BivalTyp

Kazakh

Contributed by Anastasia Zhuk.

A.Zh.'s photo

The data were mainly gathered in 2018 in Semey, Kazakhstan. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. Ekaterina Podkorytova greatly contributed to the technical preparation of the Kazakh dataset.

How to cite

Zhuk, Anastasia. 2022. Bivalent patterns in Kazakh. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on May 14, 2022; last revised on August 2, 2022.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

In Kazakh, the default linear pattern is SOV. In the transitive construction, nominal subjects are used in the unmarked form and direct objects are used either in the unmarked form (1) or in the accusative case (2) depending on their animacy and referentiality (Differential Object Marking).

(1)  Petya  tas    laqtïr-dï.
     Petya  stone  throw-PST1.3SG
     ‘Petya threw a stone.’ 

(2)  Petya  kilt-ti    tap-tï.
     Petya  key-ACC    found-PST1.3SG
     ‘Petya found the keys.’

The predicate agrees with the subject in person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural). Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique cases or by postpositions. The verbal tenses in the examples include the first present (the main verb in converbial form and the auxiliary verb), the second present (marked with -a, -y, -e), the first past (-dï, -di, -tï, -ti) or the second past (-ɣan, -ɣen, -qan, -qen).

Case system

The case system includes seven cases for nouns, viz. the unmarked nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative and instrumental, as exemplified for the noun bala ‘child’ below:

Nominative    bala      child.NOM
Genitive      bala-nïŋ  child-GEN
Dative        bala-ɣa   child-DAT
Accusative    bala-nï   child-ACC
Locative      bala-da   child-LOC
Ablative      bala-dan  child-ABL
Instrumental  bala-men  child-INS

Verb lemmas

Verbs are shown in the form of a bare stem without inflectional affixes.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 3 — 1st, 3rd person; ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; CAUS — causative; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; LOC — locative; NEG — negation; PASS — passive; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PRS2 — second present; PST1 — first past; PST2 — second past; REC — reciprocal; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain awïr

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-nïŋ bas-ï awïr-adï
pn - gen head- poss 3 ache- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya has a headache.’

2. have (illness) awïr

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya tumaw awïrw-ï-men awïr-adï
pn flu illness- poss 3- ins ache- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya has a flu.’

3. be afraid qorq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya it-ten qorq-adï
pn dog- abl be_afraid- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw laqtïr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya tas laqtïr-dï
pn stone throw- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya threw a stone.’

5. have enough žet

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa aqša žet-edі
pn - dat money be_enough- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya has enough money.’

6. resemble uqsa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Mixail-ɣa uqsa-ydï
pn pn - dat be_similar- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya resembles Michael.’

7. believe sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa sen-edі
pn pn - dat believe- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya believes Masha.’

8. take al

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіtap-tï al-dï
pn book- acc take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya took the book.’

9. see kör

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya üy kör-іp tur
pn house see- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya sees the house.’

10. influence äser et

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Žas žad-ï-ɣa äser et-edі
age memory- poss 3- dat influence do- prs 2.3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter kezdes

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men kezde-s-tі
pn pn - ins encounter- rec - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya encountered Masha.’

12. enter kir

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya üy-ge kіr-dі
pn house- dat enter- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya entered the house.’

13. win ut-ïp al

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-dan ut-ïp al-dï
pn pn - abl win- cvb take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya beat Masha.’

14. go out šïq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya üy-den šïq-tï
pn house- abl exit- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya went out of the house.’

15. drive ayda

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya siyïr-dï ayda-ydï
pn cow- acc drive- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is driving the cow.’

16. bend mayïstïr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya butaq-tï mayïstïr-dï
pn branch- acc bend- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya bent the branch.’

17. tell ayt

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ayt-tï
pn pn - dat say- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya told Masha: ...’

18. hold usta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіtap usta-p tur
pn book hold- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is holding a book.’

19. catch up quw-ïp žet

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï quw-ïp žet-tі
pn pn - acc catch_up- cvb reach- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya caught up with Masha.’

20. milk saw

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya siyïr saw-dï
pn cow milk- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya milked the cow.’

21. reach žet

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya žaɣa-ɣa žet-tі
pn bank- dat reach- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya reached the bank.’

22. touch tiygiz

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya qabïrɣa-ɣa qol-ï-n tiygіz-dі
pn wall- dat hand- poss 3- acc touch- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya touched the wall.’

