BivalTyp

‘hate’

Argument frame: X (hate) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. hates M .
Predicate label Ru: ненавидеть
Argument frame Ru: X (ненавидеть) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. ненавидит М .

Abaza [ĉə-]maʁ

Valency pattern: MAL_ABS
X: MAL
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatíma murád də-l-ĉə́-maʁ-b
pn pn 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io - mal -hate- npst . dcl
‘Fatima hates Murad.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) fe-λeʁʷə + NEG

Valency pattern: BEN_ABS
X: BEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pŝaŝe-m č̣ʼale-r fe-λeʁʷə-r-ep
girl- obl guy- abs ben -see- dyn - neg
‘The girl hates the guy.’
Note: Lit. ‘cannot see’, with the indirect object of the benefactive corresponding to the ergative agent of the base verb ‘see’.

Aghul dušman-di + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed dušman-di a
pn - dat pn enemy- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan hates Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Akhvakh (Northern) kit’aɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa musa kit’aɬ-o gudi
pn - dat pn hate- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi hates Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pat’imati-<j>o dʒiʔ.i-r-sːu marjam
pn - aff < f > like. pst - prog - neg pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Patimat doesn’t like Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) krh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām yǝkrah-a l-Maryam
pn hate. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs to- pn
‘Abraham hates Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) kərəh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad yəkrah Mḥammad
pn hate. ipfv .3 m pn
‘Ahmad hates Muhammad.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) k.r.h

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi bikrah Reem
pn hate. prs .3 m . sg pn
‘Shadi hates Reem.’

Arabic (standard) kariha

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yakrahu Maryam-a
pn - nom hate. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr hates Maryam.’

Archi mutʼuši -akːus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
paša-s marin mu-tʼu-ši d-akːu-r-ši d-i
pn - dat pn be.good- neg - advz 2-see- ipfv - advz 2-be
‘Pasha hates Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Armenian (Eastern) atel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n atum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def hate: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros hates Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ləbba ṗakkə

Valency pattern: EXT/REL_men
X: EXT/REL
Y: men
Locus: XY
ət +Ašur ləbb-u ṗkay=əl mən švav-u
rel pn heart( m )- p .3 m split(intr). prog =3 m from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur hates his neighbor.’

Avar roƛ’uq’ɬi buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_LATxun
X: GEN
Y: LATxun
Locus: XY
ʕali-l kutaka-b roƛ’uq’ɬi b-ugo aħmad-i-de χun
pn - gen strong- n hate n - cop pn - obl - lat toward
‘Ali hates Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Azerbaijani nifrət etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Rǝsul-a nifrǝt ed-ir
pn pn - dat / lat hate do- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

Bafut bǎ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à bǎ sùù
pn sm hate pn
‘Ambe hates Suh.’

Bambara kɔ́niya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye Fátù kɔ́niya
pn pfv . tr pn hate
‘Seku hates Fatu.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Ahmed az Abdullo bad wīn-t
pn el pn bad see-3 sg
‘Ahmed hates Abdullo.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

Belarusian nienavidzieć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś nienavidz-ić Alien-u
pn [ nom . sg ] hate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Ales hates Vasil.’

Budugh iciğ ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
aslan-ız rosul-ekir iciğ ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat pn - obl . part anger n .come. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

Bulgarian nenavizhdam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr nenavizhda Mihail
pn hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar hates Mihail.’

Catalan odiar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere odi-a en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) hate-3 sg . prs . ind def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere hates Marc.’

Chechen ca-AGR-ieza

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-ana Nadir ca-v-ieza
pn - dat pn . abs neg - v -love. prs
‘Islam hates Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) yànwù

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān yànwù Lǐsì
pn hate pn
‘Zhangsan hates Lisi.’

Chirag sːi b-ic’i

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i rasul sːi ic’-ib-le
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) bile ( m . sg )fill: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali hates Rasul.’

Croatian mrziti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o mrzi Miš-u
pn - nom . sg hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Pero hates Mišo.’

Czech nenávidět

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr nenávidí Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr hates Michal.’

