BivalTyp

Basque

Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile)

N.Z.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2010 and 2013 using the French version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Zaika, Natalia. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Basque. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 13, 2026; last revised on October 8, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain mina izan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kepa-k buru-ko min-a d-u
pn - erg head- genloc pain- sg [ abs ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k gripe-a d-u
pn - erg flu- sg [ abs ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa has the flu.’

3. be afraid beldur izan

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k zakurr-a-ri beldur d-i-o
pn - erg dog- sg - dat fear[ abs . indf ] abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw bota

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k harri-a bota d-u
pn - erg stone- sg [ abs ] throw[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa threw a stone.’

5. have enough nahikoa izan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kepa-k nahiko-a diru d-u
pn - erg sufficient- sg [ abs ] money abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble antza izan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kepa-k Miren-en antz-a d-u
pn - erg pn - genp resemblance- sg [ abs ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa resembles Miren.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

7. believe sinetsi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i sines-ten d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat believe- ipfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa believes Miren.’

8. take hartu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k liburu-a har-tu d-u
pn - erg book- sg [ abs ] take- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa took a book.’

9. see ikusi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k etxe-a ikus-ten d-u
pn - erg house- sg [ abs ] see- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa sees a house.’

10. influence eragin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
adin-a-k eragi-ten d-i-o oroimen-a-ri
age- sg - erg influence- ipfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ] memory- sg - dat
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter topatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren topa-tu d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] encounter- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa encountered Miren.’

12. enter sartu

Valency pattern: ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
Kepa etxe-a-n sar-tu da
pn [ abs ] house- sg - in enter- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa entered the house.’

13. win irabazi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i irabaz-i d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat win- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa beat Miren.’

14. go out atera

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Kepa etxe-tik atera da
pn [ abs ] [ sg ]- abl go_out[ pfv ] abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa went out of the house.’

15. drive eraman

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k behi-a erama-ten d-u
pn - erg cow drive- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is driving the cow.’

16. bend okertu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k adarr-a oker-tu d-u
pn - erg branch bend- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa bent the branch.’

17. tell esan

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k honela esa-n d-i-o Miren-i: […]
pn - erg so tell- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ] pn - dat
‘Kepa told Miren: ...’

18. hold eduki

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k liburu-a dauka
pn - erg book- sg [ abs ] abs 3 sg . prs .have. erg 3 sg
‘Kepa is holding a book.’

19. catch up atzeman

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren atzeman d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] catch_up[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa caught up with Miriam.’

20. milk jetzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k behi-a jetz-i d-u
pn - erg cow- sg [ abs ] milk- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa milked the cow.’

21. reach iritsi

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL
X: ABS
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Kepa itsasertze-ra iritsi da
pn [ abs ] seashore- all reach- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa reached the seashore.’

22. touch ukitu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k horma uki-tu d-u
pn - erg wall[ abs . sg ] touch- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa touched the wall.’

23. fight borrokatu

Valency pattern: ABS_kontra
X: ABS
Y: kontra
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-en kontra borroka-tu da
pn [ abs ] pn - genp against fight- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is fighting with Miren.’

24. be friends laguna izan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kepa Miren-en laguna da
pn [ abs ] pn - genp friend- sg [ abs ] abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is friends with Miren.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think pentsatu

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-ez pentsa-tzen d-u
pn - erg pn - ins think- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is thinking about Miren.’

26. eat jan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k sagarr-a ja-n d-u
pn - erg apple- sg [ abs ] eat- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa ate an apple.’

27. fry erre

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k arrain-a erre d-u
pn - erg fish- sg [ abs ] fry[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa fried the fish.’

28. wait itxaron

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i itxaro-ten d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat wait- imf abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is waiting for Miren.’

29. forget ahaztu

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Kepa-ri beste bide-a ahaz-tu zai-o
pn - dat other road- sg [ abs ] forget- pfv [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘Kepa forgot about the other road.’

30. depend egon

Valency pattern: ABS_baitan
X: ABS
Y: baitan
Locus: Y
oroimen-a adin-a-ren baitan da-go
memory- sg [ abs ] age- sg - genp in abs 3 prs -be_found[ abs . sg ]
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call deitu

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i dei-tu d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat call- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa called Miren.’

32. get to know ezagutu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren duela urte bat ezagu-tu d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] ago year one[ abs . indf ] get_to_know- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa got to know Miren a year ago.’

33. know ezagutu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren ezagu-tzen d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] know- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa knows Miren.’