23. fight töbeles

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Mixail-men töbele-s-іp žatïr
pn pn - ins fight- rec - cvb lie.3 sg
‘Petya is fighting with Michael.’

24. be friends dostas

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men dosta-s-adï
pn pn - ins be_friends- rec - prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is friends with Masha.’

25. think oyla

Valency pattern: NOM_turaly
X: NOM
Y: turaly
Locus: Y
Petya Maša tuwralï oyla-ydï
pn pn about think- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat že

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya alma že-dі
pn apple eat- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya ate an apple.’

27. fry quwïr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya balïq quwïr-dï
pn fish fry- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya fried the fish.’

28. wait tos

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï tos-ïp tur
pn pn - acc wait- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget umït

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya basqa žol-dï umït-tï
pn other way- acc forget- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya forgot about the other road.’

30. depend baylanïs

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Žad-ï žas-qa baylanï-s-tï
memory- poss 3 age- dat depend- rec - pst 1.3 sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call šaqïr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï šaqïr-dï
pn pn - acc call- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya called Masha.’

32. get to know tanïs

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men bіr žïl burïn tanï-s-tï
pn pn - ins one year ago get_acquainted- rec - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya got to know Masha a year ago.’

33. know bil

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï bіl-edі
pn pn - acc know- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) oyna

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Petya giytara-da oyna-ydï
pn guitar- loc play- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid qaš

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-dan qaš-ïp žür
pn pn - abl avoid- cvb go.3 sg
‘Petya avoids Masha.’

36. make žasa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya bomba žasa-dï
pn bomb make- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya made a bomb.’

37. make fun kemsit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï kemsіt-tі
pn pn - acc consider_insignificant- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya is making fun of Masha.’

38. have bar

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-da mašiyna bar
pn - loc car there_is
‘Petya has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for izde

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіlt іzde-p žür
pn key search- cvb go.3 sg
‘Petya is looking for keys.’

40. paint boya

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qoršaw-dï boya-dï
pn fence- acc paint- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya painted the fence.’

41. bite qap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
It Petya-nï qap-tï
dog pn - acc bite- pst 1.3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

42. forfeit ayïrïl-ïp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya üy-і-nen ayïrïl-ïp qal-dï
pn house- poss 3- abl lose- cvb remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lost his house.’

43. try to catch awla

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya mïsïq-tï awla-p žür
pn cat- acc catch- cvb go.3 sg
‘Petya is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break sïndïr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya tayaq-tï sïndïr-dï
pn stick- acc break- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya broke a stick.’

45. flatter žaɣïmpazdan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa žaɣïmpazdan-adï
pn pn - dat flatter- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is flattering Masha.’

46. love (person) süy

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï süy-edі
pn pn - acc love- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya loves Masha.’

47. wave bulɣa

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya oramal-men bulɣa-p tur
pn handkerchief- ins wave- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream armanda

Valency pattern: NOM_turaly
X: NOM
Y: turaly
Locus: Y
Petya mašiyna turalï armanda-ydï
pn car about dream- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is dreaming of a car.’

49. wash žu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kese žuw-dï
pn cup wash- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya washed the cup.’

50. put on ki

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya šalbar kiy-dі
pn trousers put_on- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya put on the trousers.’

51. be called atal

Valency pattern: NOM_dep
X: NOM
Y: dep
Locus: Y
Bul zat kompas de-p ata-l-adï
this thing compass say- cvb call- pass - prs 2.3 sg
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish žaza- ber

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya özіm-nіŋ ul-ï-ɣa žaza-sï-n ber-dі
pn one’s- gen son- poss 3- dat punishment- poss 3- acc give- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya punished his son.’

53. attack šabwïl žasa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Ayu balïqšï-ɣa šabwïl žasa-dï
bear fisherman- dat attack do- pst 1.3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) tol

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Šelek suw-ɣa tol-dï
bucket water- dat fill- pst 1.3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find tap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіlt-tі tap-tï
pn key- acc find- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya found the keys.’

56. be short žet-pe

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa bіr dollar žet-pe-y tur
pn - dat one dollar have_enough- neg - cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is one dollar short.’

57. hate žek kör

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï žek kör-edi
pn pn - acc hate- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya hates Masha.’

58. like una

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa bul žeyde una-ydï
pn - dat this shirt like- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya likes this shirt.’

