‘eat’
Argument frame: |
X
(eat)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
ate
an apple
.
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(есть)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
съел
яблоко
.
|
Abaza
fa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
a-phʷə́spa |
a-ĉ̣á |
l-fa-ṭ |
def
-girl
|
def
-apple
|
3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-eat(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The girl ate the apple.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
šxə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
pŝaŝe-m |
məʔerəse-r |
ə-šxə-ʁ |
girl-
obl
|
apple-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-eat-
pst
|
‘The girl ate the apple.’ |
Aghul
ʡut’.u-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
ʜač |
ʡut’.u-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
apple
|
eat.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan ate an apple.’ |
Alik Kryz
ulayc
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
terlan-ir |
yeç |
ula-du |
pn
-
erg
|
apple(
f
)
|
eat.
pfv
-
aor
.
f
|
‘Terlan ate an apple.’ |
Archi
-kummus
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
paša-mu |
aˁnš |
kunne |
pn
-
obl
.
m
(
erg
)
|
apple
|
4.eat.
pfv
|
‘Pasha ate an apple.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+axəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
yala |
+xəl-lə |
xabuyša |
boy(
m
)
|
eat.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
apple(
m
)
|
‘The boy ate an apple.’ |
Avar
kwine
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ʕali-ca |
ʕeč |
kwana |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
eat(
aor
)
|
‘Ali ate an apple.’ |
Azerbaijani
yemək
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Aslan |
alma |
ye-di |
pn
|
apple
|
eat-
pst
(3)
|
‘Aslan ate an apple.’ |
Bafut
nkwúrə̂
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
kɨ̀ |
nkwúrə̂ |
m̀báŋə̀ |
pn
|
sm
|
p
2
|
eat
|
palm_fruit
|
‘Ambe ate a palm fruit.’ |
Bambara
dún
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
nàmasa` |
dún |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
banana
|
eat
|
‘Seku ate a banana.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
comer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
com-eu |
um-a |
maçã |
pn
(
m
)
|
eat-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
-
f
|
apple(
f
)
|
‘Pedro ate an apple.’ |
Budugh
soʡulu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
aslan-ır |
yeç |
söʡül-cü |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
a
.eat.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan ate an apple.’ |
Catalan
menjar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
menj-ar |
un-a |
poma |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
eat-
inf
|
indf
-
sg
.
f
|
apple(
f
)
|
‘Pere ate an apple.’ |
Chechen
AGR-e’a-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
Islam-as |
wash |
b-e’a-na |
pn
-
erg
|
apple.
abs
|
b
-eat-
prf
|
‘Islam ate an apple.’ |
Chirag
b-erčʷi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
ʡa̰li-le |
qa̰r |
b-erk-un |
pn
-
erg
|
apple(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-eat:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
‘Ali ate an apple.’ |
Czech
sníst
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
sněd-l |
jablk-o |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr ate an apple.’ |
Danish
spise
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
spis-te |
et |
æble |
pn
|
eat-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
apple(
n
)
|
‘Peter ate an apple.’ |
Dutch
eten
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
een |
appel |
op-ge-get-en |
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
apple(
c
)
|
pvb
-
ptcp
-eat-
ptcp
|
‘Piet ate an apple.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dámu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
kà |
nàmansa` |
dó |
dámu. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
banana\
art
|
indf
|
eat
|
‘Seku ate a banana.’ |
English
eat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
sööma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
sõi |
õuna |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
eat.
pst
.3
sg
|
apple.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter ate an apple.’ |
Finnish
syödä
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
söi |
omena-n |
pn
.
nom
|
eat.
pst
.3
sg
|
apple-
gen
|
‘Pekka ate an apple.’ |
Forest Enets
ɔ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋaʔu |
ɔma |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
duck
|
eat(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend ate a duck’. |
French
manger
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
mangé |
une |
pomme |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
eat.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
apple(
f
)
|
‘Paul ate an apple.’ |
Georgian
še-Ø-č'am-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
vašl-i |
še-Ø-č'am-a |
pn
-
erg
|
apple-
nom
|
prv
:inward-
do
3-eat-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre ate an apple.’ |
German
essen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
isst |
den |
Apfel |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
eat.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
apple[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is eating the apple.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
mɛ̌ɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pépèe |
àá |
gwìî |
mɛ̌ɛ |
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
def
\banana
|
eat
|
‘Pepee ate a banana.’ |
Hindi
khānā
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pratīk |
ne |
ek |
seb |
khāy-ā. |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
erg
|
one
|
apple(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
eat.
pfv
-
m
.
sg
|
‘Prateek ate an apple.’ |
Icari Dargwa
b=erk-uj
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
Islam-il |
hinci |
b=erk-un |
pn
-
erg
|
apple.
abs
|
n
=eat:
pf
-
aor
|
‘Islam ate an apple.’ |
Irish
ith
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
D’=ith |
Pól |
úll. |
pst
=eat
|
pn
|
apple
|
‘Pól ate an apple.’ |
Ismayilli Kryz
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
aslan-ir |
yeç |
ulo-du |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
f
.eat.
