BivalTyp

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‘have a grudge’

Argument frame:

X (have a grudge) against Y

Stimulus sentence:

(Why doesn’t P. speak with M.?) P. has a grudge against M .

Predicate label Ru:

сердиться

Argument frame Ru:

X (сердиться) на Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(Почему П. не разговаривает с М.?) П. сердится на М .

Abaza [z-]gʷəẑḳə

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN

X: ABS

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

á-č’ḳʷən	j-aš’á	d-jə-z-gʷə́ẑḳ-əj-ṭ
def -boy	def -brother	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . m . io - ben -be_angry- prs - dcl
‘The boy is angry with his brother.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) fe-gʷəbžə.ʁe

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN

X: ABS

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

pŝaŝe-r	č̣ʼale-m	fe-gʷəbžə-ʁ
girl- abs	guy- obl	ben -be_angry- res
‘The girl holds a grudge against the guy.’

Aghul qel ke-

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: SUBCONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

aslan.a-s	meʜemed.i-k-as	qel	ke-a
pn - dat	pn - sub / cont - elat	resentment	{ sub / cont }be- prs
‘Aslan has a grudge against Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	ssimi	b-eq’-o	gudi	musa-ge
pn	anger	n -come- seq . m	m . cop	pn - loc
‘Patahi holds a grudge against Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) <j>-iχ.onn-ij

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

pat’imati	j-iχ.onn-ij	marjam-ʔa
pn [ f ][ nom ]	f -be_offended. pst - pf	pn - super
‘Patimat is cross with Mariam.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) kān ṯqīl

Valency pattern: EXT_3ala

X: EXT

Y: 3ala

Locus: XY

Abrahām	qalb-u	ṯqīl	ˁala-Maryam
pn	heart- poss .3 ms	heavy	on- pn
‘Abraham has a grudge against Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Arabic (Northern Syrian) zaʕlān + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	zaʕlān	mən	Mḥammad
pn	angry( m )	from	pn
‘Ahmad has a grudge against Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.q.d

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ḥāqed	ʿala	Reem
pn	grudge. ptcp .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Shadi has a grudge on Reem.’

Arabic (standard) zaʕila

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yazʕalu	ʕalā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	be_angry. ipf .3 m	on	pn - gen
‘Badr holds a grudge against Maryam.’

Archi qʼˁaras

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

paša	qʼˁara-r-ši	w-i	marin-ni-tːi-k
pn	be.angry- ipfv - advz	1-be	pn - obl - sup - lat
‘Pasha holds a grudge against Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Armenian (Eastern) barkanal

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra

X: NOM

Y: DATvra

Locus: Y

Petros-ə	barkac’ac	ē	Mher-i	vra
pn [ nom ]- def	be_angry: res . part	cop : prs :3 sg	pn - dat	on
‘Petros holds a grudge against Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic carəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_al

X: SBJ

Y: al

Locus: Y

+Ašur	bəcrab=əl	+al	baxt-u
pn	be_angry. prog =3 m	on	woman( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur has a grudge against his wife.’

Avar ccin baqine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC

X: GEN

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	ccin	b-aq-un	b-ugo	aħmad-i-da
pn - gen	anger	n -rise- seq	n - cop	pn - obl - loc
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Azerbaijani acıqlı-COP

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-dan	acıqlı-dır
pn	pn - abl	angry- cop 3
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bafut bíʔî … múm ntᵼ́ᵼ́ jì

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	bíʔî-nᵼ̀	sùù	múm	ntᵼ́ᵼ́	jì
pn	sm	carry- ipfv	pn	inside	heart	his
‘Ambe is angry with Suh.’

Bambara *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Belarusian sierdavać

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Alieś	siardu-je	na	Alien-u
pn [ nom . sg ]	get_angry( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Ales holds a grudge against Alena.’

Budugh iciğlu yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-ekir	iciğlu	vi
pn	pn - obl . part	angry	cop
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian sărdya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	sărdi	na	Maria
pn	refl	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’

Catalan estar enfadat

Valency pattern: SBJ_amb

X: SBJ

Y: amb

Locus: Y

en	Pere	està	enfadat	amb	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	be.3 sg . prs . ind	angry( m )	with	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere has a grudge against Marc.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chechen oeghaz-AGR-axa

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ana	oeghaz-v-ax-na
pn . abs	pn - dat	angry- v -go- prf
‘Islam is angry with Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) yǒu jīyuàn

Valency pattern: SBJ_he

X: SBJ

Y: he

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	hé	Lǐsì	yǒu	jīyuàn
pn	with	pn	have	grudge
‘Zhangsan has grudge against Lisi.’

Chirag q’uc’-le

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

ʡa̰le	rasul-l-i	q’uc’-le
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - super	angry- adv . prs .3
‘Ali has a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Croatian ljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	ljuti	na	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	anger( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero holds a grudge against Mišo.’