59. need kerek

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa aqša kerek
pn - dat money be_necessary
‘Petya needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround qorša

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Qala-nï qabïrɣa-lar qorša-ydï
city- acc wall- pl surround- prs 2.3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain qal

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-da on dollar qal-dï
pn - loc ten dollar remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya has 10 dollars left.’

62. answer žawap ber

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya muwɣalіm-ge žawap ber-dі
pn teacher- dat answer give- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya answered the teacher.’

63. open aš

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya banka-nï aš-tï
pn can- acc open- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya opened a can.’

64. be different basqa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Menіŋ žeyde-m senіŋ žeyde-nen basqa
i . gen shirt- poss 1 sg you. gen shirt- abl different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qal-ïp qoy

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-dan qal-ïp qoy-dï
pn pn - abl remain- cvb put- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya fell behind Masha.’

66. plough žïrt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya alqap-tï žïrt-ïp žatïr
pn field- acc plough- cvb lie.3 sg
‘Petya is ploughing the field.’

67. smell sas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Menіŋ qol-ïm benziyn sas-ïp tur
i . gen hand- poss 1 sg gasoline smell- cvb stand.3 sg
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

68. cross kes-іp öt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya žol-dï kes-іp öt-tі
pn way- acc cut- cvb pass- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya crossed the road.’

69. sing ayt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya ädemі öleŋ ayt-tï
pn beautiful song say- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya sang a beautiful song.’

70. write žaz

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya xat žaz-dï
pn letter write- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya wrote a letter.’

71. drink іš

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya süt-tі іš-tі
pn milk- acc drink- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya drank the milk.’

72. melt balqït

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya sviynets-tі balqï-t-tï
pn lead- acc melt- caus - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya melted a piece of lead.’

73. match žaras

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Bul belbew menіŋ köyleg-і-me žara-s-ïp tur
this belt i . gen dress- poss 1 sg - dat fit- rec - cvb stand.3 sg
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave ket

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya tuwɣan qala-sï-nan ket-tі
pn home town- poss 3- abl leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya left his hometown.’

75. cover žaw

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Kіlem eden-nіŋ bärі-n žaw-ïp žatïr
carpet floor- gen whole- acc cover- cvb lie.3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember es-і-nde saqta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya üy-dі žaqsï es-і-nde saqta-ɣan
pn house- acc good memory- poss 3- loc keep- pst 2.3 sg
‘Petya remembers the house good.’

77. help kömekte-s

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa kömekte-s-tі
pn pn - dat help- rec - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) tüs-іn

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya frantsuwz tіl-і-n tüs-іn-edі
pn f rench language- poss 3- acc understand- refl - prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya understands the French language.’

79. hit (target) tüs

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Üy-ge žay tüs-tі
house- dat lightning fall- pst 1.3 sg
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself kes-іn-іp al

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya briytva-men kes-іn-іp al-dï
pn razor- ins cut- refl - cvb take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck žabïs-ïp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Staqan stol-ɣa žabïs-ïp qal-dï
glass table- dat get_stuck- cvb remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) utïl-ïp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ut-ïl-ïp qal-dï
pn pn - dat lose- pass - cvb remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lose to Masha.’

83. be glad quan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya xat-qa quwan-dï
pn letter- dat rejoice- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya was glad about the letter.’

84. speak söyles

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men söyle-s-іp žatïr
pn pn - ins talk- rec - cvb lie.3 sg
‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth tap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maša ul tap-tï
pn son give_birth- pst 1.3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tüsіr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya staqan-dï tüsіr-іp al-dï
pn glass- acc drop- cvb give- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya dropped the glass.’

87. govern basqar

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya bіz-dіŋ awïl-men basqar-adï
pn we- gen village- ins lead- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya runs our village.’

88. miss saɣïn

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï saɣïn-ïp žür
pn pn - acc miss- cvb go.3 sg
‘Petya misses Masha.’

89. follow žür

Valency pattern: NOM_GENartynan
X: NOM
Y: GENartynan
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-nïŋ artïnan žür-edі
pn pn - gen after go- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya follows Masha.’

90. dismount tüs

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya at-tan tüs-tі
pn horse- abl descend- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya got down from the horse.’

91. listen tïnda

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya radiyo tïnda-p otïr
pn radio listen- cvb sit.3 sg
‘Petya is listening to the radio.’

92. obey tïnda

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya ana-sï-n tïnda-ydï
pn mother- poss 3- acc listen- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya obeys his mother.’

