BivalTyp

‘govern’

Argument frame: X (govern) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. runs our town .
Predicate label Ru: руководить
Argument frame Ru: X (руководить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. руководит нашим поселком .

Abaza n(a)q̇ʷə-ga

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
arəj a-qáca h-kə́t j-nq̇ʷə-j-g-əj-d
prox def -man 1 pl . io -village 3 sg . n . abs - loc -3 sg . m . erg -carry- prs - dcl
‘This man runs our village.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) jə-themat

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
mə χʷəλfəʁe-r t-jə-čʼəle jə-themat
this man- abs 1 pl . pr - poss -village( obl ) 3 sg . pr + poss -boss
‘The man runs our village.’

Aghul aʜa-f + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan če ʜür.i-n aʜa-f e
pn we: gen village- gen big- nmlz cop
‘Aslan runs our town’ (lit. ‘Aslan is our town’s chief’).
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Akhvakh (Northern) nuχmaɬɬi guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pataħi-de esse poselok-ɬɬa nuχmaɬɬi gw-ere gwede
pn - erg our. excl town- obl . dat leadership do- simul n . cop
‘Patahi runs our town.’

Andi (Zilo) <w>-etʃ’uχa

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ali hon-tɬi w-etʃ’uχa
pn [ m ][ nom ] village- inter m -big
‘Ali leads our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) dwġ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām qa-ydīġ-a l-ūlāyi māl-na
pn prs -govern. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs art -city poss -1 pl
‘Abraham is governing our city.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ḥakam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad ḥākəm əl-balad
pn govern. ptcp . m . sg def -city
‘Ahmad governs the city.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) d.ī.r

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi mudīr il-balad
pn manage. ptcp .3 m . sg def -town
‘Shadi runs the town.’

Arabic (standard) dāra

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yudīru balad-a=nā
pn - nom direct. ipf .3 m settlement- acc = p .1 pl
‘Badr runs our settlement.’

Archi doːˁzu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
paša olo duχːul-li-n doːˁzu
pn 4.we. gen village- obl - gen be.big. attr
‘Pasha runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Armenian (Eastern) γekavarel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə γekavarum+ē mer avan-ə
pn [ nom ]- def run: prs :3 sg our village[ nom ]- def
‘Petros runs our village.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic avə +gura

Valency pattern: SBJ_REL
X: SBJ
Y: REL
Locus: Y
+avvo naša +gur=ət mat=əl
dem 3. m person( m ) big= rel village( f )=3 m
‘This man runs our village.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'.

Avar nuχmaɬi habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca nižer rosda-je nuχmaɬi ha-b-ula
pn - erg 1 pl . excl . gen village. obl - dat leadership do- n - ipf
‘Ali runs our town.’

Azerbaijani rəhbərlik etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan qǝsǝbǝ-miz-ǝ rǝhbǝrlik ed-ir
pn area-1 pl - dat / lat guidance do- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan runs our place.’

Bafut nlìntə̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à nlìntə̂-nᵼ̀ láʔà jìʔì
pn sm look- ipfv village our
‘Ambe runs our village.’

Bambara kùntigi yé

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù yé án ka dùgu` kùntigi yé
pn equ 1 pl poss village\ art chief as
‘Seku governs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Ahmed qišloq=tīr raīsi kix̌-t
pn village= sup president do-3 sg
‘Ahmed governs the village.’

Belarusian kiravać

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Alieś kiru-je naš-ym pasiolk-am
pn [ nom . sg ] govern( ipfv )- prs .3 sg our- ins . sg . m village- ins . sg
‘Ales runs our town.’

Budugh boʕlutuvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır yö qesebe-ciz boʕlutuvol siʔi-ri
pn - erg we. gen village- dat leadership n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan runs our village.’

Bulgarian răkovodya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr răkovodi nashe-to selo
pn govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg our. n . sg - def . n . sg village
‘Petar runs our village.’

