BivalTyp

Khoekhoe

Contributed by Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (Google scholar profile) and Sylvanus Job (ResearchGate profile)

A.WM.'s photo S.J.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023 from Dorothea Tases and Roswitha Gases. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena and Sylvanus Job. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Khoekhoe. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 23, 2024; last revised on November 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tsû

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sara-s dana-s ge ra tsû
pn -3 f . sg head-3 f . sg decl ipfv ache
‘Sara has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ūhâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge ǁkhai-s-a ūhâ
pn -3 f . sg decl fever-3 f . sg - obl have
‘Sara has the flu.’

3. be afraid ǃao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge ari-b-a ra ǃao
pn -3 f . sg decl dog-3 m . sg - obl ipfv fear
‘Sara is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw ǂnoa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge ǂguro ǀui-s-a go ǂnoa
pn -3 f . sg decl first rock-3 f . sg - obl rpst throw_at
‘Sara threw a stone first.’

5. have enough ūhâ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sara-s ge nēsisa ǂâusa mari-i-a ūhâ
pn -3 f . sg decl now enough money-3 c . sg - obl have
‘Now Sara has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble ī

Valency pattern: SBJ_khami
X: SBJ
Y: khami
Locus: Y
Sara-s ge ouma-s khami ī
pn -3 f . sg decl grandmother-3 f . sg like look
‘Sara resembles her grandmother.’
Note: “khami” is a postposition.

7. believe ǂgom

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge Maria-s-a ra ǂgom
pn -3 f . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv believe
‘Sara believes Maria.’

8. take ū

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge tā-b-a xu ǂkhani-s-a go ū
pn -3 f . sg decl shelf-3 m . sg - obl from book-3 f . sg - obl rpst take
‘Sara took a book from the shelf.’

9. see mû

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge om-s-a ra mû
pn -3 f . sg decl house-3 f . sg - obl ipfv see
‘Sara sees a house.’

10. influence tsâǀkha

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
kuri-n ge ǂâi-s-a ra tsâǀkha
year-3 c . pl decl memory-3 f . sg - obl ipfv touch
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter mû

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge ǂâiǂamoǃnâse Maria-s-a go mû
pn -3 f . sg decl accidentally pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst see
‘Sara accidentally encountered Maria.’

12. enter ǂgâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_!na
X: SBJ
Y: !na
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge om-s ǃnâ go ǂgâ
pn -3 m . sg decl house-3 f . sg in rpst enter
‘Peter entered the house.’

13. win dan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go dan
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst win
‘Peter beat Maria.’

14. go out ǂoa

Valency pattern: SBJ_xu
X: SBJ
Y: xu
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge om-s-a xu go ǂoa
pn -3 m . sg decl house-3 f . sg - obl from rpst leave
‘Peter went out of the house.’

15. drive hîkhao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge goma-s-a ra hîkhao
pn -3 m . sg decl cow-3 f . sg - obl ipfv drive_animals
‘Peter is driving the cow.’

16. bend gama kai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁnâu-b-a go gama kai
pn -3 m . sg decl branch- obl rpst crooked make
‘Peter bent the branch.’

17. tell mîba

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ge mîba
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl pst tell
‘Peter told Maria.’

18. hold hâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǂkhani-s-a ǃkhō hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl book-3 f . sg - obl hold pfv
‘Peter is holding a book.’

19. catch up sīǃnâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ge sīǃnâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl pst catch_up
‘Peter caught up with Maria’

20. milk ǀao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge goma-s-a go ǀao
pn -3 m . sg decl cow-3 f . sg - obl rpst milk
‘Peter milked the cow.’

21. reach sī

Valency pattern: SBJ_ai
X: SBJ
Y: ai
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǀnom-i ai go sī
pn -3 m . sg decl bank-3 m . sg on rpst come
‘Peter reached the bank.’

22. touch tsâǀkhā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǂnuwiǂgoa-b-a go tsâǀkhā
pn -3 m . sg decl wall-3 m . sg - obl rpst touch
‘Peter touched the wall.’

23. fight ǃkham

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǀkha ra ǃkham
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg with ipfv fight
‘Peter is fighting with Maria.’

24. be friends ǀhōgu

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǀkha ǀhōgu hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg with be_friends pfv
‘Peter is friends with Maria.’

