Northern Syrian Arabic

Contributed by Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile)

N.K.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024 from a male speaker of the dialect of Raqqah, currently residing in Germany. The German version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Kuzin, Nikita. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Northern Syrian Arabic. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on February 10, 2025; last revised on February 10, 2025.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 35.95, 39.01.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Afro-Asiatic, genus: Semitic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain wəǧəʕ

Valency pattern: EXT&DO_SBJ

X: EXT&DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Aḥmad	yəwaǧʕ-u	rās-u
pn	cause_pain. ipf .3 m - o .3 m	head- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad has a headache’

2. have (illness) COP

Valency pattern: EXT&3end_BARE

X: EXT&3end

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

Mḥammad	ʕənd-u	saraṭān
pn	by- o .3 m	cancer
‘Muhammad has cancer.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid xāf

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəxāf	m=ač-čalb
pn	be_afraid. ipf .3 m	from= def -dog( m )
‘Ahmad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw zat

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	zat	əl-ḥǧāra
pn	throw. pf .3 m	def -stone( f )
‘Ahmad threw the stone.’

5. have enough kaffa

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

əl-maṣāri	tkaffi	Aḥmad
def -money( pl )	be_enough. ipf .3 f	pn
‘Ahmad has enough money.’

6. resemble šəbəh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəšbah	ǧədd-u
pn	be_similar. ipf .3 m	grandfather- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad resembles his grandfather.’

7. believe ṣaddag

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəṣaddəg	ǧədd-u
pn	believe. ipf .3 m	grandfather- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad believes his grandfather.’

8. take xaḏ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	xad	ktāb	m=ar-raff
pn	take. pf .3	book	from= def -shelf
‘Ahmad took a book(M) from the shelf.’

9. see šāf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəšūf	bēt
pn	see. ipf .3 m	house( m )
‘Ahmad sees a house.’

10. influence Ɂaṯṯar

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

al-kubr	yəɁaṯṯər	ʕa=ḏ-ḏākira
def -age	influence. ipf .3 m	on= def -memory
‘Age influences the memory.’

11. encounter ṣədaf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ṣədaf	Mḥammad	b=əš-šārəʕ
pn	meet. pf .3 m	pn	in= def -street
‘Ahmad met Muhammad on the street.’

12. enter fāt

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	fāt	əl-bēt
pn	enter. pf .3 m	def -house
‘Ahmad entered the house.’

13. win rəbəḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Mḥammad	rəbəḥ	ʕala	Salwa
pn	win. pf .3 m	on	pn
‘Muhammad defeated Salwa.’

14. go out ṭalaʕ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	ṭalaʕ	m=əl-bēt
pn	go_out. pf .3 m	from= def -house( m )
‘Ahmad left the house.’

15. drive gād

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəgūd	əl-bgara
pn	drive. ipf .3 m	def -cow
‘Ahmad is driving the cow.’

16. bend ṯəna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ṯəna	l-ġəsn
pn	bend. pf .3 m	def -branch
‘Ahmad bent the branch’

17. tell gāl

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəgūl	l	Mḥammad	taʕāl	nẓayf-ek
pn	say. ipf .3 m	to	pn	come. ipv . s	host. ipf .1 pl - o .2 m
‘Ahmad says to Muhammad: come visit us!’

18. hold šāl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	šāyəl	ktāb
pn	hold. ptcp . ms	book
‘Ahmad is holding a book.’

19. catch up laḥag

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	laḥag	Mḥammad
pn	catch_up. pf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad caught up with Muhammad.’

20. milk ḥəlab

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ḥəlab	əl-bgara
pn	milk. pf .3 m	def -cow( f )
‘Ahmad milked the cow.’

21. reach waṣṣal

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	waṣṣal	əš-šāṭəɁ
pn	reach. pf .3 m	def -bank
‘Ahmad reached the bank.’

22. touch gass

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	gass	əl-ḥāyeṭ	w	wassex	id-u
pn	touch. pf .3 m	def -wall( m )	and	make_dirty. pf .3 m	hand- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad touched the wall and got his hand dirty.’

23. fight kāwən

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəkāwən	Mḥammad
pn	fight. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad fights with Muhammad.’