Catalan dirigir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere dirigeix la nostra ciutat
def . sg . m pn ( m ) command.3 sg . prs . ind def . sg . f poss .1 pl . f . sg city( f )
‘Pere runs our town.’

Chechen kyjgalxo

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam vai jurtan kyjgalxo vu
pn . abs 1 pl . incl . gen village. gen leader. abs v .be. prs
‘Islam runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Chinese (Mandarin) guǎnlǐ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān guǎnlǐ zhe wǒmen-de chéngzhèn
pn run dur we- de town
‘Zhangsan runs our town.’

Chirag *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Croatian upravljati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Per-o upravlja poduzeć-em
pn - nom . sg manage( ipfv ). prs .3 sg company- ins . sg
‘Pero manages the company.’

Czech řídit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr řidí naš-i vesnic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg our- f . acc . sg village( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr runs our village.’

Danish styre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter styre-r vores by
pn control- prs our town( c ). sg
‘Peter runs our town.’

Dargwa (Itsari) χːula-ci ca-B

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Islam nišːa-la šːi-la χːula-ci ca-w
pn ( abs ) we- gen village- gen big- atr cop - m
‘Islam runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-trivial citation form.

Dargwa (Kadar) ħakim ca<CL>i

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meħamad nuš-i-ja poselok-la ħaˤkim ca-j
pn we- obl - pl village- gen leader cop - m
‘Muhammad runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kaytag) buc:aχara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l ši b-uc:uχ-ul=ca
pn - erg village n -work. caus . ipf - prog . cvb = cop (3)
‘Petja runs our village.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
dene nisːi-la šil-la χʷalel=saw
neighbor 1 pl . obl - gen village- gen big= cop . m (3)
‘The neighbour runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-ucː-aq-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
unra-le nišːala šːi b-ucː-aq-ule=saj
neighbor- erg / loc ( lat ) 1 pl . gen village n -operate- caus - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The neighbor runs the village.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) χʷal-il + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zumra šːi-la χʷal-il=(caj)
neighbor village- gen big- atr . cntrs =( cop . m )
‘The neighbor runs the village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Dutch leiden

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet leid-t ons dorp
pn ( c ) lead-3 sg poss .1 pl village( n )
‘Piet governs our village.’

Enets (Forest) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

English run

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter runs our town.

Estonian juhtima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter juhi-b meie linna
pn . sg . nom lead- prs .3 sg 1 pl . gen town. sg . part
‘Peeter runs our town.’

Finnish johtaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka joht-aa kaupunki-a-mme
pn . nom govern- prs .3 sg town- part - poss .1 pl
‘Pekka runs our town.’

French diriger

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul dirige notre ville
pn ( m ) rule. prs .3 sg our. sg town( m )
‘Paul runs our town.’

Gascon govèrna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau govèrna nòste borg
pn rule. prs .3 sg our. sg town
‘Pau runs our town.’

Gban yè

Valency pattern: SBJ_wale
X: SBJ
Y: wale
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ∅-lí yȅ ù mɔ̰́ bàà wàle̋
pn 3 sg - foc ipfv \be we for village in_front_of
‘Zan runs our village.’

Georgian Ø-mart-av-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-Ø čven-s sopel-s Ø-mart-av-s
pn - nom our- dat village- dat do 3-rule- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre runs our village.’

German regieren

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl regier-t die Stadt
pn [ nom . sg ] govern- prs .3 sg def . f . acc . sg city[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl runs the town.’

Hebrew (modern) menahel

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas menahel et ha ir ʃel-anu
pn manage[ ptcp . sg . m ] do def city poss -1 pl
‘Pinchas runs our town.’

Hindi calānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk hamār-e šahar ko calā-t-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir our- m . sg . obl city( m ). sg . obl acc / dat make_move- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek rules our city.’

Indonesian (standard) me-mimpin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ali me-mimpin desa kami
pn act -lead village we. excl
‘Ali runs our town.’

Irish rith

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Rith-eann Peter an monarcha.
govern- prs pn def factory
‘Pól runs the factory.’