93. hear est

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya muwzïka-nï est-іp tur
pn music- acc hear- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya hears the music.’

94. mix aralas

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Bal süt-pen arala-s-ïp ket-tі
honey milk- ins mix- rec - cvb leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look qara

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya bult-tar-ɣa qara-p tur
pn raincloud- pl - dat look- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is looking at the rainclouds.’

96. take off šeš

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya žeyde-sі-n šeš-tі
pn shirt- poss 3- acc take_off- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tüs-і-ne kіr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa Maša tüs-і-ne kіr-edі
pn - dat pn dream- poss 3- dat enter- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya dreams about Masha.’

98. agree kelis

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men kelіs-tі
pn pn - ins agree- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel urs-ïp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men urs-ïp qal-dï
pn pn - ins quarrel- cvb remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost tur

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Bul kese bіr dollar tur-adï
this cup one dollar cost- prs 2.3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at at

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qus-tï at-tï
pn bird- acc shoot- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya shot at the bird.’

102. pour sal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qant-tï sal-dï
pn sugar- acc put- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya poured sugar.’

103. lose žoɣal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіlt-і-n žoɣal-tï
pn key- poss 3- acc lose- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lost the keys.’

104. sink bat

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Butaq suw-ɣa bat-ïp ket-tі
log water- dat sink- cvb leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill öltіr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï öltіr-dі
pn pn - acc kill- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya killed Masha.’

106. hit ur

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï ur-dï
pn pn - acc hit- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya hit Masha.’

107. kiss süy

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï süy-dі
pn pn - acc kiss- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya kissed Masha.’

108. read oq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qïzïqtï kіtap oq-ïdï
pn interesting book read- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) qozɣalt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya sawsaq-tar-ï-n qozɣalt-tï
pn finger- pl - poss 3- acc wiggle- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya moved his fingers.’

110. respect sïyla

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï sïyla-ydï
pn pn - acc respect- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya respects Masha.’

111. be squeamish žerken

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya kіr ïdïs-ayaq-tan žerken-edі
pn dirty dishes-leg- abl be_squeamish- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content riyza

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya öz ul-ï-men riyza
pn one’s son- poss 3- ins content
‘Petya is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love ɣašïq bol

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ɣašïq bol-dï
pn pn - dat enamoured be- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa sen-edі
pn pn - dat trust- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise aya

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya öz ana-sï-n aya-ydï
pn one’s mother- poss 3- acc feel_pity- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya feels sorry for his mother.’

116. envy qïzɣan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa qïzɣan-adï
pn pn - dat envy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya envies Masha.’

117. be angry ašulï

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ašulï
pn pn - dat angry
‘Petya is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised taŋɣal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya osï sïylïq-qa taŋɣal-dï
pn this gift- dat be_surprised- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) žaqsï kör

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya šay-dï žaqsï kör-edі
pn tea- acc good see- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya loves tea.’

120. enjoy raxattan

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya ïstïq šay-ï-men raxattan-ïp otïr
pn hot tea- poss 3- ins enjoy- cvb sit.3 sg
‘Petya is enjoying the hot tea.’

121. want qala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya žaŋa telefon qala-ydï
pn new phone want- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge ašulï

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ašulï
pn pn - dat angry
‘Petya is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence ökpele

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ökpele-dі
pn pn - dat take_offence- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya took offence at Masha.’

124. upset renžіt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï qattï renž-іt-tі
pn pn - acc strongly upset- caus - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya upset Masha.’

125. marvel taŋɣal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya astana-ɣa taŋɣal-dï
pn capital- dat marvel- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya marvelled at the city.’

126. despise žaratpa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï žarat-pa-ydï
pn pn - acc approve- neg - prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya despises Masha.’

127. get upset renž-іp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_ushin
X: NOM
Y: ushin
Locus: Y
Petya öz ul-ï üšіn renž-іp qal-dï
pn one’s son- poss 3 because_of be_upset- cvb remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated key

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya öz qïz-ï-n key-іp otïr
pn one’s daughter- poss 3- acc get_irritated- cvb sit.3 sg
‘Petya is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond unat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï unat-adï
pn pn - acc sympathize- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is fond of Masha.’

130. be shy uyal

Valency pattern: NOM_ushin
X: NOM
Y: ushin
Locus: Y
Petya öz boy-ï üšіn uyal-adï
pn one’s height- poss 3 because_of be_shy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is shy about his height.’