( lat ) up -touch/hit. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl touched the wall.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) ha-k-ačː-i / ha-ka-ičː-i

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER(LAT)
X: ERG
Y: INTER(LAT)
Locus: Y
rursːi-li lac-li-cːe ha-ka-ačː-ib
girl- erg wall- obl - inter ( lat ) up - down -hit. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl touched the wall.’

Dutch aanraken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft de muur aan-ge-raak-t
pn (С) have.3 sg art . def . c wall( c ) pvb - ptcp -touch- ptcp
‘Piet touched the wall.’

Enets (Forest) tʃurxur

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLdez
X: NOM
Y: OBLdez
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ uza-da pɛtʃeu dʲez tʃurxuŋa
i man- nom . sg .1 sg hand- obl . sg .3 sg stove. obl in_the_direction touch( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend touched the stove with his hand’.

English touch

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter touched the wall.

Estonian puudutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter puuduta-s seina
pn . sg . nom touch- pst .3 sg wall. sg . part
‘Peeter touched the wall.’

Finnish koskea

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pekka kosk-i seinä-än
pn . nom touch- pst .3 sg wall- ill
‘Pekka touched the wall.’

French toucher

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a touché le mur
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg touch. pst . ptcp . m def . sg . m wall( m )
‘Paul touched the wall.’

Gascon a tocat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a tocat lo mur
pn have. prs .3 sg touch. pst . ptcp def . sg . m wall
‘Pau touched the wall.’

Gban tíé

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen
X: SBJ
Y: nen
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ɛ́ tíé gwli̋ nɛ̰̏
pn 3 sg \ pst touch[ pfv . hod ] wall at
‘Zan touched the wall.’

Georgian še-Ø-e-x-eb-a (PRS/FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø k'edel-s še-Ø-e-x-o
pn - nom wall- dat prv :inward- io 3- ver : r -touch- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre touched the wall.’

German berühren

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl berühr-te die Wand und wurde schmutzig
pn [ nom . sg ] touch- pst .3 sg def . f . acc . sg wall[ acc . sg ] and become. pst .3 sg dirty
‘Karl touched the wall and got dirty.’

Hebrew (modern) naga

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Pinχas naga ba kir
pn touch[ pst .3 sg . m ] in+ def wall
‘Pinchas touched the wall.’

Hindi chūnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne dīvār ko chu-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg wall( f ). sg . obl acc / dat touch. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek touched the wall.’

Indonesian (standard) me-nyentuh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abdul me-nyentuh dinding
pn act -touch wall
‘Abdul touched the wall.’

Irish buail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail Pól an fala.
pst =touch pn def wall
‘Pól touched the wall.’

Italian toccare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha toccato il mur-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs touch. pst . ptcp def . sg . m wall- sg . m
‘Leo touched the wall.’

Karata čorokɬaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ʕali q’in-ƛi un-jewχwa čorokɬ-e
pn wall- inter lean- pf . m . cv become_dirty- pf
‘Ali touched the wall and got dirty.’

Kazakh tiygiz

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya qabïrɣa-ɣa qol-ï-n tiygіz-dі
pn wall- dat hand- poss 3- acc touch- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya touched the wall.’

Khanty (Kazym) χɔjti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
petr-en χɔt pitǝr-a χɔj-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg house wall- dat touch- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja touched the wall.’

Khoekhoe tsâǀkhā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǂnuwiǂgoa-b-a go tsâǀkhā
pn -3 m . sg decl wall-3 m . sg - obl rpst touch
‘Peter touched the wall.’

Khwarshi j/etaχa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
šamil-i qado-qo gud j-etaχ-χa
pn - erg wall( v )- cont shirt( v ) ( v )-touch- pst . w
‘Shamil got his shirt against the wall.’

Komi-Permyak павкöччыны

Valency pattern: NOM_berdo
X: NOM
Y: berdo
Locus: Y
Петя павкӧчч-и-с стена берд-ö
pn касаться- prt -3 стена место_около- ill
‘Петя дотронулся до стены.’

Komi-Zyrian inme̮dč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pet'a inme̮dč́-i-s st'en.m-e̮
pn touch- pret -3 wall. obl - ill
‘Petja touched the wall.’

Kpelle (Guinean) yéé pɛ̌lɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe àá ɲèe pɛ́lɛ dàɓálî ɓà
pn 3 sg . pfv 3 sg \hand stretch def \table on1
‘Pepee touched the table.’

Kryz (Alik) ğubq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan divar-ciğ ğurq'u-d
pn wall( f )- obl . super m .touch. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan touched the wall.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) vukac

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan divar-ciğ vuka-d
pn wall- obl . super touch. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

Kryz (proper) kekoc

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB
X: NOM
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
aslan divar-a-k keka-d
pn wall- obl - sub touch. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

Kumyk tijmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa tam-ʁa tij-d-i
pn wall- dat touch- pst -3 sg
‘Musa touched the wall.’