Czech naštvanej + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr	je	naštvanej	na	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	upset	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr holds a grudge against Michal.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Danish have nag

Valency pattern: SBJ_til

X: SBJ

Y: til

Locus: Y

Peter	ha-r	nag	til	Marie
pn	have- prs	grudge( n ). sg	to	pn
‘Peter has a grudge against Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) ʕaˤsi-li ca-B

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ri-j	ʕaˤsi-li=ca-w
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - super ( lat )	angry- adv = cop - m
‘Islam holds a grudge against Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Non-trivial citation form.

Dargwa (Kadar) CL-irq'-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

meħamad	him-r-a-ni	0-irq'-u-le	ʡaˤšura-ke
pn	anger- pl - obl . pl - erg	m -do. ipfv - prs - cvb	pn - super
‘Muhammad holds a grudge against Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) ʕaˁsidex vihara

Valency pattern: GEN_DATLAT

X: GEN

Y: DATLAT

Locus: XY

Petja-la	Maša-j	ʕaˁsidex	bi
pn - gen	pn - datlat	grudge	exst . n
‘Petja holds a grudge against Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

gal	juldaš-l-i	ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy	friend- obl - dat	angry- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy holds a grudge against his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) ʡaˤsi b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	ʡaˤsi	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	disappointment	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy holds a grudge against his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) q'uc'-le + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	zumra-ge	q'uc'-le=caj
boy	neighbor- super ( lat )	angry- adv - cop : m (3)
‘The boy holds a grudge against his neighbor.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch boos zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_op

X: SBJ

Y: op

Locus: Y

Piet	is	boos	op	Marie
pn ( c )	cop .3 sg	angry	on	pn ( c )
‘Piet is angry with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Enets (Forest) barzir

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	vasʲa-xa-da	barziŋa
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	pn - dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg	be_angry( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is angry with Vasja’.

English have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJ_against

X: SBJ

Y: against

Locus: Y

Peter	has	a	grudge	against	Mary.

Estonian pidama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvastu

X: NOM

Y: GENvastu

Locus: Y

Peeter	pea-b	Mareti	vastu	viha
pn . sg . nom	hold- prs .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	against	grudge. sg . part
‘Peeter holds a grudge against Maret.’

Finnish kantaa kaunaa

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL

X: NOM

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Pekka	kant-aa	kauna-a	Mati-lle
pn . nom	bear- prs .3 sg	grudge- part	pn - all
‘Pekka has a grudge against Matti.’

French être fâché

Valency pattern: SBJ_contre

X: SBJ

Y: contre

Locus: Y

Paul	est	fâché	contre	Marie
pn ( m )	be. prs .3 sg	make_angry. pst . ptcp . m	against	pn ( f )
‘Paul is angry with Marie.’
Note: Passive construction.

Gascon s'enmalís

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra

X: SBJ

Y: contra

Locus: Y

Pèir	s’=enmalís	contra	Maria
pn	refl =make_angry. prs .3 sg	against	pn
‘Pèir is angry with Maria.’

Gban gbí sȉȅ lè bȅ

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	gbí	sȉȅ=lè	bè	Mɔ̰̈bì	là
pn	3 sg	breast	deteriorate= nmlz	ipfv \eat	pn	on
‘Zan has a grudge against Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-braz-ob-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-ze	Ø-braz-ob-s
pn - nom	pn - pstp : superess / superlat	s 3-be_angry- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre is angry with Masho.’

German sauer sein

Valency pattern: NOM_aufACC

X: NOM

Y: aufACC

Locus: Y

Karl	ist	sauer	auf	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	be. prs .3 sg	sour	on	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl holds a grudge against Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Hebrew (modern) noter tina

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Pinχas	noter	tina	le	Menaχem
pn	guard[ ptcp . sg . m ]	malice	to	pn
‘Pinchas holds a grudge against Menachem.’

Hindi manmuṭāv honā

Valency pattern: GEN_ABL

X: GEN

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

Pratīk	ka	Mohan	se	manmuṭāv	hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . obl	adjz . m . sg . dir	pn ( m ). sg . obl	abl	antagonism( m ). sg . dir	be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek has a grudge against Mohan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Indonesian (standard) marah

Valency pattern: SBJ_pada

X: SBJ

Y: pada

Locus: Y

Ahmad	marah	pada	Ade
pn	angry	for	pn
‘Ahmad holds a grudge against Ade.’

Irish bí an chloch sa muinirtle

Valency pattern: aige_do(PREP)

X: aige

Y: do(PREP)

Locus: X

Tá	an	chloch	sa	muinirtle	aige	Pól	do	Mháire.
be. prs	def	stone	in. def	sleeve	at	pn	for	pn
‘Pól holds a grudge against Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian essere arrabbiato

Valency pattern: SBJ_con

X: SBJ

Y: con

Locus: Y

Leo	è	arrabbiat-o	con	Maria
pn ( m )	be.3 sg . prs	angry- sg . m	with	pn ( f )
‘Leo is angry with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Karata ssime raʔaɬa

Valency pattern: POSS_DAT

X: POSS

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

ʕali-b	aħmat’-ja	ssime	r-aʔ-a	idja
pn - n	pn - dat	anger	npl -come- pf	cop
‘Ali got angry with Ahmat.’