25. think ǂâi

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s xa ra ǂâi
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg by ipfv think
‘Peter is thinking about Maria.’

26. eat ǂû

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge apel-s-a ge ǂû
pn -3 m . sg decl apple-3 f . sg - obl pst eat
‘Peter ate an apple.’

27. fry sâi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁau-b-a ge am
pn -3 m . sg decl fish-3 m . sg - obl pst fry
‘Peter fried the fish.’

28. wait ǃâu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǃâu hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl wait pfv
‘Peter is waiting for Maria’

29. forget ǀuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge nau dao-b-a ge ǀuru
pn -3 m . sg decl dist . contr road-3 m . sg - obl pst forget
‘Peter forgot about the other road.’

30. depend mûmâinǃgâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ai
X: SBJ
Y: ai
Locus: Y
ǂâi-s ge kuri-n ai mûmâinǃgâ hâ
memory-3 f . sg decl year-3 c . pl on depend pfv
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call ǂgai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge go Maria-s-a ǂgai
pn -3 m . sg decl rpst pn -3 f . sg - obl call
‘Peter called Maria.’

32. get to know ǂan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǁari go ǂan
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl yesterday rpst know
‘Peter got to know Maria yesterday.’

33. know ǂan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a a ǂan
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl aux know
‘Peter knows Maria.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

34. play (instrument) ǀhuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge gitar-s-a ra ǀhuru
pn -3 m . sg decl guitar-3 f . sg - obl ipfv play
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ǂgō-sen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ra ǂgō-sen
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv hide_behind- refl
‘Peter avoids Maria.’

36. make kuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge duruǃnui-s-a go kuru
pn -3 m . sg decl mousetrap-3 f . sg - obl rpst make
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun ǂoeǂoe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ra ǂoeǂoe
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv tease
‘Peter is making fun of Maria.’

38. have ūhâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge donki-b-a ūhâ
pn -3 m . sg decl donkey-3 m . sg - obl have
‘Peter has a donkey.’

39. look for ôa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di ǁkhowaam-gu-a ra ôa
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss key-3 m . pl - obl ipfv look_for
‘Peter is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ǂkhau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁgâuǂnami-b-a ra ǂkhau
pn -3 m . sg decl fence-3 m . sg - obl ipfv paint
‘Peter painted the fence.’

41. bite nâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
ari-b ge Petru-b-a go nâ
dog-3 m . sg decl pn -3 m . sg - obl rpst bite
‘A dog bit Peter.’

42. forfeit ǂoaǃnâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b om-s-a go ǂoaǃnâ
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg house-3 f . sg - obl rpst lose
‘Peter lost his house.’

43. try to catch ǃkhō tsâ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petru-b ge ǀhôa-s-a ra ǃkhō tsâ
pn -3 m . sg decl cat-3 f . sg - obl ipfv catch try
‘Peter is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

44. break khôa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge hai-b-a go khôa
pn -3 m . sg decl stick-3 m . sg - obl rpst break
‘Peter broke a stick.’

45. flatter koa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ra koa
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv flatter
‘Peter is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a a ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl aux love
‘Peter loves Maria.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

47. wave ǁhawu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀomanaiǃkhai-b-a ra ǁhawu
pn -3 m . sg decl handkerchief-3 m . sg - obl ipfv wave
‘Peter is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ǁhawo

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǀasa audo-s xa ra ǁhawo
pn -3 m . sg decl new car-3 f . sg by ipfv dream
‘Peter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash ǁā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀowa-s-a go ǁā
pn -3 m . sg decl cup-3 f . sg - obl rpst wash
‘Peter washed the cup.’

50. put on ana

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b purukhoe-b-a ra ana
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg trousers-3 m . sg - obl ipfv put_on
‘Peter put on his trousers.’

51. be called ǂgai-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_ti
X: SBJ
Y: ti
Locus: Y
nē ǁgaba-s ge kompas ti ra ǂgai-he
prox tool-3 f . sg decl compass quot ipfv call- pass
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish ǁkhara

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b ǀgôa-b-a go ǁkhara
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg son-3 m . sg - obl rpst punish
‘Peter punished his son.’

