Bartangi

Contributed by Polina Padalka (ResearchGate profile), Daria Chistiakova (Academia.edu profile) and Daria Ryzhova (Academia.edu profile)

P.P.'s photo D.Ch.'s photo D.R.'s photo

The data were gathered in Basid in 2025 using the English version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Padalka, Polina, Daria Chistiakova & Daria Ryzhova. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Bartangi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 23, 2025; last revised on September 23, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 38.11, 78.16.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Iranian.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-ā	wi	kāl	dārδ	kix̌-t
pn - poss	d 3. m . sg . obl	head	pain	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed has a headache.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: pa_NOM

X: pa

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pa	Ahmed	grip
up	pn	flu
‘Ahmed has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	kud	x̌oǰ	δor-t
pn	el	dog	fear	aux -3 sg
‘Ahmed is afraid of the dog.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abdullo	žer	wiδ-d
pn	stone	put- pst
‘Ahmed threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Ahmed-ā	som	yast
pn - poss	somoni	exist
‘Ahmed has money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Ahmed	tar	Abdullo	monand
pn	eq	pn	similar
‘Ahmed resembles Abdullo.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo-ri	bowari	δê-d
pn	pn - dat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed believes Abdullo.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	kitob	zox̌-t
pn	book	take- pst
‘Ahmed took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	čod	wīn-t
pn	house	see-3 sg
‘Ahmed sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

sinisol	maɣz=tīr	tāsīr	kix̌-t
age	brain= sup	influence	do-3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo-ri	dičor	su-d
pn	pn - dat	towards	go. m - pst
‘Ahmed encountered Abdullo.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_ar

X: NOM

Y: ar

Locus: Y

Ahmed	ar	čod	indīδ-d
pn	down	house	enter- pst
‘Ahmed entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	ayo-d
pn	el	pn	bring- pst
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	čod	nax̌tūy-d
pn	el	house	go_out- pst
‘Ahmed went out of the house.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	žaw	ay	kix̌-t
pn	cow	expulsion	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is driving the cow.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	xax̌čak	tā	čū-g
pn	branch	twofold	do- pst
‘Ahmed bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	luv-d
pn	el	pn	say- pst
‘Ahmed told Abdullo: ...’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	kitob	inǰūv-d
pn	book	hold-3 sg
‘Ahmed holds the book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	daryob	čū-g
pn	el	pn	capture	do- pst
‘Ahmed caught up with Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	žaw	δūz-d
pn	cow	milk- pst
‘Ahmed milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Ahmed	tar	soxil	firep-t
pn	eq	shore	reach- pst
‘Ahmed reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Ahmed	pa	divor	ǰon	δo-d
pn	up	wall	soul	give- pst
‘Ahmed touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	δêd	kix̌-t
pn	pn = com	quarrel	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is fighting with Abdullo.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	ox̌ti	kix̌-t
pn	pn = com	peace	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is friends with Abdullo.’

25. think

Valency pattern: NOM_darborayi

X: NOM

Y: darborayi

Locus: Y

Ahmed	darborayi	Abdullo	fikri	kix̌-t
pn	about	pn	thought	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is thinking about Abdullo.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	mūn	xū-g
pn	apple	eat- pst
‘Ahmed ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	muyi	doɣ	čū-g
pn	fish	mark	do- pst
‘Ahmed fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Ahmed	pa	Abdullo	nīs-č
pn	up	pn	sit- pf
‘Ahmed is waiting for Abdullo.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	um	yi	pond	ranöx̌-t
pn	el	d 3. f . o	one	road	forget- pst
‘Ahmed forgot about another road.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

30. depend

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

fikr	az	sinisol	wobast
thought	el	age	depending
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. This is not a DOM pattern.

31. call

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	qīw-d
pn	el	pn	call- pst
‘Ahmed called Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	yi	sol	tar	piro	balad	su-d
pn	pn = com	one	year	eq	ahead	familiar	go. m - pst
‘Ahmed got to know Abdullo a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	fām-t
pn	el	pn	know-3 sg
‘Ahmed knows Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	gitar	nawoz-d
pn	guitar	play-3 sg
‘Ahmed is playing guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	zibīn-t
pn	el	pn	jump-3 sg
‘Ahmed avoids Abdullo.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	kapkayn	wirox̌-t
pn	trap	build- pst
‘Ahmed made a trap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	quloɣ	inǰīv-d
pn	el	pn	mock	hold-3 sg
‘Ahmed mocks Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

