BivalTyp

‘play (instrument)’

Argument frame: X (play) Y
Stimulus sentence: (What is P. doing?) P. is playing the guitar .
Predicate label Ru: играть
Argument frame Ru: X (играть) на Y -е
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Что сейчас делает П.?) П. играет на гитаре .

Abaza sə

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
fatíma gitára d-á-s-əj-d
pn guitar 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io -hit- prs - dcl
‘Fatima is playing the guitar.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-we

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pŝaŝe-r gitare-m je-we
girl- abs guitar- obl 3 sg . io + dat -strike
‘The girl is playing the guitar.’

Aghul jarʜ.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a č’iʁan jarʜ.a-a
pn ( erg ) squeezebox strike. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is playing the sqeezebox.’

Akhvakh (Northern) qqwaruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi gitara qqwar-ero gudi
pn guitar scratch- ipf . ptcp . m m . cop
‘Patahi is playing the guitar.’

Andi (Zilo) qχʷar.i-r

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di pandur qχʷar.i-r
pn - erg guitar[ inan 1][ nom ] play. pst - prog
‘Patimat is playing the guitar.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) dqq

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām qa-ydǝqq b-ǝl-gitār
pn prs -strike. ipf .3 ms in- art -guitar
‘Abraham is playing the guitar.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ləʕəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Aḥmad yəlʕab ʕal ǧitar
pn play. ipfv .3 m on guitar
‘Ahmad plays the guitar.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ʿ.z.f

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala
X: SBJ
Y: ala
Locus: Y
Shadi ʿam biʿzef ʿala il-gitara
pn prog play. prs .3 m . sg on def -guitar
‘Shadi is playing the guitar.’

Arabic (standard) ʕazafa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-un yaʕzifu ʕalā l-ʕūd-i
pn - nom play. ipf .3 m on def -guitar- gen
‘Badr is playing the guitar.’

Archi da-χis

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša mandalin da<b>χi-r-ši w-i 
pn mandolin <3>hit- ipfv - advz 1-be
‘Pasha is playing the mandolin.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

Armenian (Eastern) nvagel

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə kit’aŕ ē+nvagum
pn [ nom ]- def guitar[ nom ] play: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is playing the guitar.’
Note: The second argument cannot be marked by the dative marker.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭavəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+Ašur ṭavul=ələ +al zurna
pn play. prog =3 m on zurna(?)
‘Ashur is playing the zurna.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar qwaze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali w-ugo gitara qwa-le-w
pn m - cop guitar scratch- ipf . ptcp - m
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the present tense.

Azerbaijani çalmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan gitara çal-ır
pn guitar play- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

Bafut bùʔú

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à bùʔú-tɨ̀ nɨ̀lúŋə̀ njà
pn sm play- ipfv guitar def
‘Ambe is playing the guitar.’

Bambara fɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bɛ́_kà nkòni` fɔ́
pn prog lute\ art say
‘Seku is playing the lute.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ahmed gitar nawoz-d
pn guitar play-3 sg
‘Ahmed is playing guitar.’

Belarusian ihrać

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Alieś ihra-je na hitar-y
pn [ nom . sg ] play( ipfv )- prs .3 sg on guitar- loc . sg
‘Ales is playing the guitar.’

Budugh çorot'u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır gitara çorot'u-ri
pn - erg guitar play. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

Bulgarian svirya

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petăr sviri na kitara
pn play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on guitar
‘Petar plays the guitar.’

Catalan tocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere està toc-ant la guitarra
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind play- ger def . sg . f guitar( f )
‘Pere is playing the guitar.’

Chechen laqa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as pondar loqu
pn - erg guitar. abs play. prs
‘Islam is playing the guitar.’

Chinese (Mandarin) tán

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zài tán jítā
pn prog play guitar
‘Zhangsan is playing the guitar.’

Chirag b-a̰qi

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le gitara-la d-ṵrq-le
pn - erg guitar- gen n . pl -hit: ipf - dur . res .3
‘Ali is playing guitar.’

Croatian svirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o svira gitar-u
pn - nom . sg play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg guitar- acc . sg
‘Pero is playing the guitar.’

Czech hrát

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr hraje na kytar-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on guitar( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is playing the guitar.’

Danish spille

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter spille-r guitar
pn play- prs guitar( c ). sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

Dargwa (Itsari) B-urq-uˤj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il gitara b-urq-aˤ=ca-b
pn - erg guitar( abs ) n -play. ipfv - prs = cop - n
‘Islam is playing the guitar.’