24. be friends rabəʕ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Aḥmad	w	Mḥamməd	rabəʕ
pn	and	pn	friend. pl
‘Ahmad and Muhammad are friends’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think šardān

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	šardān	b	Salwa
pn	think. ptcp . ms	in	pn
‘Ahmad is thinking about Salwa.’

26. eat čəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	čəl	ət-tuffāḥa
pn	eat. pf .3 m	apple( f )
‘Ahmad ate the apple.’

27. fry šwa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	šwa	s-samaka
pn	fry. pf .3 m	def -fish( f )
‘Ahmad fried the fish.’

28. wait stanna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəstanna	Mḥamməd
pn	wait. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad is waiting for Mhammad.’

29. forget nəsa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	nəsa	ṭ-ṭarīq
pn	forget. pf .3 m	def -way( m )
‘Ahmad forgot the way.’

30. depend tʕallaq

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

əḏ-ḏākira	tətʕallaq	b=əl-ʕumr
def -memory( f )	depend. ipf .3 f	in= def -age( m )
‘The memory depends on the age.’

31. call ṣāḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	ṣāḥ	lə	Mḥammad
pn	call. pf .3 m	to	pn
‘Ahmad called Muhammad.’

32. get to know tʕarraf

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	tʕarraf	ʕala	Salwa
pn	get_to_know. pf .3 m	on	pn
‘Ahmad got acquainted with Salwa.’

33. know ʕərəf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yaʕrəf	Mḥammad
pn	know. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad knows Muhammad.’

34. play (instrument) ləʕəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəlʕab	ʕal	ǧitar
pn	play. ipf .3 m	on	guitar
‘Ahmad plays the guitar.’

35. avoid tfāda

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yətfāda	Mḥammad
pn	avoid. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad avoids Muhammad.’

36. make naṣab

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yənṣub	faxx	l=əl-firān
pn	do. ipf .3 m	trap	to= def -mice
‘Ahmad makes a mousetrap.’

37. make fun tmahzal

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yətmahzəl	ʕala	Mḥammad
pn	laugh. ipfv	on	pn
‘Ahmad is making fun of Muhammad.’

38. have COP

Valency pattern: EXT&3end_BARE

X: EXT&3end

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

Aḥmad	ʕənd-u	siyāra
pn	by- o .3 m	car( f )
‘Ahmad has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for dawwar

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yədawwər	ʕa=l-mafātīḥ
pn	search. ipf .3 m	on= def -key( pl )
‘Ahmad is looking for the keys.’

40. paint daraš

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	daraš	əs-sūr
pn	paint. pf .3 m	def -wall
‘Ahmad painted the wall.’

41. bite ʕaẓẓ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

əč-čalb	ʕaẓẓ	Mḥammad
def -dog( m )	bite. pf .3 m	pn
‘The dog bit Muhammad.’

42. forfeit rāḥ

Valency pattern: men_SBJ

X: men

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

rāḥ	əl-bēt	mən	Mḥammad
go. pf .3 m	def -house( m )	from	pn
‘Muhammad lost his house.’

43. try to catch dak

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Mḥammad	yəduk	əl-bəssa
pn	catch. ipf .3 m	def -cat
‘Muhammad is catching the cat.’

44. break kəsar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	kəsar	əl-ʕaṣa
pn	break. pf .3 m	def -stick
‘Ahmad broke the stick.’

45. flatter masaḥ ǧūx

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəmsaḥ	ǧūx	la	Mḥammad
pn	rub. ipf .3 m	cloth	to	pn
‘Ahmad is flattering Muhammad.’

46. love (person) ḥabb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yiḥəbb	Salwa
pn	love. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad loves Salwa.’

47. wave lawwaḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəlawwəḥ	b=əl-maḥrama
pn	wave. ipf .3 m	in- def -handkerchief
‘Ahmad is waving the handkerchief.’

48. dream ḥələm

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəḥlam	b=siyyāra	ǧdīda
pn	dream. ipf .3 m	in=car( f )	new( f )
‘Ahmad dreams about a new car.’

49. wash ġassal

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ġassal	əl-fənǧān
pn	wash. pf .3 m	def -cup
‘Ahmad washed the cup.’

50. put on ləbəs

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ləbəs	panṭarōn-u
pn	wear. pf .3 m	pants- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad put on his pants.’