Kurdish (Sorani) dest dan

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_le
X: SBJ.TR
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa dest=î le dîwar-eke da-Ø
pn hand=3 sg . pc from wall- def give. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa touched the wall.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) dest dan (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_IO
X: SBJ.TR
Y: IO
Locus: Y
pîrek-ê dest da diwêr
woman- obl . f hand give. pfv .3 sg wall( m ). obl
‘The woman touched the wall.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l č’ir-a-j-n ka šːu-nd-i
pn - obl - gen wall- obl - sup - lat hand touch- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad touched the wall.’

Latin tango

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
(adfin-is) post-em-que tremebund-a man-u tetig-it
kinsman( m )- nom . sg door_post( m )- acc . sg -and trembling- abl . sg . f hand( f )- abl . sg touch[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘(Kinsman) touched the door-post with a trembling hand.’
Note: (Cic. De domo sua. 134, 10)

Laz o-nc'-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i duvai-s n-a-nc'-u
pn - nom wall- dat io 3- ver : r -wipe- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim touched the wall.’

Lezgian (Yargun) galuq’in

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POST
X: NOM
Y: SUB/POST
Locus: Y
Sahib cila-k galuqˈ-na
pn wall. obl - sub / post touch- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib touched the wall.’

Macedonian se dopre

Valency pattern: SBJ_do
X: SBJ
Y: do
Locus: Y
Petar se dopre do dzid-ot
pn refl touch ( pfv ). aor .3 sg up_to wall( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

Maltese mess

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni mess il-ħajt
pn touch. pf . m .3 sg def -wall
‘Ġwanni touched the wall.’

Maninka (Eastern) bólo màa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù kà à bólo` màa dàndan` ná.
pn aor . tr 3 sg hand\ art touch wall\ art at
‘Seku touched the wall.’

Mano pá

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo
X: SBJ
Y: mo
Locus: Y
Pèé ē pá kágóó mɔ̀
pn 3 sg . pst touch wall on
‘Pe touched the wall.’

Mansi (Northern) nowxatas

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
āji-riɕ kūt’uw-na now-xat-as
girl- dim dog- lat touch- refl - pst .3 sg
‘The girl (accidently) touched the dog.’

Mehweb -arχes

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT
X: NOM
Y: CONT.LAT
Locus: Y
baˤʜ-ize w-arχ-arijal Pajzula čuruk uh-ub
wall- cont ( lat ) m -touch: pfv - cvb . imm pn dirty m .become: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula touched the wall and got dirty.’

Mingrelian Ø-e-x-eb-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k k'idala-s ku-mk'-Ø-a-x-u
pn - erg wall- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -touch- s 3 sg
‘Chelo touched the wall.’

Nanai toŋala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia paǯera-mba toŋa.la-xa-ni
pn wall- obl touch. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia touched the wall.’

Nivkh evd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik patigur̥ stеnka tamk-ɣir̥ vо-d
pn quietly wall hand- ins hold- ind
‘Kaskazik touched the wall.’

Norwegian Bokmål å ta

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Per tok på vegg-en og ble flekkete
pn take. pst on wall- def . m . sg and become. pst spotted
‘Per touched the wall and got dirty.’

Oromo (West Central) itti buʔa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
obsaa-n keeɲɲan-itti buʔ-e
pn - nom wall- loc strike-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa touched the wall.’

Persian dast zadan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM
X: NOM
Y: beNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad be dīvār dast zad
pn to wall hand hit. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad touched the wall.’

Polish dotknąć

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Marek dotkną-ł ścian-y
pn [ nom . sg ] touch: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] wall- gen . sg
‘Marek touched the wall.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) encostar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro encost-ou na parede
pn ( m ) lean-3 sg . pst in+ def . f wall( f )
‘Pedro touched the wall.’

Romani (Kalderash) azbal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a azba-ď-a o zyd-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg touch- pst -3 sg art . m . dir . sg wall- acc . sg
‘Murša touched the wall.’

Romanian a atinge

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a atins zid-ul
pn aux .3 sg touch. pst . ptcp wall- def . dir
‘Petru touched the wall.’

Russian dotronutʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja dotronu-l-sja do sten-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl up_to wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

Rutul (Kina) kiq’ɨr

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
rasul masal-ɨ-k ki-q’ɨ-r
pn ( nom ) wall- obl - inter pv -1.touch. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul touched the wall.’