Dargwa (Kadar) CL-aˤq-es / CL-irq-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li b-irq-u-le w-0-ar gitara
pn - erg n -beat. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th guitar( rus )
‘Muhammad is playing the guitar.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) baˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l gitara b-aˁq-iv=ca
pn - erg guitar n -strike. pf - pret = cop (3)
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l tam d-iχ-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg drum npl -hit. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is playing the drum.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-aˤq-iχ/b-irq-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le tːam b-irq-ule=sab
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) drum n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy is playing the drum.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) b-aˤq-i / b-uˤrq-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li tːam b-urq-ule=caj
boy- erg drum n -hit. ipfv - cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is playing the drum.’

Dutch spelen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet is gitaar aan het spel-en
pn (С) cop .3 sg guitar( c ) on art . def . n play- inf
‘Piet is playing the guitar.’

Enets (Forest) sɛnoko

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ garmoʃka-xan sɛnokoɔ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg squeezebox- loc . sg play( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is playing the squeezebox’.

English play

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is playing the guitar.

Estonian mängima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter mängi-b kitarri
pn . sg . nom play- prs .3 sg guitar. sg . part
‘Peeter is playing the guitar.’

Finnish soittaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka soitt-aa kitara-a
pn . nom play- prs .3 sg guitar- part
‘Pekka is playing the guitar.’

French jouer

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul joue de la guitare
pn ( m ) play. prs .3 sg of def . sg . f guitar( f )
‘Paul is playing the guitar.’

Gascon tòca

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau tòca de la guitara
pn play. prs .3 sg of def . sg . f guitar
‘Pau is playing the guitar.’

Gban zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zá̰ ∅ mɔ̰̀kṵ̀ zɛ̀
pn 3 sg tom_tom ipfv \kill
‘Zan is playing the tom-tom.’

Georgian Ø-u-k'r-av-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø git'ara-ze melodia-s Ø-u-k'r-av-s
pn - nom guitar- pstp : superess / superlat melody- dat io 3- ver : o -play- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre is playing a tune on the guitar.’
Note: DAT IO omitted.

German spielen

Valency pattern: NOM_aufDAT
X: NOM
Y: aufDAT
Locus: Y
Karl spiel-t auf der Gitarre
pn [ nom . sg ] play- prs .3 sg on def . f . dat . sg guitar[ dat . sg ]
‘Karl is playing the guitar.’

Hebrew (modern) menagen

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Pinχas menagen ba gitara
pn play[ ptcp . sg . m ] in+ def guitar
‘Pinchas is playing the guitar.’

Hindi bajānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk giṭār bajā rah-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir guitar( m ). sg . dir play dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is playing the guitar.’

Indonesian (standard) ber-main

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abdul ber-main gitar
pn ber -play guitar
‘Abdul is playing the guitar.’

Irish seinn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá Pól ag seimint an guitar.
be. prs pn at play. nmlz def guitar( gs )
‘Pól is playing the guitar.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian suonare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo suon-a la chitarr-a
pn ( m ) play-3 sg . prs def . sg . f guitar- sg . f
‘Leo plays the guitar.’

Karata qwaraɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali gitar-a qwar-da idja
pn guitar- dat scratch- ipf cop
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’

Kazakh oyna

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Petya giytara-da oyna-ydï
pn guitar- loc play- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is playing the guitar.’

Khanty (Kazym) jǒntti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en nars_jŭχ-ǝn jŏnt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg nares_jux- loc play- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is playing the nares-jux.’

Khoekhoe ǀhuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge gitar-s-a ra ǀhuru
pn -3 m . sg decl guitar-3 f . sg - obl ipfv play
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

Khwarshi qʷaja

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo uža qʷaja-ha gitara
1 sg . o - gen 2 son\ erg play- prs guitar
‘My son is playing the guitar.’

Komi-Permyak орсны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя орс-ӧ гитара-öн
pn играть- prs .3 гитара- ins
‘Петя играет на гитаре.’

Komi-Zyrian vorsni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vilin
X: NOM
Y: vilin
Locus: Y
Pet'a vors-e̮ gitara vi̮l-i̮n
pn play- prs .3 guitar top- ine
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

Kpelle (Guinean) yɔ̌u

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe káa kwíi-gwɛ́nîŋ ɲɔ̀w-î
pn cop white-guitar\ l play- inf
‘Pepee is playing the guitar .’