38. have

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-ā	mošīn	yast
pn - poss	car	exist
‘Ahmed has a car.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	wix̌eӡ	talāp-t
pn	key	seek-3 sg
‘Ahmed is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kud	az	Ahmed	žirux̌-t
dog	el	pn	bite- pst
‘The dog bit Ahmed.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	xu	čod	binos-t
pn	refl	house	lose- pst
‘Ahmed lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	piš	inǰiv-d
pn	cat	catch-3 sg
‘Ahmed is catching the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	sīx	virux̌-t
pn	stick	break- pst
‘Ahmed broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	fānd	δê-d
pn	el	pn	lie	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed is lying to Abdullo.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Nizora	žīw-ǰ
pn	el	pn	love- pf
‘Ahmed loves Nizora.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	celak	laqen-t
pn	kerchief	swing-3 sg
‘Ahmed is waving a kerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	now	mošīn	xoyix	kix̌-t
pn	new	car	wish	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed wants a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	čīni	zino-d
pn	cup	wash- pst
‘Ahmed washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	xu	patlon	panaw-d
pn	refl	trousers	put_on- pst
‘Ahmed put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

di	kočor	nom	kompas
d 2. m . sg . o	thing	name	compass
‘This object is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Ahmed	xu	puc	bul-d
pn	refl	son	scold- pst
‘Ahmed scolded his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

xirs	muyigir=tīr	amlā	čū-g
bear	fisherman= sup	attack	do- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

čalak	x̌ac=qati	por	su-d
pail	water= com	full	go. m - pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	wix̌eӡ=i	avū-g
pn	key= emph	find- pst
‘Ahmed found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-ā	yi	som	na-firap-t
pn - poss	one	somoni	neg -reach-3 sg
‘Ahmed is one somoni short.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	bad	wīn-t
pn	el	pn	bad	see-3 sg
‘Ahmed hates Abdullo.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed=ri	yim	aktāyi	xoš
pn = dat	d 1. sg	shirt	pleasant
‘Ahmed likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed=ri	som	bakor
pn = dat	somoni	needed
‘Ahmed need money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: NOM_kinora

X: NOM

Y: kinora

Locus: Y

divor	x̌ār	kinorā
wall	town	around
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-ā	dā	som	diger	rī-ǰ
pn - poss	ten	somon	other	leave- pf
‘Ahmed has ten somon left.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	moalim=ri	ǰawob	δo-d
pn	teacher= dat	answer	give- pst
‘Ahmed answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	bank	at	čūg
pn	can	open	do- pst
‘Ahmed opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

mun	aktāyi	az	tā-yā	farq	kix̌-t
1 sg . o	shirt	el	2 sg . o - poss	difference	do-3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	zabo	δo-d
pn	el	pn	behind	fall- pst
‘Ahmed fell behind Abdullo.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	zamīn	x̌idyor	kix̌-t
pn	ground	plough	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is ploughing the ground.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mun	δöst	benzin	buy	δī-d
1 sg . o	hand	oil	smell	fall-3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	pond	nawžö-d
pn	el	road	pass- pst
‘Ahmed crossed the road.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	zūr	soz	luv-d
pn	strong	song	sing- pst
‘Ahmed sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	xāt	niviš-t
pn	letter	write- pst
‘Ahmed wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	x̌ūvd	birox̌-t
pn	milk	drink- pst
‘Ahmed drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	surb	kāwn	ob	čū-g
pn	lead	half	water	do- pst
‘Ahmed melted some lead.’.

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

yim	mayend	mun	qurtā=qati	ǰūr	yod
d 1. sg	belt	1 sg . o	dress= com	pair	bring- pst
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	xu	x̌ār	tūy-d
pn	el	refl	city	go- pst
‘Ahmed came out of his city.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

qolīn	fuk	paygā	inǰūv-ǰ
carpet	all	floor	hold- pf
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-ā	bašand-aθ	čod	wi	ba	yoδ
pn - poss	good- int	house	d 3. m . sg . o	to	memory
‘Ahmed remembers his home well.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=ri	yordam	čū-g
pn	pn = dat	help	do- pst
‘Ahmed helped Abdullo.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	francuzi	ziw	fām-t
pn	french	language	understand-3 sg
‘Ahmed understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_ar

X: NOM

Y: ar

Locus: Y

rux̌noyi	ar	čod	indīδ-d
light	down	house	enter- pst
‘The lightning struck the house.’.