51. be called əsəm + COP

Valency pattern: EXT_BARE

X: EXT

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

hal	Ɂāla	əsəm-ha	buṣla
this	instrument( f )	name- poss .3 f	compass
‘This instrument is called compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish ʕāqab

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ʕāqab	Ɂəbn-u
pn	punish. pf .3 m	son- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad punished his son.’

53. attack həǧam

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

dub	həǧam	ʕala	sammāk
bear( m )	attack. pf .3 m	on	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) tʕabba

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

əṣ-ṣatl	yətʕabba	mayya
def -bucket( m )	fill. ipf .3 m	water
‘The bucket fills with water.’

55. find ləga

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ləga	mafātiḥ-u
pn	find. pf .3 m	key( pl )- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad found his keys.’

56. be short nəqəṣ

Valency pattern: EXT&DO_SBJ

X: EXT&DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Aḥmad	nāqṣ-o	euro	wāḥed
pn	miss. ptcp . ms - o .3 m	euro	one
‘Ahmad is one euro short.’

57. hate kərəh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəkrah	Mḥammad
pn	hate. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad hates Muhammad.’

58. like ʕaǧab

Valency pattern: EXT&DO_SBJ

X: EXT&DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Aḥmad	ʕaǧab-u	l-qamīs
pn	please. pf .3 m - o .3 m	def -shirt( m )
‘Ahmad likes the shirt.’

59. need b=ḥāǧa + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	b=ḥāǧa	l=maṣāri
pn	with=need( f )	to-money( pl )
‘Ahmad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ḥāṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

əs-sūr	ḥāyeṭ	b=əl-balad
def -wall( m )	surround. ptcp . ms	in- def -city
‘The wall surrounds the city.’

61. remain ẓal

Valency pattern: EXT&ma3_SBJ

X: EXT&ma3

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Aḥmad	ẓal	maʕ-ā	ʕašra	euro
pn	remain. pf .3 m	with- o .3 m	ten	euro
‘Ahmad has ten euro left.’

62. answer ǧāwəb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəǧāwəb	əl-Ɂəstāḏ
pn	answer. ipf .3 m	def -teacher
‘Ahmad answers the teacher.’

63. open fataḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəftaḥ	ʕəlbe
pn	open. ipf .3 m	can( f )
‘Ahmad opens a can.’

64. be different ġēr + COP

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

qamīs-i	ġēr	qamīs-ak
shirt( m )- poss .1 s	different	shirt( m )- poss .2 m
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ẓal

Valency pattern: SBJ_wara

X: SBJ

Y: wara

Locus: Y

Mḥammad	ẓal	wara	Aḥmad
pn	remain. pf .3 m	behind	pn
‘Muhammad fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough ḥaraṯ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəḥrəṯ	əl-gaʕ
pn	plow. ipf .3 m	def -field
‘Ahmad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell rīḥ- + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rīḥ-ət	iday-ya	benzīn
smell- cstr . f	hand. du - poss .1 sg	gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ʕəbar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ʕəbar	əš-šārəʕ
pn	cross. pf .3 m	def -street
‘Ahmad crossed the street.’

69. sing ġanna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ġanna	ġunnawa	rawʕa
pn	sing. pf .3 m	song	beautiful
‘Ahmad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write katab

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	katab	rəsāla
pn	write. pf .3 m	letter
‘Ahmad wrote a letter.’

71. drink šərəb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	šərəb	əl-ḥalīb
pn	drink. pf .3 m	def -milk
‘Ahmad drank the milk.’

72. melt ṣahar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ṣahar	quṭʕ-at	rṣāṣ
pn	melt. pf .3 m	piece- cstr . f	lead
‘Ahmad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match lāg

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

əl-kamar	yəlāg	b=fəṣtān-i
def -belt	match. ipf .3 m	in=dress- poss .1 s
‘The belt matches my dress.’

74. leave tarak

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	tarak	balad-u
pn	leave. pf .3 m	country- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad left his country.’

75. cover ġaṭṭa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

əs-səǧǧāda	mġaṭṭya	kull	əl-gaʕ
def -carpet( f )	cover. ptcp . fs	whole	def -ground
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember tzakkar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	tzakkar	bēt	ahal-u
pn	remember. pf .3 m	house	family- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad remembered the house of his family.’

77. help sāʕad

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	sāʕad	Mḥammad
pn	help. pf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad helped Muhammad.’