Kryz (Alik) çabt'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir gitara çart'-iraʕaca
pn - erg guitar play. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is playing the guitar.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) çep't'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir gitara çert'-re
pn - erg guitar play. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

Kryz (proper) çet'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir gitara çat'-rü
pn - erg guitar( f ) play. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

Kumyk ojnamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
patimat gitara bulan ojna-j
pn guitar with play-3 sg
‘Patimat is playing the guitar.’

Kurdish (Sorani) jenîn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa gîtar-î de-jen-ê
pn guitar- obl ind -play. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa plays the guitar.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) xistin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
zilam niha li gîtar-ê di-x-e
man now at guitar- obl . f prs -beat. ipfv -3 sg
‘Now the man is playing the guitar.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad gitara b-iš-la-j ur
pn guitar[ ru ] 3-hit- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is playing the guitar.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

Latin modulor

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
pastor inaequal-i modula-tur harundin-e carmen
shepherd( m ). nom . sg unequal- abl . sg play- prs . ind . act .3 sg reed( f )- abl . sg song( n ). acc . sg
‘A shepherd is playing a song his unequal reeds.’
Note: (Ov. Rem. Am. 181)

Laz Ø-o-č'a(r)din-am-s

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k git'ar-i Ø-o-č'a(r)din-am-s
pn - b - erg guitar- nom do 3- fact -play- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is playing the guitar.’

Lezgian (Yargun) yaʕan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a gittara yaʕa-zva
pn - erg guitar play. pfv / ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is playing the guitar.’

Macedonian sviri

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar sviri na gitara
pn play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on guitar( f ). sg
‘Petar is playing the guitar.’

Maltese daqq

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni jdoqq il-kitarra
pn play. ipf . m .3 sg def -guitar
‘Ġwanni is playing the guitar.’

Maninka (Eastern) fɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé kɔ̀nin fɔ́-la.
pn be lute say- inf . la
‘Seku is playing the lute.’

Mano mɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ́ɛ̀ ɓàlā mɛ̀
3 sg . ipfv tamtam hit: ipfv
‘S/he plays tamtam.’

Mansi (Northern) jonji

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ōjka-riɕ jonj-i sāŋkwəltap-əl
old_man- dim play- npst .3 sg sangkweltap- ins
‘The old man plays the sangkweltap.’

Mehweb -aqaˁs

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pajzula-li-ni gitara b-irq-uˁwe le-b
pn - obl - erg guitar n -hit: ipfv - cvb be- n
‘Pajzula is playing the guitar.’

Mingrelian mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø git'ara-s mi-Ø-o-g-an-s
pn - nom guitar- dat prv - io 3- ver : loc -play- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is playing the guitar.’

Nanai kupi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia gitar(a)-ǯi kupi-ni
pn guitar- ins play. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is playing the guitar.’

Nivkh sеwd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kaskazik gitara-ɣir̥ sеw-d
pn guitar- ins play- ind
‘Kaskazik is playing the guitar.’

Norwegian Bokmål å spille

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per spille-r gitar
pn play- prs guitar
‘Per is playing the guitar.’

Oromo (West Central) tap'ata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
nam-ittʃ-i gitaara tap'attʃ-aa dʒir-a
man- def - nom guitar. abs play- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is playing a guitar.’

Persian zadan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad gītār mī-zan-ad
pn guitar cont -hit. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is playing the guitar.’

Polish grać

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Dariusz gra na gitarz-e
pn [ nom . sg ] play: ipfv . prs .3 sg on guitar- loc . sg
‘Dariusz is playing the guitar.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) tocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro toc-a violão
pn ( m ) play-3 sg . prs guitar( m )
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

Romani (Kalderash) dilabal

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o Murš-a dilaba-l pe gitar-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg sing- prs .3 sg in guitar- nom . sg
‘Murša is playing the guitar.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the pe + locative case (LOC) would be used.

Romanian a cânta

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru cântă la chitar-ă
pn sing. prs .3 sg at guitar- indf . dir
‘Petru is playing a guitar.’

Russian igratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Pet-ja igra-et na gitar-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg play( ipfv )- prs .3 sg on guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

Rutul (Kina) wɨrɨˁχɨˁra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a saz wɨ-rɨˁχɨˁ-r=a
pn - erg saz( nom ) 3-hit. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is playing the saz.’