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	têɣ̌ak=qati	xu	pêc	δo-d
pn	razor= com	refl	face	give- pst
‘Ahmed cut his face with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

stakan	stol=tīr	xax̌	sa-t
glass	table= sup	hard	go. f - pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	xāt=qati	xoš	su-d
pn	letter= com	pleasant	go. m - pst
‘Ahmed was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	gap	δê-t
pn	pn = com	word	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed is speaking with Abdullo.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Nizora-yā	puc	su-d
pn - poss	son	go. m - pst
‘Nizora gave birth to a son.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	stakan	pataw-d
pn	glass	drop- pst
‘Ahmed dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Ahmed	qišloq=tīr	raīsi	kix̌-t
pn	village= sup	president	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed governs the village.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=tīr	ziq	su-ǰ
pn	pn = sup	missing	go. m - pf
‘Ahmed misses Abdullo.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_damtir

X: NOM

Y: damtir

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo	dām=tīr	nūs-č
pn	pn	back= sup	sit- pf
‘Ahmed follows Abdullo.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_EL.SUP

X: NOM

Y: EL.SUP

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	vorǰ=tīr	xāv-d
pn	el	horse= sup	descend- pst
‘Ahmed got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed=ta	radio	niɣūy-d
pn = fac	radio	listen-3 sg
‘Ahmed is listening to the radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Ahmed	tar	xu	nān	niɣūy-d
pn	eq	refl	mother	listen-3 sg
‘Ahmed obeys his mother.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	muziqa	x̌u-d
pn	music	hear- pst
‘Ahmed heard the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

asal	x̌uvd=qati	alalaš	su-d
h oney	milk= com	mix	go. m - pst
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Ahmed	pa	abri	čās-t
pn	up	cloud	look-3 sg
‘Ahmed is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	xu	aktāyi	wīδ-d
pn	refl	shirt	take_off- pst
‘Ahmed took off his shirt.’.

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	xūδm	wīn-t
pn	el	pn	dream	see-3 sg
‘Ahmed dreams about Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	rozi	su-d
pn	pn = com	contented	go. m - pst
‘Ahmed agreed with Saida.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	dāwo	čū-g
pn	pn = com	argument	do- pst
‘Ahmed had an argument with Abdullo.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mim	čīnī	narx	δaw	som
d 1. f . sg . o	cup	price	two	somoni
‘Price of this cup is two somoni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	waδič	poθ	δo-d
pn	bird	shooting	give- pst
‘Ahmed shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	pesok	ar	čīnī	čū-g
pn	sugar	down	cup	do- pst
‘Ahmed poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	x̌eӡ	binos-t
pn	key	lose- pst
‘Ahmed lost the key.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_ar

X: NOM

Y: ar

Locus: Y

žīz	ar	x̌ac	ɣarq	su-d
firewood	down	water	sunken	go. m - pst
‘The firewood sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	zö-d
pn	el	pn	kill- pst
‘Ahmed killed Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	δo-d
pn	el	pn	give- pst
‘Ahmed hit Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

107. kiss

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	aǰoyib	kitob	x̌oy-d
pn	interesting	book	read- pst
‘Ahmed read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	xu	ingax̌t	laqen-t
pn	refl	finger	move- pst
‘Ahmed moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	az	Abdullo	urmat	kix̌-t
pn	el	pn	respect	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed respects Abdullo.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	xu	puc	xoš
pn	el	refl	son	pleasant
‘Ahmed is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. This is not a DOM pattern. When the copula is overt, it agrees with the X argument.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Nizor=tīr	ošiq	suδ-ǰ
pn	pn = sup	loving	become- pf
‘Ahmed fell in love with Nizora.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=ri	bowari	δê-t
pn	pn = dat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed trusts Abdullo.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

116. envy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Abdullo=qati	qayti	kix̌-t
pn	pn = com	envy	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed envies Abdullo.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	mi	poytāxc=qati	ayron	suδ-ǰ
pn	d 1. m . sg . o	gift= com	surprised	become- pf
‘Ahmed was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	čoy	zöw-ǰ
pn	tea	love- pf
‘Ahmed loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Ahmed	kaš	čoy=qati	azūr	čū-ǰ
pn	hot	tea= com	pleasure	do- pf
‘Ahmed enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	naw	telefon	xoyix̌	kix̌-t
pn	new	phone	wish	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

124. upset

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel

Valency pattern: DO_NOM

X: DO

Y: NOM

Locus: X

az	Ahmed	yim	x̌ār	ayron	čū-g
el	pn	d 1. sg	city	surprised	do- pst
‘Ahmed was surprised by the city.’.
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

126. despise

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_jat

X: NOM

Y: jat

Locus: Y

Ahmed	xu	puc=ǰāt	xafā
pn	refl	son= caus	upset
‘Ahmed got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	az	xu	qad	x̌armindā	su-d
pn	el	refl	height	embarrassed	go. m -3 sg
‘Ahmed is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.