pf
-
aor
.
f
|
‘Aslan ate an apple.’ |
Italian
mangiare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
mangiato |
un-a |
mel-a |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
eat.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
-
f
|
apple-
sg
.
f
|
‘Leo ate an apple.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
CL-erkʷ-as / CL-uk-as
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
meħamad-li |
ʡinc |
b-erk-un |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
n
-eat.
pfv
-
pret
|
‘Muhammad ate an apple.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xal
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
xa-ľ-a |
ə |
phabaj |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
eat-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
apple[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Murša ate an apple.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi |
aš |
ʁ-ip’-nu |
pn
-
erg
|
porridge(
abs
)
|
pf
-eat-
pst
|
‘Mahamad ate porridge.’ |
Karata
q’amaɬa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ʕali-l |
ʕeče |
q’am-e |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
eat-
pf
|
‘Ali ate an apple.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
berkvana
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
petja-l |
b-erk-un |
hinci |
pn
-
erg
|
n
-eat.
pf
-
aor
|
apple
|
‘Petja ate an apple.’ |
Kazakh
že
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
alma |
že-dі |
pn
|
apple
|
eat-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya ate an apple.’ |
Kazym Khanty
λԑti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
ńań |
λԑ-λ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
bread
|
eat-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is eating bread.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǂû
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petru-b |
ge |
apel-s-a |
ge |
ǂû |
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
apple-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
pst
|
eat
|
‘Peter ate an apple.’ |
Khwarshi
j/ac'a
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obut'-i |
b-ajc'а |
čuʕа |
father.
o
-
erg
|
iii
-eat\
pst
.
w
|
fish(
iii
)
|
‘Father ate the fish.’ |
Kina Rutul
liwir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
Ɂeč |
li<w>i-r |
pn
-
erg
|
apple(
nom
)
|
<3>eat.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘Rasul ate an apple.’ |
Kryz Proper
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
aslan-ir |
yeç |
ʕul-du |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
eat.
pf
-
aor
.
f
|
‘Aslan ate an apple.’ |
Kumyk
ašamaq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
basir |
alma |
aša-d-ɨ |
pn
|
apple
|
eat-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Basir ate an apple.’ |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
xwarin (tr)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
zilam |
sêv-ek |
xwar |
man
|
apple(
f
)-
indef
|
eat.
pfv
.
sg
|
‘The man ate an apple.’ |
Latin
edo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
bolet-um |
qual-em |
Claudi-us |
ed-it, |
ed-a-s |
mushroom(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
which-
acc
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
eat[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
eat-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.2
sg
|
‘You would eat a mushroom such as Claudis ate.’ |
Note: (Mart. Epigr. I, 20, 4) |
Laz
o-č'k'om-u
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
Käzim-i-k |
ušk'u(r)-i |
o-Ø-č'k'om-u |
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
apple-
nom
|
pfv
-
do
3-eat-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Käzim ate an apple.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
chī
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
chī |
le |
yí-gè |
píngguǒ |
pn
|
eat
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
apple
|
‘Zhangsan ate an apple.’ |
Mano
ɓèlè
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pèé |
āà |
ɓū |
ɓèlè |
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
rice
|
eat
|
‘Pe has eaten rice.’ |
Mehweb
-erkʷes
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
Patimat-li-ni |
b-erk-un |
inc |
pn
-
obl
-
erg
|
n
-eat:
pfv
-
aor
|
apple
|
‘Patimat ate an apple.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-č'k'om-un-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
ušk'ur-(i) |
o-Ø-č'k'om-u |
pn
-
erg
|
apple-
nom
|
pfv
-
do
3-eat-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo ate an apple.’ |
Modern Hebrew
aχal
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
aχal |
tapuaχ |
pn
|
eat[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
apple
|
‘Pinchas ate an apple.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
lüʔun
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
murad-a |
eč |
lüvʔu-ri |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
a
.eat.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad ate an apple.’ |
Nanai
sea-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
jabloka-wa |
sea-xa-ni |
pn
|
apple-
obl
|
eat-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia ate an apple.’ |
Nivkh
ivd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
alr̥ |
+ |
ɲi-d |
pn
|
berry
|
+
|
eat-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik ate a berry.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
q’q’oonuƛa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
patħudi-de |
ʕeče |
q’q’a-ani |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
eat-
aor
|
‘Pathudi ate an apple.’ |
Northern Mansi
tājapaste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pājel |
tāj-ap-as-t-e |
xūl |
pn
|
eat-
pfv
-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
fish
|
‘Pasha ate the fish.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
lǝw=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
čū-n |
kojlǝ-k |
lǝw-mǝ-lǝ |
pn
|
meat-
gen
|
piece-
foc
|
eat-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien ate a piece of meat.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å spise
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
spis-te |
et |
eple |
pn
|
eat-
pst
|
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
apple
|
‘Per ate an apple.’ |
Polish
zjeść
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Adam |
zjad-ł |
jabłk-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
eat:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
apple-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Adam ate an apple.’ |
Russian
sʺestʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
sʺe-l |
jablok-o |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja ate an apple.’ |
Serbian
pojesti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
poje-o |
jabuk-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
eat-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
apple-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar ate an apple.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
ljɨvʔɨ-n
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
basir |
ljɨvʔɨ-r |
aˁč |
pn
(
erg
)
|
a
.eat.