34. play (instrument) jo

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa gitarra jo-tzen ari da
pn [ abs ] guitar[ abs . sg ] hit- ipfv prog abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ihes egin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i ihes egi-n d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat flight[ abs . indf ] make- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa avoids Miren.’

36. make fabrikatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k lehergailu-a fabrika-tu d-u
pn - erg бомба- sg [ abs ] make- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa made a bomb.’

37. make fun trufatu

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-ez trufa-tzen da
pn [ abs ] pn - ins mock- ipfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is making fun of Miren.’

38. have izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k auto-a d-u
pn - erg car- sg [ abs ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa has a car.’

39. look for bilatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa giltz-ak bila-tzen ari da
pn [ abs ] key- pl [ abs ] look_for- ipfv prog abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is looking for the keys.’

40. paint pintatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k latesi-a pinta-tu d-u
pn - erg fence- sg [ abs ] paint- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa painted the fence.’

41. bite ausiki

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
txakurr-a-k Kepa ausiki d-u
dog- sg - erg pn [ abs ] bite[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘A dog bit Kepa.’

42. forfeit galdu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k etxe-a gal-du d-u
pn - erg house- sg [ abs ] lose- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa lost his house.’

43. try to catch harrapatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa gatu-a harrapa-tzen ari da
pn [ abs ] cat- sg [ abs ] catch- ipfv prog abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break hautsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k makila hauts-i d-u
pn - erg branch[ abs . sg ] break- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa broke a stick.’

45. flatter lausengatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren lausenga-tzen d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] flatter- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is flattering Miren.’

46. love (person) maite izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren maite d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] favourite[ abs . indf ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa loves Miren.’

47. wave astindu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa zapi-a astin-tzen ari da
pn [ abs ] handkerchief- sg [ abs ] wave- ipfv prog abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream amestu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k auto berri bat ames-ten d-u
pn - erg car new one[ abs . indf ] dream- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash garbitu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k kikara garbi-tu d-u
pn - erg cup[ abs . sg ] wash- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa washed the cup.’

50. put on jantzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k prak-ak jantz-i d-it-u
pn - erg trousers- pl [ abs ] put_on- pfv abs 3 prs - abs . pl - erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa put on his trousers.’

51. be called deitu

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: ABS
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
tresna hau iparorratz-a dei-tzen da
device this[ abs . sg ] compass- sg [ abs ] be_called- ipfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘This device is called a compass.’

52. punish zigortu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k seme-a zigor-tu d-u
pn - erg son- sg [ abs ] punish- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa punished his son.’

53. attack eraso

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
hartz-a-k arrantzale-a-ri eraso d-i-o
bear- sg - erg fisherman- sg - dat attack[ pfv ] abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) bete

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ontzi-a ur-ez bete da
bucket- sg [ abs ] water- ins . indf fill[ pfv ] abs 3 sg . prs
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find aurkitu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k giltz-ak aurki-tu d-it-u
pn - erg key- pl [ abs ] find- pfv abs 3 prs - abs . pl - erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa found the keys.’

56. be short falta izan

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Kepa-ri euro bat falta zai-o
pn - dat euro one-[ abs . indf ] shortage[ abs . indf ] [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘Kepa is one euro short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate gorrotatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren gorrota-tzen d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] hate- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa hates Miren.’

58. like gustatu

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Kepa-ri alkandora hau gusta-tzen zai-o
pn - dat shirt this[ abs . sg ] like- ipfv [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘Kepa likes this shirt.’

59. need behar izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k diru-a behar d-u
pn - erg money- sg [ abs ] necessity[ abs . indf ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa needs money.’

60. surround inguratu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
harresi-e-k hiri-a ingura-tzen d-u-te
wall- pl - erg town- sg [ abs ] surround- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs - erg 3 pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain gelditu

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Kepa-ri 10 dolar geldi-tu zai-zki-o
pn - dat ten dollar[ abs . indf ] remain- pfv [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat - abs . pl - dat 3 sg
‘Kepa has ten dollars left.’

62. answer erantzun

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k erantzu-n egi-n d-i-o irakasle-a-ri
pn - erg answer-[ pfv ] make- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ] teacher- sg - dat
‘Kepa answered the teacher.’

63. open ireki

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k lata ireki d-u
pn - erg can[ abs . sg ] open- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa opened a can.’

64. be different desberdin izan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nire alkandora eta zurea bestelako-ak dira
my shirt[ abs . sg ] and your- abs . sg other- abs . pl abs 3 pl . prs
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind atzean geratu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kepa Miren-en atze-a-n gera-tu da
pn [ abs ] pn - genp rear_part- sg - in remain- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa fell behind Miren.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

66. plough goldatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k soro-a golda-tzen d-u
pn - erg field- sg [ abs ] plough- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is ploughing the field.’