53. attack ǁnāǂam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
ǀao-b ge ǁauǃkhōao-b-a go ǁnāǂam
snake-3 m . sg decl fisherman-3 m . sg - obl rpst attack
‘A snake attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ǀoa

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
emer-s ge ǁgam-i xa go ǀoa
bucket-3 f . sg decl water-3 c . sg by rpst fill
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find hō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b ǁkhowaam-gu-a go hō
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg key-3 m . pl - obl rpst find
‘Peter found his keys.’

56. be short ǃnuwu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀgui euro-b-a ra ǃnuwu
pn -3 m . sg decl one euro-3 m . sg - obl prog be_short_of
‘Peter is one euro short.’

57. hate ǃhui

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǃhui hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl hate pfv
‘Peter hates Maria.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

58. like ǃgâi-ba-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge nē hem-s xa a ǃgâi-ba-he
pn -3 m . sg decl this shirt-3 f . sg by aux be_good- appl - pass
‘Peter likes this shirt.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

59. need ǂhâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge mari-i-a ǂhâ hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl money-3 c . sg - obl be_in_need pfv
‘Peter needs money.’

60. surround ǂnami

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
ǂnuwiǂgoa-gu ge ǃā-s-a ǂnami hâ
wall-3 m . pl decl town-3 f . sg - obl surround pfv
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ǃgau-ba-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge dīsi euro-gu xa ǃgau-ba-he hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl 10 euro-3 m . pl by leave- appl - pass pfv
‘Peter has 10 euros left.’

62. answer ǃeream

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁgauǃnâao-s-a go ǃeream
pn -3 m . sg decl teacher-3 f . sg - obl rpst answer
‘Peter answered the teacher.’

63. open ǁkhowaam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge dō-b-a go ǁkhowaam
pn -3 m . sg decl can-3 m . sg - obl rpst open
‘Peter opened a can.’

64. be different ǀkhara

Valency pattern: SBJ_xu
X: SBJ
Y: xu
Locus: Y
ti hem-s ge sa-s-a xu a ǀkhara
1 sg . poss shirt-3 f . sg decl 2 sg . poss -3 f . sg - obl from cop other
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ǁnā

Valency pattern: SBJ_!gab.ai
X: SBJ
Y: !gab.ai
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǃgâb_ai ge ǁnā
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg behind pst fall
‘Peter fell behind Maria.’

66. plough ǃhūǃgao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǃhana-b-a ra ǃhūǃgao
pn -3 m . sg decl field-3 m . sg - obl ipfv plough
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell ham

Valency pattern: SBJ_khami
X: SBJ
Y: khami
Locus: Y
ti ǃom-di ge petrol-i khami ra ham
1 sg . poss hand-3 f . pl decl petrol-3 c . sg like ipfv smell
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross ǃgâu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge dao-b-a ge ǃgâu
pn -3 m . sg decl road-3 m . sg - obl pst cross
‘Peter crossed the road.’

69. sing ǁnae

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge îxa am-s-a ge ǁnae
pn -3 m . sg decl beautiful song-3 f . sg - obl pst sing
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write xoa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge sîǂkhani-s-a ge xoa
pn -3 m . sg decl letter-3 f . sg - obl pst write
‘Peter wrote a letter.’

71. drink ā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge dai-i-a ge ā
pn -3 m . sg decl milk-3 c . sg - obl pst drink
‘Peter drank the milk.’

72. melt tsunitsuni

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀhaiǀuri-b-a ge tsunitsuni
pn -3 m . sg decl lead-3 m . sg - obl pst melt
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ǀgau

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
nē band-s ge ti rokhoe-s ǀkha ra ǀgau
this band-3 f . sg decl 1 sg . poss dress-3 f . sg with ipfv match
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ǁnāxū

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di ǃnae ǃā-s-a ge ǁnāxū
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss birth town-3 f . sg - obl pst leave
‘Peter left his native city.’

75. cover ǃgūai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
mat-s ge hoa ǂaiǂgawa-b-a ra ǃgūai
mat-3 f . sg decl all floor-3 m . sg - obl ipfv cover
‘The mat covers the whole floor.’

76. remember ǂâihō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge om-s-a ǃamkuse ra ǂâihō
pn -3 m . sg decl house-3 f . sg - obl properly ipfv remember
‘Peter remembers the house well.’

77. help hui

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ge hui
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl pst help
‘Peter helped Maria.’