Danish hade

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter hade-r Marie
pn hate- prs pn
‘Peter hates Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) či-B-ag-uj a-B-ič:-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPER.LAT_ABS
X: SUPER.LAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-li-j Nadir či-w-ag-uj e-jčː-aq-u
pn - obl - super ( lat ) pn ( abs ) on - m -see. pfv - subj .3 neg -( m )want. ipfv - caus - prs . hab
‘Islam hates Nadir.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ke-CL-aʔ-es / ki-CL-iʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s rasul ke-0-jʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-u
pn - obl - dat pn on - m -see. ipfv - inf neg -love. ipfv - caus - prs
‘Muhammad hates Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) avič:aχara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM
X: DATLAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petja-j Miša avič:uχ-u
pn - datlat pn neg . m .love. ipf - evt
‘Petja hates Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal deni-l-i ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy neighbor- obl - dat angry- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is angry with his friend.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) če-b-až-iz ʡaˤ-bičː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
uršːi-z unra če-w-až-iz ʡaˤ-jkː-ule=saj
boy- dat neighbor on - m -see. pfv - inf neg -( m )say- prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy hates his neighbor.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) če-b-ag-i ʡaˤ-b-ičː-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
durħaˤ-j zumra če-r-ag-i=ra ʡaˤ-r-ikː-u
boy- dat neighbor on - f -see. pfv - inf = add neg - f -like- hab . prs 3
‘The boy hates his neighbor.’

Dutch haten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet haat Marie
pn ( c ) hate.3 sg pn ( c )
‘Piet hates Marie.’

Enets (Forest) nɛseza

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
vasʲa kasa-jʔ nɛseza
pn man- nom . sg .1 sg hate( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘Vasja hates my friend’.

English hate

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter hates Mary.

Estonian vihkama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vihka-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom hate- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter hates Maret.’

Finnish vihata

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka viha-a Matti-a
pn . nom hate- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka hates Matti’

French detester

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul deteste Marie
pn ( m ) hate. prs .3 sg pn ( f )
‘Paul hates Marie.’

Gascon a en hasti

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a Maria l’=a en hasti
pn to pn she. acc =have. prs .3 sg in hatred
‘Pau hates Maria.’

Gban yȁ̰ lȅ … wɔ̰̋ő

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mɔ̰̈bì ‶ yȁ̰=lȅ Zá̰ wɔ̰̋ő
pn 3 sg ipfv \be_brave= loc 2 pn eye:in
‘Zan hates Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Georgian s-ʒul-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø s-ʒul-s
pn - dat pn - nom io 3-hate- s 3 sg
‘Petre hates Masho.’

German hassen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hass-t Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] hate- prs .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl hates Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) sone

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas sone et Menaχem
pn hate[ ptcp . sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas hates Menachem.’

Hindi nafrat karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se nafrat kar-t-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl hatred( f ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek hates Mohan.’

Indonesian (standard) mem-benci

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Asep mem-benci Ade
pn act -hate pn
‘Asep hates Ade.’

Irish bí gráin

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Tá an ghráin aige Pól air Mháire.
be. prs def hatred at pn on pn
‘Pól hates Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian odiare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo odi-a Maria
pn ( m ) hate-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo hates Maria.’

Karata riχanɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕalja aħmat’ riχ-anχwa idja
pn . dat pn be_despicable- pf . cv cop
‘Ali hates Ahmat.’

Kazakh žek kör

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï žek kör-edi
pn pn - acc hate- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya hates Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) λǝkǝŋ εtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ λǝkǝŋ εt-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss . sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg evil- attr go_out- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja hates Vasja.’

Khoekhoe ǃhui

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǃhui hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl hate pfv
‘Peter hates Maria.’

Khwarshi j/aca

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
šamile-l aca-na maduʁal
pn ( i )- dat [ i ]hate- pst . u neighbor( i )
‘Shamil hates his neighbor.’

Komi-Permyak NEG + адззыны синнас

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя син-на-с о-з адззы Маша-сӧ
pn глаз- ins - p .3 neg . prs -3 видеть pn - acc . p .3
‘Петя ненавидит Машу.’