Rutul (Mukhad) kijq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad masal-ı-k kijq'ı-ri
pn wall. obl - obl - cont m .touch. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
mırad mas-alı-k kiyq'a-ri
pn wall- obl - cont m .touch. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) kiyq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad masla-k kiyq'ı-r
pn wall. obl - cont m .hit. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

Rutul (Shinaz) kejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
basir kejq'ɨ-rɨ masal-ɨkj
pn m .touch. pf - perf wall- cont
‘Basir touched the wall.’

Saami (Skolt) kuõskkâd

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt kuõsk-i seinn-a
pn . sg . nom touch. pst .3 sg wall- sg . ill
‘Pete touched the wall.’

Sagada bitera

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
Pat’ina reƛ’a r-ite-r-ii q’ido-q
pn . erg hand( iv ) iv -touch- caus - pst wall- poss
‘Patina touched the wall with the hand.’

Serbian dodirnuti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je dodirnu-o zid
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg touch- part . perf . m . sg wall. acc . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

Shughni xu δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_PREP.UP-LOC
X: NOM.CL
Y: PREP.UP-LOC
Locus: Y
Azim=i pi burǰ-and xu δod xu ɣažd sut
pn =3 sg prep . up wall- loc refl give. pst add dirty go. m . pst
‘Azim touched the wall and got dirty.’

Slovak dotknúť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter sa dotko-l sten-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’

Slovenian dotakniti se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter se je dotakni-l sten-e
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl aux .3 sg touch: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] wall- gen . sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’
Note: Involuntary action is implied.

Spanish tocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro toc-ó la pared
pn [ sg . m ] touch- aor .3 sg art . def . sg . f wall[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro touched the wall.’

Svan x-gdur-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø k'edel-s lo-x-gudr-e
pn - nom wall- dat prv : slightly . ver : o - io 3-touch- pst
‘Maizer touched the wall.’

Swedish att röra

Valency pattern: SBJ_vid
X: SBJ
Y: vid
Locus: Y
Björn rör-de vid vägg-en och blev kladdig
pn move- pst at wall- def . c . sg and become. pst smeared
‘Björn touched the wall and got dirty.’
Note: For some speakers, röra vid is rather a (transitive) phrasal verb.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad cal.i-k ku<r>k’-u kac’-nu
pn ( abs ) wall- cont < h . sg >touch- pf conv ( h . sg )get.dirty- pst
‘Mahamad touched the wall and got dirty.’

Tagalog hawakan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>awak-an ni Pedro ang pader
< pfv >touch- pv pers . gen pn subj wall
‘Pedro touched the wall.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu muṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ goḍa-ni muṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom wall( n ). sg . obl - acc touch. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen touched the wall.’

Tsakhur qhet’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad barug-e-k qhet’u-na
pn wall- obl - cont ( m )touch. pf - h
‘Murad touched the wall.’

Tswana ama

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke-am-il-e lo-bota
s i :1 sg -touch- prf - fv sg -wall(11)
‘I touched the wall.’

Turkish dokunmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet duvar-a dokun-du
pn wall- dat touch- pst
‘Mehmet touched the wall.’

Turoyo moḥe iḏ-

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel mḥe-le iḏ-e b-u šuro
pn hit. pfv - ls .3 m hand( f )- p .3 m in- art . m wall( m )
‘Gabriyel touched the wall.’

Twi sᴐ

Valency pattern: SBJ_mu
X: SBJ
Y: mu
Locus: Y
Kofi sᴐ-ᴐ fasuo no mu
pn touch- pst wall def in
‘Kofi touched the wall.’

Udi kuldes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Urben-en bari-n-a=ne kul-d-i
pn - erg wall- obl - dat =3 sg touch- lv - aor
‘Urben touched the wall.’

Udmurt jötski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordi
X: NOM
Y: NOMbordi
Locus: Y
Pet'a borddor bordi̮ jötsk-iz
pn . nom wall. nom to(wards) touch- pst .3 sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

Ukrainian dotorknutysja

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o dotorknu-v-sja do stin-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl to wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro touched the wall.’

Ulcha tunči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə ŋāla-ǯi qorča-wa tunči-xə-ni
male child hand- ins wall- acc touch- pst -3 sg
‘The boy touched the wall with his hand.’

Uzbek ušlab olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya devor-ni ušla-b ol-di
pn wall- acc touch- cvb take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

Wolof laal

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
wextan wi dafa laal yàpp wi
bile( w ) cl w - def f oc v .s i :3 sg touch meat( w ) cl w - def
‘The bile has touched the meat.’
Note: Context: a person is butchering an animal.

Yukaghir (Northern) aɣaj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn stjenǝ-lǝ аɣа-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn wall- acc touch- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien touched the wall.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ro.PSTP
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: ro.PSTP
Locus: Y
o ɡɨna des=ro
3 sg . m . abs touch. pst -3 sg . m wall=to
‘He touched the wall.’