67. smell usaina izan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nire esku-e-k gasolina usain-a d-u-te
my hand- pl - erg gasoline[ abs . indf ] smell- sg [ abs ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs - erg 3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross zeharkatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k bide-a zeharka-tu d-u
pn - erg road- sg [ abs ] cross- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa crossed the road.’

69. sing kantatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k kantu ederr-a kanta-tu d-u
pn - erg song beautiful- sg [ abs ] sing- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa sang a beautiful song.’

70. write idatzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k eskutitz-a idatz-i d-u
pn - erg letter- sg [ abs ] write- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa wrote a letter.’

71. drink edan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k esne-a eda-n d-u
pn - erg milk- sg [ abs ] drink- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa drank the milk.’

72. melt urtu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k berun puska bat ur-tu d-u
pn - erg lead piece one-[ abs . indf ] melt- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ongi joan

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gerriko hau nere arrop-a-ri ongi joa-ten zai-o
belt this[ abs . sg ] this dress- sg - dat well go- ipfv [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave utzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k jaioterri-a utz-i d-u
pn - erg native_town- sg [ abs ] leave- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa left his native town.’

75. cover estali

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
alfonbra-k lur oso-a estal-tzen d-u
carpet[ sg ]- erg floor all- sg [ abs ] cover- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember gogoratu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k etxe-a ondo gogora-tzen d-u
pn - erg house- sg [ abs ] well remember- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa remembers the house well.’

77. help lagundu

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i lagun-du d-i-о
pn - erg pn - dat help- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa helped Miren.’

78. understand (language) ulertu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k frantses-a uler-tzen d-u
pn - erg f rench- sg [ abs ] understand- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa understands French.’

79. hit (target) jo

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
tximista-k jo d-u etxe-a-n
lightning- erg hit[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ] house- sg - in
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself ebakia egin

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa-k bizar-aitzurr-a-rekin ebaki-a egi-n d-u
pn - erg razor- sg - com cut- sg [ abs ] make- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck itsatsi

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
edalontzi-a mahai-a-ri itsats-i zai-o
glass- sg [ abs ] table- sg - dat stick- pfv [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) galdu

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i gal-du d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat lose- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa lost to Miren.’

83. be glad poztu

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: X
eskutitz-a-k poz-tu d-u Kepa
letter- sg - erg make_glad- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ] pn [ abs ]
‘Kepa was glad about the letter.’ (lit. ‘The letter made Kepa glad.’)

84. speak hitz egin

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-ekin hitz egin du
pn - erg pn - com word[ abs . indf ] make- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa has spoken with Miren.’

85. give birth erditu

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Miren seme bat-ez erdi-tu da
pn [ abs ] son one- ins . indf give_birth- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Miren gave birth to a son.’

86. drop erortzen utzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k baso-a eror-tzen utz-i d-u
pn - erg glass- sg [ abs ] fall- ipfv let- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa dropped the glass.’

87. govern gobernatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k gure herri-a goberna-tzen d-u
pn - erg our village- sg [ abs ] govern- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa runs our village.’

88. miss eskas izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren eskas d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] shortage[ abs . indf ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa misses Miren.’

89. follow jarraitu

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i jarrai-tzen d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat follow- ipfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa follows Miren.’

90. dismount jaitsi

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Kepa zaldi-tik jaits-i da
pn [ abs ] horse- abl dismount- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa got down from the horse.’

91. listen entzun

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa irrati-a entzu-ten ari da
pn [ abs ] radio- sg [ abs ] listen- ipfv prog abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is listening to the radio.’

92. obey obeditu

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k ama-ri obedi-tzen d-i-o
pn - erg mother[ sg ]- dat obey- ipfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa obeys his mother.’

93. hear aditu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k musika adi-tzen d-u
pn - erg music[ abs . sg ] hear- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa hears the music.’

94. mix nahasi

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ezti-a esne-a-rekin nahas-i da
мед- sg [ abs ] milk- sg - com mix- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look begiratu

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Kepa-k hodei-eta-ra begira-tzen d-u
pn - erg cloud- pl - all look- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off kendu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k alkandora ken-du d-u
pn - erg shirt[ abs . sg ] take_off- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) amets egin

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-ekin amets egi-ten d-u
pn - erg pn - com dream[ abs . indf ] make- ipfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa dreams about Miren.’

98. agree ados jarri

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-ekin ados jarr-i dа
pn [ abs ] pn - com consentful become- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa agreed with Miren.’