Komi-Zyrian muste̮mtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a muste̮mt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn hate- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja hates Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) wɛ́li hwó

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Yɔ̀uyɔu wɛ́li hwó Kɔ̀lukɔlu ɓà
pn love neg . cop pn on1
‘Kolukolu hates Youyou.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) zehle ğabç'ic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
terlan-iz rasul-kar zehle ğarç'ar-yu
pn - dat pn - part hate( f ) go_up. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan hates Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) nixhvrat aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-iz nixhvrat i-ro
pn - erg pn - dat hate( f ) do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) nifrat yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is nifrat yi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat hate( n ) n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

Kumyk görüp bolmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat rasul-nu gör-üp bol-ma-j
pn pn - acc see- cvb be- neg -3 sg
‘Muhammad hates Rasul.’

Kurdish (Sorani) r̂ig bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa r̂iq=î le Ferhad-e
pn hatred=3 sg . pc from pn -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa hates Farhad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) nefret kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê nefret di-k-e
man from woman- obl . f hate prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man hates the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n kːa<w>kː-un qːa-čːi-sːa-r Rasul
pn - obl - dat <1>see- cvb . pfv neg -want- attr - prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad hates Rasul.’

Latin odi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
quis autem est, qui Tarquini-um Superb-um non od-eri-t
who. nom . sg indeed be. prs . ind . act .3 sg which. nom . sg pn ( m )- acc . sg proud- acc . sg . m not hate- fut 2. ind - act .3 sg
‘But who is it who does not hate Tarquin the Proud?’
Note: (Cic, de Amicitia, 28)

Laz o-ǯog-am-a

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø go-n-ǯog-am-s
pn - dat pn - nom prv - io 3-hate- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim hates Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) ttakkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sahib-a-z Eldar tta-kkan-zva
pn - obl - dat pn neg -love- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib hates Eldar.’

Macedonian mrazi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja mrazi Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar hates Maja.’

Maltese bagħad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni jobgħod lil Mark
pn hate. ipf . m .3 sg to pn
‘Ġwanni hates Mark.’
Note: The preposition “lil” is not obligatory with this verb. This is an example of the DOM system.

Maninka (Eastern) kɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fántà kɔ́n.
pn prf pn prohibit
‘Seku detests Fanta.’

Mano kɛ̄

Valency pattern: ge_SBJ
X: ge
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ē kɛ̄ ŋ̄ gé
3 sg . pst be 1 sg pstp stomach
‘I hated him.’

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb ebal le-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Islam-is eba-l=gʷa Nadir
pn - dat boring- attr = ptcl pn
‘Islam hates Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian va-Ø-(a)-ʒir-u-ap-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø va-Ø-(a)-ʒir-u-ap-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom neg - io 3-( pot )-see- r . ext - aug - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo hates Anuchia.’

Nanai čiurisi

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi čiuri.si-ni
pn pn - ins be_dismayed. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hates Masha.’

Nivkh raɣraɣd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + raɣraɣ-d
pn pn + hate- ind
‘Kaskazik hates Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å hate

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per hate-r Ola
pn hate- prs pn
‘Per hates Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) dʒibba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n tolaa ni dʒibb-a
pn - nom pn . abs foc hate-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa hates Tola.’

Persian motanaffer būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM
X: NOM
Y: azNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad az mariam motanaffer-ast
pn from pn disgusted- cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad hates Mariam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Polish nienawidzić

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Feliks nienawidzi Ann-y
pn [ nom . sg ] hate: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - gen . sg
‘Feliks hates Anna.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) odiar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro odei-a Miguel
pn ( m ) hate-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) ći navidil

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ći navidi-l la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg neg love- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša hates Marijka.’
Note: This verb can only be used with negation.

Romanian a urî

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru о urăște pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant hate. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru hates Maria.’

Russian nenavidetʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja nenavid-it Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg hate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja hates Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) ulis ʁagur hɨgardiš

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s ramazan ul-i-s ʁagu-r hɨga-r-diš
pn - obl - dat pn ( nom ) eye- obl - dat 1.see. pfv - cvb 4.want. ipfv - cvb - neg
‘Rasul hates Ramazan.’

Rutul (Mukhad) k'vaˤč'e jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s q'urban k'vaˤč'-e jiʔi
pn - obl - dat pn hated- predic m . cop
‘Murad hates Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mırad-ıs xatun ğargvas-na-kal diş
pn - dat pn f .see. inf - adv -like neg . cop
‘Murad hates Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shin-Borch) ğagur çıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
solmaz-ı-s ehmed ğagu-r yıga-ş
pn - obl - dat pn ( m )see. pf - seq m .want. ipf - neg
‘Solmaz hates Ehmed.’