78. understand (language) ǁnâuǃā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Herero-b-a ra ǁnâuǃā
pn -3 m . sg decl h erero-3 m . sg - obl ipfv understand
‘Peter understands Herero.’

79. hit (target) ǂnau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
nawa-b ge om-s-a go ǂnau
lightning-3 m . sg decl house-3 f . sg - obl rpst hit
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself ǃgao-sen

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǂkhomgôa-s ǀkha go ǃgao-sen
pn -3 m . sg decl razor-3 f . sg with rpst cut- refl
‘Peter cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck ǁhaumâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ai
X: SBJ
Y: ai
Locus: Y
xla-s ge tā-b ai go ǁhaumâ
glass-3 f . sg decl table-3 m . sg on rpst get_stuck_upright
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) ǂnai

Valency pattern: SBJ_!oagu
X: SBJ
Y: !oagu
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǃoagu go ǂnai
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg opposite rpst lose
‘Peter lost to Maria.’

83. be glad ǃgâiaǂgao

Valency pattern: SBJ_!aroma
X: SBJ
Y: !aroma
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge sîǂkhani-s ǃaroma ra ǃgâiaǂgao
pn -3 m . sg decl letter-3 f . sg because_of ipfv be_happy
‘Peter is glad about the letter.’

84. speak ǃhoa

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǀkha ra ǃhoa
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg with ipfv speak
‘Peter is speaking with Maria’

85. give birth ǁora

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maria-s ge aore axa-b-a go ǁora
pn -3 f . sg decl male boy-3 m . sg - obl rpst give_birth_to
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ǃgau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge xlā-s-a go ǃgau
pn -3 m . sg decl glass-3 f . sg - obl rpst drop
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

87. govern ǂgaeǂgui

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge sida ǃā-s-a ra ǂgaeǂgui
pn -3 m . sg decl 1 excl . c . pl town-3 f . sg - obl ipfv lead
‘Peter runs our town.’

88. miss ǁkhore

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go ǁkhore
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst miss
‘Peter misses Maria.’

89. follow sao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ra sao
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv follow
‘Peter follows Maria’

90. dismount ǁgôaxa

Valency pattern: SBJ_xu
X: SBJ
Y: xu
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge hā-b-a xu go ǁgôaxa
pn -3 m . sg decl horse-3 m . sg - obl from rpst come_down
‘Peter got down from the horse.’

91. listen ǃgâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǂhôaǂgare-s-a ra ǃgâ
pn -3 m . sg decl radio-3 f . sg - obl ipfv listen
‘Peter is listening to radio.’

92. obey ǁnâuǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge hoaǁae ǁî-b mama-s-a ra ǁnâuǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl always 3-3 m . sg mother-3 f . sg - obl ipfv obey
‘Peter always obeys his mother.’

93. hear ǁnâu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀō-i-a ra ǁnâu
pn -3 m . sg decl sound-3 c . sg - obl ipfv hear
‘Peter hears some sounds.’

94. mix hawa-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
dani-i ge dai-i ǀkha go hawa-he
honey-3 c . sg decl milk-3 c . sg with rpst mix- pass
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look kō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǃâu-di-a ra kō
pn -3 m . sg decl cloud-3 f . pl - obl ipfv look
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ǁhû

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di hem-s-a ge ǁhû
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss shirt-3 f . sg - obl decl take_off
‘Peter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ǁhapo

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s xa ra ǁhapo
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg by ipfv dream
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’

98. agree ǃkhōam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ge ǃkhōam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl pst agree
‘Peter agreed with Maria.’

99. have a quarrel ǂkhawa

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǀkha ge ǂkhawa
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg with pst quarrel
‘Peter had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost ǂgan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
nē ǁhoe-s ge ǀgui euro-b-a ra ǂgan
t his cup-3 f . sg decl one euro-3 m . sg - obl ipfv cost
‘This cup costs one euro.’

101. shoot at ǂnoa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ani-s-a go ǂnoa
pn -3 m . sg decl bird-3 f . sg - obl rpst shoot
‘Peter shot at the bird.’

102. pour tsoro

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge dai-i-a go tsoro
pn -3 m . sg decl milk-3 c . sg . obl rpst pour
‘Peter poured the milk.’

103. lose gāxū-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǁî-b ǁkhowaam-gu xa go kāxū-he
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg key-3 m . pl by rpst get_lost_on- pass
‘Peter lost his keys.’