Rutul (Mukhad) hulqhun

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad sunnı-dıı hulqha-ra
pn pipe- obl . super ipf .play- hab
‘Murad is playing the pipe.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a saz vıˁrxa-ra
son. obl - erg saz( a ) a .strike. ipf - cv
‘Murad is playing the saz.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) kıˤyxıˤn

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a gitara kıˤrıˤxıˤ-r
pn - erg guitar strike. ipf - prs
‘Murad is playing the guitar.’

Rutul (Shinaz) jɨˁvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir jɨˁvχaˁ-r a gitara
pn ( erg ) a .strike. ipf - simul exist guitar( a )
‘Basir is playing the guitar.’

Saami (Skolt) siõrrâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt seârr kitara-in
pn . sg . nom play. prs .3 sg guitar- sg . com
‘PN is playing the guitar.’

Sagada begera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paxru b-eger-xo joƚ gitara
pn . erg iii -play- prs cop guitar( iii )
‘Paxru is playing the guitar.’

Serbian svirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar svira gitar-u
pn . nom . sg play. prs .3 sg guitar- acc . sg
‘Petar is playing the guitar.’

Shughni niwêzdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_SUP
X: NOM.CL
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Ahmed gitar-ti niwoz-d
pn guitar- sup play-3 sg
‘Ahmed is playing the guitar.’

Slovak hrať

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Peter hrá na gitar-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

Slovenian igrati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter igra kitar-o
pn [ nom . sg ] play: ipfv . prs .3 sg guitar- acc . sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

Spanish tocar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro toc-a la guitarra
pn [ sg . m ] touch- prs .3 sg art . def . sg . f guitar[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

Svan a-Ø-šwm-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø git'ara-ži a-Ø-šwm-i
pn - nom guitar- superess / superlat prv : dist -play- prs
‘Maizer is playing the guitar.’

Swedish att spela

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn spela-r gitarr
pn play- prs guitar
‘Björn is playing the guitar.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
rasul-i zurna jiv-ura
pn - erg zurna( abs ) hit- prs
‘Rasul is playing zurna.’

Tagalog tumugtog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
t<um>u~tugtog ng gitara si Pedro
< av > ipfv ~play gen guitar pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

Telugu vāyiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ giṭār vāyistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom guitar( n ). sg . nom strike. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is playing the guitar.’

Tsakhur hek’viy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee gitara vo-d hek’va
pn - erg guitar( n ) cop - n n .play. ipf
‘Murad is playing the guitar.’

Tswana letsa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kitso o-lets-a Ø-katara sentle
prn (1) s i :cl1-play- fv sg -guitar(9) well
‘Kitso plays the guitar well.’

Turkish çalmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet gitar çal-ıyor
pn guitar strike- prs
‘Mehmet is playing the guitar.’

Turoyo moḥe

Valency pattern: SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
uʕdo Yuḥanən ko-moḥe ʕal u keṯoro
now pn prs -beat. ipfv .3 m on art . m guitar( m )
‘Yuḥanən is playing the guitar now.’

Twi bᴐ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi re-bᴐ sanku no
pn prog -hit guitar def
‘Kofi is playing the guitar.’

Udi farpes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Gena-n git'ara=ne far-e
pn - erg guitar=3 sg play- lv : prs
‘Gena is playing the guitar.’

Udmurt šudi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a šude gitara-jen
pn . nom play. prs .3 sg guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

Ukrainian hraty

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Petr-o hraj-e na hitar-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg play( ipfv )- prs .3 sg on guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Petro is playing the guitar.’

Ulcha xupi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
min piktə-j təŋkərə-ǯi xup-i-ni
my child-1 sg tengkere- ins play- prs -3 sg
‘My son is playing the tengkere.’
Note: Tengkere is a string instrument.

Uzbek yo’namoq

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Petya gitara-da o’yna-yab-ti
pn guitar- loc play- prs 1-3 sg
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

Wolof tëgg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
mën nga tëgg ndënd
be.able prf .s i :2 sg play drum( m )
‘Can you play the drum?’

Yukaghir (Northern) juora=

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn ǝrkǝjǝ-lǝk juorа̄-nu-j
pn tambourine- ins play- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is playing the tambourine.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o tɛmbur d͡zɛn-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs tembur play. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is playing tembur.’