Italian dirigere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo dirig-e l’ aziend-a
pn ( m ) rule-3 sg . prs def . sg . f company- sg . f
‘Leo runs the company.’

Karata hadoʔaɬer gahaɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-l š:urab han-ja hadoʔaɬer geda idja
pn - erg whole village. obl - dat leadership do. ipf cop
‘Ali runs the whole village.’

Kazakh basqar

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya bіz-dіŋ awïl-men basqar-adï
pn we- gen village- ins lead- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya runs our village.’

Khanty (Kazym) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pet’a-j-en mŭŋ wɔš kǫśa-ew
pn - ep - poss .2 sg we village boss- poss .1 pl
‘Petja runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Khoekhoe ǂgaeǂgui

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge sida ǃā-s-a ra ǂgaeǂgui
pn -3 m . sg decl 1 excl . c . pl town-3 f . sg - obl ipfv lead
‘Peter runs our town.’

Khwarshi ʕallu j/uwa

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN1
X: ERG
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
il-lo (ʕ)anƛ'a-s ʕallu b-uwa šamil-i
1 pl - gen 2 village- gen 1 order( iii ) iii -make\ gnt pn - erg
‘Shamil runs our village.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Komi-Permyak юравны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя юрав-ö ми-ян кар-ӧн
pn возглавлять- prs .3 мы- gen поселок- ins
‘Петя руководит нашим поселком.’

Komi-Zyrian veśke̮dli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a veśke̮dl-e̮ mi-jan śikt-e̮n
pn govern- prs .3 we- gen village- ins
‘Petja runs our village.’

Kpelle (Guinean) ɲáa wôo ɓó

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe ɓé kúwɔ tàá-ì ɲáa wóò ɓó-ì
pn foc 1 pl . excl . poss town- art surface speech\ l implement- inf
‘It's Pepee who governs our village.’

Kryz (Alik) buʔutuval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir kum-uz buʔutuval yi-re
pn - erg village- dat leadership do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan runs our village.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) beylituğol aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir ya qasaba-yiz beylituğol i-re
pn - erg 1 pl . iness village- dat leadership do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan runs our place.’

Kryz (proper) budval yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir je qasaba-cis budval yi-ri
pn - erg 1 pl . excl . gen village- obl . dat rule n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan runs our place.’

Kumyk bašlɨq etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
mahammat gent-biz-de baš-lɨq et-e
pn village-1 pl - loc head- subst do-3 sg
‘Muhammad runs our village.’

Kurdish (Sorani) ber̂êwe birdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa ʂare-ke=man be-r̂ê-we de-b-a
pn city- def =1 pl . pc to-road-to ind -take. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa runs our town.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) rêvebirî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam rêvebir-ya bajêr di-k-e
man governing- ez . f city( m ). obl prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man governs the city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUP
X: GEN
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad kajaluw-šiwu d-ul-la-j ur žu-l poselok-ra-j
pn leading- nmlz 4-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p we- gen village[ ru ]- obl - sup
‘Mohammad runs our village.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

Latin administro

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
nec legitime tutel-am administra-t
and_not legally tutelage( f )- acc . sg administer[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘She doesn’t administer the tutelage legally.’
Note: (Iust. Digesta. XXXVIII, 17, 2)

Laz o-dg-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i fabrika-s ji-Ø-o-dg-in-Ø.
pn - nom factory- dat prv - do 3- fact -stand- r . ext - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is in charge of the factory.’

Lezgian (Yargun) çˈexivalin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sahib-a ji xür-ü-z çˈexival-zva
pn - erg 1 pl . gen village- obl - dat reign- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib runs our village.’

Macedonian rakovodi

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar rakovodi so naselba-ta
pn govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with settlement( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar runs the settlement.’

Maltese igverna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni jigverna l-belt tagħna
pn govern. ipf . m .3 sg def -town. poss .1 pl
‘Ġwanni governs our town.’