104. sink tsōǂgâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_!na
X: SBJ
Y: !na
Locus: Y
haiǃgao-b ge ǁgam-i ǃnâ ge tsōǂgâ
log-3 m . sg decl water-3 c . sg in decl sink
‘The log sank in the water. ’

105. kill ǃgam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ge ǃgam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl pst kill
‘Peter killed Maria.’

106. hit ǂnau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go ǂnau
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst hit
‘Peter hit Maria.’

107. kiss ǁoa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go ǁoa
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst kiss
‘Peter kissed Maria.’

108. read khomai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge gaxu ǂkhani-s-a ge khomai
pn -3 m . sg decl long book-3 f . sg - obl pst read
‘Peter read a long book.’

109. move (bodypart) gongon

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b ǀkhunu-b-a go gongon
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg finger-3 m . sg - obl rpst move
‘Peter moved his finger.’

110. respect ǃgôa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǃgôa hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl respect pfv
‘Peter respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish sauaǃnâxa

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǀurixa xawa-n xa a sauaǃnâxa
pn -3 m . sg decl dirty dish-3 c . pl by aux squeamish
‘Peter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

112. be content ǂkhîǂâixa

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di ǀgôa-b ǀkha a ǂkhîǂâixa
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss son-3 m . sg with aux be_content
‘Peter is content with his son.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

113. fall in love ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a kerkhe-b ǃnâ ǁari go mû tsî ǁnātimîsi ǁî-s-a go ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg . obl church-3 m . sg in yesterday rpst see and immediately 3-3 f . sg - obl rpst love
‘Peter saw Maria in the church yesterday and immediately fell in love with her.’

114. trust ǂgomǃgâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǂgomǃgâ hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl trust pfv
‘Peter trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise tsâbaǁhao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge mamasa-s-a ra tsâbaǁhao
pn -3 m . sg decl mother-3 f . sg - obl ipfv sympathise
‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy suri

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ra suri
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl ipfv envy
‘Peter envies Maria.’

117. be angry ǁaixa

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǀkha ǁaixa hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl with be_angry pfv
‘Peter is angry with Maria.’

118. be surprised buru

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge nē ǀkhaexū-i xa ge buru
pn -3 m . sg decl this gift-3 c . sg by pst be_surprised
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge dai-i-a a ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl milk-3 c . sg - obl aux love
‘Peter loves milk.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

120. enjoy ǃgâi-ba-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǀgamsa tē-i xa a ǃgâi-ba-he
pn -3 m . sg decl hot tea-3 c . sg by aux be_good- appl - pass
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

121. want ǂhâba

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀasa ǁâǁawa-b-a ǂhâba hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl new telephone-3 m . sg - obl need pfv
‘Peter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge sunu-b-a ūhâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_!oagu
X: SBJ
Y: !oagu
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǃoagu sunu-b-a ūhâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg opposite grudge-3 m . sg - obl have
‘Peter has a grudge against Maria.’

123. take offence mîǁam-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s xa ge mîǁam-he
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg by pst offend- pass
‘Peter took offence at Maria.’

124. upset ǁaixa kai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge buruxase Maria-s-a ge ǁaixa kai
pn -3 m . sg decl amazingly pn -3 f . sg - obl pst upset cause
‘Peter greatly upset Maria.’

125. marvel buruǂgâ kai-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge nē ǃā-s xa go buruǂgâ kai-he
pn -3 m . sg decl this town-3 f . sg by rpst be_astonished cause- pass
‘Peter was struck by this town.’

126. despise ǃharaxū

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǃharaxū hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl despise pfv
‘Peter despises Maria.’

127. get upset ǀara

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di ǀgôa-b ǀkha go ǀara
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss son-3 m . sg with rpst be_dissatisfied
‘Peter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ǀhū kai-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di ǀgôa-s xa ra ǀhū kai-he
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss daughter-3 f . sg by ipfv be_irritated cause- pass
‘Peter is getting irritated with his daughter. ’

129. be fond ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a a ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl aux love
‘Peter is fond of Maria.’

130. be shy tao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b gaxusi-b-a ra tao
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg tallness-3 m . sg - obl ipfv be_embarrassed
‘Peter is embarrassed about his height.’