Rutul (Shinaz) k'vač' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs k'vač' ij karam
pn - dat hated cop pn
‘Basir hates Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Saami (Skolt) vââjšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vââjaš Määrʹj
pn . sg . nom hate. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete hates Maria’

Sagada ukad-a beta + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er ukad-a et-ix-aƚ maħama
pn - dat ( i )see- inf ( i )-want- neg . prs pn
‘Patimat hates Muhhamad.’

Serbian mrzeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar mrzi Marij-u
pn . nom . sg hate. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar hates Maria.’

Shughni bad vidow

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM.NO.CL
X: DAT
Y: NOM.NO.CL
Locus: X
Šamil-ard Azim dis=ga bad
pn - dat pn such=more bad
‘Shamil hates Azim.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb ‘to be’ is non-overt.

Slovak nenávidieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter nenávidí Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter hates Marek.’

Slovenian sovražiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter sovraži An-o
pn [ nom . sg ] hate: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Peter hates Ana.’

Spanish odiar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro odi-a a María
pn [ sg . m ] hate- prs .3 sg dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro hates Maria.’

Svan x-ä-sisg (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s gegi-Ø x-ä-sisg
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -hate
‘Maizer hates Gegi.’

Swedish att hata

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hata-r Maja
pn hate- prs pn
‘Björn hates Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z maˁhaˁmad da-kːun-ǯi=vu
pn - dat pn ( abs ) neg -love- conv = cop ( prs )
‘Fatima hates Mahamad.’

Tagalog magalit

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-ga~galit si Pedro kay Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu dvēṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni dvēṣistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc hate. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hates Mahesh.’

Tsakhur zaˁhlayna ark’ıniy

Valency pattern: POSS_SUPEREL
X: POSS
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-na rasul-u-le zaˁhla-y-na aˁlhaaˁ
pn - a pn - obl - superel hate( a )- obl - h go. ipf
‘Murad hates Rasul.’

Tswana tlhoa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ba-tho bao ba-re-tlho-il-e
pl -person(2) cl2. dem s i :cl2-o i :1 pl -hate- prf - fv
‘Those people hate us.’

Turkish nefret etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-dan nefret ed-ıyor
pn pn - abl hatred make- prs
‘Mehmet hates Orhan.’

Turoyo mʕanət

Valency pattern: SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-mʕanət me Maryam
pn prs -hate. ipfv .3 m from pn
‘Gabriyel hates Maryam.’

Twi tan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi tan nana
pn hate. prs grandfather
‘Kofi hates grandfather.’

Udi ak'sun çureśes + NEG

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Vik't'or-en Valt'er-a ak'-sun te=ne çur-e-sa
pn - erg pn - dat see- msd neg =3 sg want- lv - prs
‘Viktor hates Valter.’

Udmurt adʒ́em-POSS ug poti̮

Valency pattern: GEN_ACC
X: GEN
Y: ACC
Locus: X
Pet'a-len Mašajez adʒ́-jem-jez ug poti̮
pn - gen pn - acc see- ptcp . pfv - poss .3 sg neg . prs .3 want. cng
‘Petja hates Masha.’ (Lit. ‘Petja doesn’t want to see Masha’)
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

Ukrainian nenavydity

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o nenavyd-yt’ Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg hate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro hates Mariya.’

Ulcha gosi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama mə̄n ag-bi gos-i-ni
father self elder_brother- refl . sg hate- prs -3 sg
‘Father hates his elder brother.’

Uzbek nafrat qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-dan nafrat qil-a-di
pn pn - abl hatred do- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja hates Maša.’

Wolof bañ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dafa ma bañ
f oc v .s i :3 sg o i :1 sg hate
‘He hates me.’

Yukaghir (Northern) suŋulič=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ suŋulǝč-lˈǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff hate- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien hates Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ikrah-a mɨ ɛj=ra jɛ-n-a
hatred- ez . f 1 sg . obl 3 sg . m . obl =from come. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘I hate him.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.