78. understand (language) fəhəm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəfham	farānsi
pn	understand. ipf .3 m	f rench
‘Ahmad understands French.’

79. hit (target) ẓarab

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

əl-baraq	ẓarab	əl-bēt
def -lightning( m )	hit. pf .3 m	def -house
‘The lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself ǧəraḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	ǧəraḥ	ḥāl-u	b=šafra
pn	injure. pf .3 m	self- poss .3 m	in=razor
‘Ahmad injured himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lazgān

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

əl-kāsa	lazgāna	b=aṭ-ṭawla
def -glass( f )	stuck. f	in= def -table
‘The glass is stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) xəsər

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	xəsər	mən	Mḥammad
pn	lose. pf .3 m	from	pn
‘Ahmad lost to Muhammad.’

83. be glad kayyaf

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	kayyaf	ʕa=r-risāla
pn	be_glad. pf .3 m	on= def -letter
‘Ahmad was happy about the letter.’

84. speak ḥāča

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yiḥāči	salwa
pn	speak. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad talks to Salwa.’

85. give birth wələd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Salwa	wəldat	wəlēd
pn	give_birth. pf .3 m	son
‘Salwa gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tarak yəgaʕ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Aḥmad	tarak	əl-kāsa	təgaʕ
pn	let. pf .3 m	def -glass	fall. ipf .3 f
‘Ahmad dropped the glass.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicates in the main and dependent clauses).

87. govern ḥakam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ḥākəm	əl-balad
pn	govern. ptcp . ms	def -city
‘Ahmad governs the city.’

88. miss štāg

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	məštāġ	lə	Mḥammad
pn	miss. ptcp . ms	to	pn
‘Ahmad misses Muhammad.’

89. follow təbəʕ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yətbaʕ	Mḥammad
pn	follow. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad follows Muhammad.’

90. dismount traǧǧal

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	traǧǧal	m=əl-ḥsān
pn	dismount. pf .3 m	from- def -horse
‘Ahmad dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen səməʕ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	gam-yəsmaʕ	radyo
pn	prs -hear. ipf .3 m	radio
‘Ahmad is listening to the radio.’

92. obey səməʕ

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəsmaʕ	l=umm-u
pn	hear. ipf .3 m	to=mother- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad listens to his mother.’

93. hear səməʕ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	sāməʕ	muzika
pn	hear. ptcp . ms	music
‘Ahmad hears the music.’

94. mix mtəzaǧ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

əl-ḥalīb	mtəzaǧ	b=əl-ʕasal
def -milk( m )	get_mixed. pf .3 m	in= def -honey
‘The milk got mixed with honey.’

95. look daḥḥag

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yədaḥḥəg	ʕal	ġēma
pn	look. ipf .3 m	on	cloud. pl
‘Ahmad looks at the clouds.’

96. take off šələḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	šələḥ	qamīs-u
pn	take_off. pf .3 m	shirt- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ḥələm

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəḥlam	b=Salwa
pn	dream. ipf .3 m	in= pn
‘Ahmad dreams about Salwa.’

98. agree wāfaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	wāfaq	Mḥammad
pn	agree. pf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad agreed with Muhammad.’

99. have a quarrel tlāsan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Aḥmad	w	Mḥammad	tlāsanu
pn	and	pn	quarrel. pf .3 pl
‘Ahmad and Mhammad had an argument.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

100. cost hagg + COP

Valency pattern: EXT_BARE

X: EXT

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

əl-fənǧān	ḥagg-u	euro	wāḥəd
def -cup( m )	price- poss .3 m	euro	one
‘The cup costs one euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at ẓarab

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Mḥammad	ẓarab	ṭalaqa	ʕal	ʕaṣfūr
pn	hit. pf .3 m	shot	on	bird
‘Muhammad shot at a bird.’

102. pour ḥaṭ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ḥaṭ	sukkar	b=əl-kāsa
pn	put. pf .3 m	sugar	in= def -cup
‘Ahmad put sugar in the cup.’

103. lose ẓayyaʕ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ẓayyaʕ	məftāḥ-u
pn	lose. pf .3 m	key( pl )- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad lost his keys.’

104. sink ġərəǧ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

əl-xašaba	ġərǧat	b=əl-mayya
def -log( f )	sink. pf .3 f	in= def -water
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill čətal

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	čətal	Mḥammad
pn	kill. pf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad killed Muhammad.’