pf
-
aor
|
apple
|
‘Basir ate an apple.’ |
Shughni
xīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Ahmed=i |
mūn |
xūd |
pn
=3
sg
|
apple
|
eat.
pst
|
‘Ahmed ate an apple.’ |
Skolt Saami
poorrâd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
poor-i |
jaabl |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
eat-
pst
.3
sg
|
apple.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete ate an apple.’ |
Slovak
zjesť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
zjedo-l |
jablk-o |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter ate an apple.’ |
Slovenian
pojesti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
pojede-l |
jabolk-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
eat:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter ate an apple.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
xiwardin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
sêw-êk=î |
xiward-Ø |
pn
|
apple-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
eat.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa ate an apple.’ |
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. |
Southern Rutul
lıˤʔıˤn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
murad-a |
aˤç |
lıˤvʔıˤ-r |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
a
.eat.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad ate an apple.’ |
Spanish
comerse
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
se |
ha |
comi-do |
una |
manzana |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
eat-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
apple[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro ate an apple.’ |
Standard Arabic
Ɂakala
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Badr-un |
Ɂakala |
tuffāḥ-a-n |
pn
-
nom
|
eat.
pf
.3
m
|
apples-
acc
-
indef
|
‘Badr ate an apple.’ |
Svan
Ø-i-zb-i (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
maizer-d |
lisgw-Ø |
la-l-eːm |
pn
-
erg
|
apple-
nom
|
prv
:
slightly
-
s
3-eat
|
‘Maizer ate an apple.’ |
Swedish
att äta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
åt |
ett |
äpple |
pn
|
eat.
pst
|
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
apple
|
‘Björn ate an apple.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
k<um>ain |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
mansanas |
<
av
>
pfv
.eat
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
apple
|
‘Pedro ate an apple.’ |
Telugu
tinu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
āpil |
tinnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
apple(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
eat.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen ate an apple.’ |
Tsakhur
otхhuniy
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
murad-ee |
eč |
opхhun |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
a
.eat.
pf
|
‘Murad ate an apple.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
b-erč-iz/b-uč-iz
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
uršːi-le |
hinc |
b-erk-un |
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
apple
|
n
-eat.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The boy ate an apple.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-erkʷ-i / b-ukʷ-i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
durħaˤ-li |
hinci |
b-erk-un |
boy-
erg
|
apple
|
n
-eat.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The boy ate an apple.’ |
Note: Co-exists with an antipassive (NOM_INST) pattern. |
Turkish
yemek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
elma |
ye-di |
pn
|
apple
|
eat-
pst
|
‘Mehmet ate an apple.’ |
Turoyo
oxəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Gabriyel |
xil-e |
ḥabušo |
pn
|
eat.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
apple(
m
)
|
‘Gabriyel ate an apple.’ |
Twi
di
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kofi |
di-i |
aprε |
bi |
pn
|
handle-
pst
|
apple
|
indef
|
‘Kofi ate an apple.’ |
Udmurt
сиыны
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Петя |
яблок-ез |
си-из |
pn
.
nom
|
apple-
acc
|
eat-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja ate an apple.’ |
Ulcha
ǯəp-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
xusə |
piktə |
uniktə-wə |
ǯək-pi-ni |
male
|
child
|
wild_apple-
acc
|
eat-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘The boy ate a wild apple.’ |
Uzbek
ep qoymoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
olma-ni |
e-p |
qoy-di |
pn
|
apple-
acc
|
eat-
cvb
|
put-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja ate an apple.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɲaata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
appilii |
ɲaat-e |
pn
-
nom
|
apple.
abs
|
eat-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa ate an apple.’ |
Wolof
lekk
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
Omar |
a |
lekk |
ceeb |
b-i |
pn
|
f
oc
s
|
eat
|
rice(
b
)
|
cl
b
-
def
|
‘It’s Omar who ate the rice.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
nen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
Sahib-a |
iç |
tˈü-na |
pn
-
erg
|
apple
|
eat.
pfv
/
mas
-
aor
|
‘Sahib ate the apple.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
oxɨr-i |
sajɛ |
wɛrd-ə |
pn
-
m
.
obl
|
apple
|
eat.
pst
-3
sg
.
f
|
‘Oxir ate an apple.’ |
Zilo Andi
k’amm.i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di |
intʃi |
k’amm.i |
pn
-
erg
|
apple[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
eat.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali ate an apple.’ |