99. have a quarrel liskartu

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-ekin liskar-tu da
pn [ abs ] pn - com quarrel- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa had a quarrel with Miren.’

100. cost balio izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
kikara hon-ek dolar bat balio du
cup this- erg dollar one[ abs . indf ] price[ abs . indf ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at tiratu

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k txori-a-ri tira-tu d-i-o
pn - erg bird- sg - dat shoot- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa shot at the bird.’

102. pour bota

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k azukre-a bota d-u
pn - erg sugar- sg [ abs ] pour- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa poured the sugar.’

103. lose galdu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k giltz-ak gal-du d-it-u
pn - erg key- pl [ abs ] lose- pfv abs 3 prs - abs . pl - erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa lost the keys.’

104. sink murgildu

Valency pattern: ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
egurr-a ur-etan murgil-du da
wood- sg [ abs ] water- in . indf sink- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill hil

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren hil d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] kill[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa killed Miren.’

106. hit jo

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren jo d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] hit[ pfv ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa hit Miren.’

107. kiss musu eman

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa-k Miren-i musu ema-n d-i-o
pn - erg pn - dat kiss[ abs . indf ] give- pfv abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa kissed Miren.’

108. read irakurri

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k liburu interesgarri-a irakurr-i d-u
pn - erg book interesting- sg [ abs ] read- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) mugitu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k behatz-a mugi-tu d-u
pn - erg finger- sg [ abs ] move- pfv abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa moved his finger.’

110. respect errespetatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren errespeta-tzen d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] respect- imp abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa respects Miren.’

111. be squeamish nazka eman

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
ontzi zikin-e-k nazka ema-ten d-i-o-te Kera-ri
vessel dirty- pl - erg disgust[ abs . indef ] give- imp abs 3 prs - erg / abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg - erg 3 pl pn - dat
‘Kepa is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content pozik egon

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa seme-a-rekin poz-ik da-go
pn [ abs ] son- sg - com joyful- part abs 3 prs -be_found[ abs . sg ]
‘Kepa is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love maitemindu

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-ez maitemin-du da
pn [ abs ] pn - ins fall_in_love- prf abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa fell in love with Miren.’

114. trust fidatu

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-ekin fida-tzen da
pn [ abs ] pn - com trust- imp abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa trusts Miren.’

115. sympathise urrikaldu

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kepa ama-z urrikal-tzen da
pn [ abs ] mother[ sg ]- ins sympathise- imp abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy bekaiztu

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Kepa Miren-i bekai-tzen zai-o
pn [ abs ] pn - dat envy- imp [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘Kepa envies Miren.’

117. be angry haserretu

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa Mirene-kin haserre-tzen da
pn [ abs ] pn - com be_angry- imp abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is angry with Miren.’

118. be surprised harritu

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kepa opari horre-ta-z harri-tu da
pn [ abs ] present this- indf - ins be_surprised- prf abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) gustatu

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Kepa-ri te-a gusta-tzen zai-o
pn - dat tea- sg [ abs ] like- imp [ abs 3 prs ] abs / dat [ abs . sg ]- dat 3 sg
‘Kepa loves tea.’

120. enjoy dastatu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k te bero-a dasta-tzen d-u
pn - erg tea hot- sg [ abs ] enjoy- imp abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa enjoys hot tea.’

121. want nahi izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k mugikor berri bat nahi d-u
pn - erg mobile_phone new one[ abs . indef ] desire[ abs . indef ] abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge haserretu

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kepa Mirene-kin haserre-tzen da
pn [ abs ] pn - com have_a_grudge- imp abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa holds a grudge against Miren.’

123. take offence gaitzitu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

124. upset nahigabetu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren handiski nahigabe-tu d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] much upset- prf abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa greatly upset Miriam.’

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise gutxietsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren gutxies-ten d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] despise- imp abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa despises Miren.’

127. get upset penatu

Valency pattern: ABS_MOT
X: ABS
Y: MOT
Locus: Y
Kepa seme-a-rengatik pena-tu da
pn [ abs ] son- sg - mot get_upset- pfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond gogoko izan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren gogo-ko d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] mind[ sg ]- genloc abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Kepa is fond of Miren.’

130. be shy lotsatu

Valency pattern: ABS_INS
X: ABS
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Kepa bere tailu-a-z lotsa-tzen da
pn [ abs ] his height- sg - ins be_shy- ipfv abs 3 sg . prs
‘Kepa is embarrassed about his height.’