106. hit ẓarab

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ẓarab	Mḥammad
pn	hit. pf .3	pn
‘Ahmad hit Muhammad.’

107. kiss bās

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	bās	Mḥammad
pn	kiss. pf .3 m	p n
‘Ahmad kissed Muhammad.’

108. read gəra

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	gəra	ktāb	zīn
pn	read. pf .3 m	book( m )	interesting( m )
‘Ahmad read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ḥarrak

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ḥarrak	əṣbaʕ-u
pn	move. pf .3 m	finger- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad moved his finger.’

110. respect ḥtaram

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəḥtərəm	Salwa
pn	respect. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad respects Salwa.’

111. be squeamish qərəf

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəqraf	mən	əl-kāsa	l-wāsxa
pn	be_repulsed. ipf .3 m	from	def -glass( f )	def -dirty( f )
‘Ahmad is repulsed by the dirty glass.’

112. be content kayyaf

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	mkayyəf	ʕal	əbn-u
pn	be_content. ptcp . ms	on	son- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad is content with his son.’

113. fall in love ʕašaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Salwa	ʕəšqat	Mḥammad
pn	love. pf .3 f	pn
‘Salwa fell in love with Muhammad.’

114. trust ṯaq

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yiṯəq	b	Salwa
pn	trust. ipf .3 m	in	s alwa
‘Ahmad trusts Salwa.’

115. sympathise zaʕlān + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	zaʕlān	ʕal	umm-u
pn	angry/sorry( m )	on	mother- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad feels sorry about his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy ḥəsəd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəḥsəd	Salwa
pn	envy. ipf .3 m	s alwa
‘Ahmad envies Salwa.’

117. be angry nzaʕaǧ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	mənzaʕǧ	mən	Mḥammad
pn	be_angry. ptcp . ms	from	pn
‘Ahmad is angry with Muhammad.’

118. be surprised tʕaǧǧab

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	tʕaǧǧab	m=əl-hadiye
pn	be_surprised. pf .3 m	from= def -gift( f )
‘Ahmad was surprised by the gift.’

119. love (tea) ḥabb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Salwa	tḥəbb	əč-čay
pn	like. ipf .3 f	def -tea
‘Salwa loves tea.’

120. enjoy tmattaʕ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Mḥammad	yətmattaʕ	b=əč-čay
pn	enjoy. ipf .3 m	in= def -tea
‘Muhammad enjoys tea.’

121. want bədd- + COP

Valency pattern: EXT_DO

X: EXT

Y: DO

Locus: X

Mḥammad	bədd-u	mobayl	ǧdīd
pn	wish- poss .3 m	phone( m )	new( m )
‘Muhammad wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

122. have a grudge zaʕlān + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	zaʕlān	mən	Mḥammad
pn	angry/sorry( m )	from	pn
‘Ahmad has a grudge against Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence zəʕəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	zəʕəl	mən	Mḥammad
pn	get_cross. pf .3 m	from	pn
‘Ahmad got cross with Muhammad.’

124. upset zaʕʕal

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Mḥammad	zaʕʕal	Salwa	mənn-u
pn	upset. pf .3 m	pn	from- o .3 m
‘Muhammad made Salwa upset’ (lit. ‘Muhammad made Salwa upset about him’).

125. marvel ʕəǧab

Valency pattern: EXT&DO_SBJ

X: EXT&DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Aḥmad	ʕəǧabatt-u	l-balad
pn	impress. pf .3 f - o .3 m	def -city( f )
‘Ahmad was impressed by the city.’

126. despise ḥtaqar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəḥtəqər	Mḥammad
pn	despise. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad despises Muhammad.’

127. get upset nzaʕaǧ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	nzaʕaǧ	mən	əbn-u
pn	be_upset. pf .3 m	from	son- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated zaʕaǧ

Valency pattern: EXT&DO_SBJ

X: EXT&DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Aḥmad	zaʕaǧat-u	bənt-u
pn	irritate. pf .3 fs - o .3 m	daughter- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad’s daughter irritated him.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy staḥa

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yəstaḥi	mən	ǧahamt-u
pn	be_ashamed. ipf .3 m	from	height- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad is ashamed of his height.’