Maninka (Eastern) be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Só-ko-latɛɛ` yé Sékù lè dí.
village-matter-decide\ art be pn foc with
‘Seku governs the village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predication

Mano yí wè gèē

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ́ɛ̀ pɛ̄ séŋ́ yí wè gèē
3 sg . ipfv thing all in speech say: ipfv
‘S/he governs everything.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb bečʼdeš diqʼes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Islam-ini bečʼ-deš d-iqʼ-an pоselоk-is
pn - erg head- nmlz npl -do: ipfv - hab village- dat
‘Islam runs our village.’

Mingrelian Ø-nǯγver-un-s

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø čkin oput'e-s Ø-nǯγver-un-s
pn - nom our village- dat do 3-drive- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo runs our town.’

Nanai dala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia buə exo-mba dala-j-ni
pn 1 pl encampment- obl govern- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia runs our village.’

Nivkh əzŋ mud

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC/ABL
X: SBJ
Y: LOC/ABL
Locus: Y
Kaskazik mеn + vо-ux əzŋ + mu-d
pn 1 pl . incl + village- loc / abl boss + become- ind
‘Kaskazik runs our village.’

Norwegian Bokmål å lede

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per lede-r bygd-a vår
pn lead- prs village- def . f . sg our
‘Per runs our town.’

Oromo (West Central) geggeessa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n magaalaa keeɲɲa geggeess-a
pn - nom town. abs 3 pl . poss run-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa runs/governs our town.’

Persian edāre kardan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad šahr-emān-rā edāre mī-kon-ad
pn town- encl .1 pl - acc management cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad runs our town.’

Polish rządzić

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Eliz-a rządzi nasz-ą wsi-ą
pn - nom . sg govern: ipfv . prs .3 sg our- f . ins . sg village- ins . sg
‘Eliza runs our village.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) comandar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro comand-a nossa vila
pn ( m ) rule-3 sg . prs poss .1 pl . f city( f )
‘Pedro runs our town.’

Romani (Kalderash) rukavadil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a rukavadi-l amar-ə kyrd-osa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg govern- prs .3 sg our- m . obl village- ins . sg
‘Murša runs our village.’

Romanian a conduce

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru conduce sat-ul nostu
pn govern. prs .3 sg village- def . dir our
‘Petru runs our village.’

Russian rukovoditʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet-ja rukovod-it naš-im poselk-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg govern( ipfv )- prs .3 sg our- m . ins . sg town( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja runs our town.’

Rutul (Kina) q’ɨxʲwaldɨ waɁara

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-a q’ɨxʲ-waldɨ w-aɁa-r=a ix-dɨ muˀɢ-uˀ-s
pn - erg elder- abstr 3-do. ipfv - cvb -be we. obl - attr village- obl - dat
‘Rasul runs our village.’

Rutul (Mukhad) reχbervaldı vıʔın

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-a ix-dı muˤq-uˤ-d reχber-valdı vaʔa-ra a
pn - erg 1 pl . obl - attr village- obl - gen guide- nmlz ( a ) a .do. ipf - simul be_in
‘Murad runs our town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a ixh-di kud-i-s q'ixhvaldı vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg our- obl village- obl - dat chairmanship( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son runs our village.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) q'vaxhvaldı havʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-a muˤqh-uˤ-s q'vaxh-valdı vaʔa-r
pn - erg village- obl - dat leadership a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad runs our village.’

Rutul (Shinaz) q'ɨxvaldɨ havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR
X: ERG
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir iš-dɨ kur-di-d hamıʔ q'ɨxvaldɨ vaʔa-v
pn ( erg ) our- attr village- obl - attr now chiefery( a ) a .do. ipf - a
‘Basir runs our village.’

Saami (Skolt) vaaldšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vaaldaš mij siid
pn . sg . nom govern. prs .3 sg 1 pl . gen village. sg . acc
‘Pete runs our village.’

Sagada selsowet joł

Valency pattern: ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
muħamad elu-z ʕaƛ-a selsowet joł
pn 1 pl . obl - gen 2 village- in chief cop
‘Muhamad runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Serbian upravljati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar upravlja naš-im sel-om
pn . nom . sg govern. prs .3 sg our- ins . sg . m village- ins . sg
‘Petar runs our town.’

Shughni čīx̌tow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim māš x̌ār čos-t
pn 1 pl city look-3 sg
‘Azim runs our town.’

Slovak vládnuť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter vládne náš-mu mest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg our- n . dat . sg city( n )- dat . sg
‘Peter runs our village.’

Slovenian upravljati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a upravlja naš-o vas
pn - nom . sg govern. prs .3 sg our- acc . sg . f village[ acc . sg ]
‘Ana runs our village.’

Spanish gobernar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro gobiern-a nuestr-o pueblo
pn [ sg . m ] govern- prs .3 sg our- sg . m village[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro runs our town.’

Svan Ø-a-mǝrtäːw-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gušgwej sopel-s Ø-a-mǝrtäːw-i
pn - nom poss 1 pl . incl village- dat do 3- fact -govern- prs
‘Maizer governs our village.’

Swedish att styra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn styr vår stad
pn lead. prs our town
‘Björn runs our town.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmed-ǯi ʁul.a-n aˁχuval ap’-ura
pn - erg village- gen superiority do- prs
‘Mahamed runs our village.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Tagalog pamunuan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>a-mu~munu-an ni Pedro ang amin-g bayan
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~head- pv pers . gen pn subj 1. pl . ex . dat - lin town
‘Pedro runs our town.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu naḍupu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ mā paṭṭaṇānni naḍuputāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom 1 pl . excl . obl town( n ). sg . acc make_walk. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen runs our town.’

Tsakhur хaˁbvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee yišdi gaˁsaˁbaˁ-ys хaˁbvalla haaʔa
pn - erg our. obl village- dat leadership( a ) a .do. ipf
‘Murad runs our village.’

Tswana tsamaisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke Kitso o-tsama-is-a-ng mo-kgatlho wa-rona
it.is prn (1) s i :cl1-go- caus - fv - rel sg -association(3) cl3. gen -1 pl . pro
‘It’s Kitso who runs our association.’

Turkish yönetmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet fabrıka-yı yönet-iyor
pn factory- acc manage- prs
‘Mehmet runs the factory.’

Turoyo ḥokəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-ḥokəm ʕal i walaye
pn prs -rule. ipfv .3 m on art . f city( f )
‘Gabriyel rules over the city.’

Twi di

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Kofi di yεn kuro so
pn eat. prs 1 pl ( poss ) town on
‘Kofi governs our town.’

Udi kalo

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sergey beşi ayiz-i kal-o=ne
pn we. gen village- gen big- na =3 sg
‘Sergey runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Udmurt kivalti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a gurt-eni̮-mi̮ kivalt-e
pn . nom village- ins - poss .1 pl direct- prs .3 sg
‘Petja runs our village.’

Ukrainian keruvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o keruj-e naš-ym selyšč-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg govern( ipfv )- prs .3 sg our- n . ins . sg village( n )- ins . sg
‘Petro runs our village.’

Ulcha dālači-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əńə detsad-ba dālač-i-ni
mother kindergarten- acc manage- prs -3 sg
‘Mother runs the kindergarten.’

Uzbek bošqarmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_bilan
X: NOM
Y: bilan
Locus: Y
Petya bizarniŋ qišlok bilan bošqar-a-di
pn our village with run- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja runs our town.’

Wolof jiite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Omar a jiit-e mbootaay b-i
pn f oc s be_first- appl asociation( b ) cl b - def
‘It’s Omar who runs the association.’

Yukaghir (Northern) lǝmlˈǝ-gi (ŋol=)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mit posjelok lǝmlˈǝ-gi
pn 1 pl . poss village boss- poss .3
‘Semien runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ʃarɨstan-e ma a idarə kɛ-n-a
city- ez . m 1 pl . obl 3 sg . f . abs administration do. pres - aug -3 sg . f
‘She runs our city.’