Kazakh ašulï

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	ašulï
pn	pn - dat	angry
‘Petya is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Khanty (Kazym) λǝkaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela

X: NOM

Y: NOMpela

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	λǝkaś-əλ	maša-j-en	pɛλa
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	be_angry- npst [3 sg ]	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	at
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’

Khoekhoe sunu-b-a ūhâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_!oagu

X: SBJ

Y: !oagu

Locus: Y

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s	ǃoagu	sunu-b-a	ūhâ
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg	opposite	grudge-3 m . sg - obl	have
‘Peter has a grudge against Maria.’

Khwarshi semi mak'a

Valency pattern: GEN1_CONT.LAT

X: GEN1

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: XY

di-lo	χole-s	semi	m-ak'a-ha	uža-qo-l
1 sg . o - gen 2	husband- gen 1	anger	iii -go- prs	son- cont - lat
‘My husband is angry with our son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Komi-Permyak вöгавны

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Петя	вöгав-ӧ	Маша-кöт
pn	злиться- prs .3	pn - com
‘Петя злится на Машу.’

Komi-Zyrian ske̮ravni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile

X: NOM

Y: vile

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ske̮ral-e̮	Maša	vi̮l-e̮
pn	be_angry- prs .3	pn	top- ill
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) líi hólu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Pépèe	líi	àa	hólu	Ɲàákwɛ̀i	pɔ́
pn	heart	3 sg . prf	sting	pn	to
‘Pepee is angry with Nyakwei.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) acuğlu xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENxaba7ar

X: NOM

Y: GENxaba7ar

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul	xab-aʕar	acuğlu-ya
pn	pn ( gen )	hand- inel	angry- cop . m
‘Terlan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (Ismayilli) acixli yo

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uvar	acixli	ye
pn	pn - adel	angry	cop . m
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (proper) acuğli yü

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-kir	acuğli	yi
pn	pn - subel	angry	cop . m
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	ačuw-la-n-a
pn	pn - dat	anger- vblz - refl -3 sg
‘Patimat holds a grudge against Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) r̂iq heɫgirtin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_le

X: SBJ.TR

Y: le

Locus: Y

Hîwa	r̂iq=î	le	Kamr̂an-î	heɫ-girt-û-e
pn	hatred=3 sg . pc	from	pn - obl	prev -catch. pst - pfv -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa has a grudge against Kamran.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) hêrs bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: jiOBL

Locus: Y

zilam	ji	jin-ê	hêrs	e
man	from	woman- obl . f	angry	cop .3 sg
‘The man is angry at the woman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPLAT

Locus: Y

Maħammad	sːi	b-iz-la-j	ur	Aˁšura-j-n
pn	anger	3-rise- ipfv - cvb	1.be. prs .3 p	pn - sup - lat
‘Mohammad holds a grudge against Ashura.’

Latin irascor

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

(frater)	etiam	quibus	irasci-tur	crebr-ius,	tamen	car-os	habe-t
brother( m ). nom . sg	even	which. dat . pl	be_angry[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg	often- cmpr	but	dear- acc . pl . m	have[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Even those who he (brother) is so often angry with, he holds dear.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. X, 11, 1)

Laz gur-i mu-xt'-in-er-i o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Käzim-i	Fatma-šen	gu(r)-i	mu-xt'-in-e(r)-i	Ø-[r]-en-Ø
pn - nom	pn - abl	heart- b	prv -go- r . ext - ptcp - nom	s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is angry with Fatma.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

Lezgian (Yargun) qhelin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-kaa	qhel-nva
pn - erg	pn - obl - sub / postel	sulk- prf
‘Sahib holds a grudge against Eldar.’

Macedonian se luti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	se	luti	na	Maja
pn	refl	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maja.’

Maltese kellu lgeddum

Valency pattern: SBJ_ghal

X: SBJ

Y: ghal

Locus: Y

Ġwanni	għandu	l-geddum	għal	Mark
pn	have. ipf . m .3 sg	def -chin	for	pn
‘Ġwanni has a grudge against Mark.’

Maninka (Eastern) dímin

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	dímin-nin	Fónba	mà.
pn	ache- ptcp . res	pn	adr
‘Seku has a grudge against Fomba.’

Mano wɛ̄lɛ̄ kpō kùnɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

ŋ̄	ŋ̄	wɛ̄lɛ̄	kpō	kùnɔ̄-pɛ̀lɛ̀	ī	mɔ̀
1 sg . exi	1 sg	face	ball	bend- inf	2 sg	on
‘I am angry with you.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). The possessor is necessarily coreferential with the subject.

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry”

Mehweb himiliču le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	himi-li-ču	le-w	Nadir-li-če
pn	gall- obl - com	be- m	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam holds a grudge against Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian gurmulir-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-še(n)	Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø	gur-mulir-(i)
pn - nom	pn - abl	s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact	heart-come-( nom )
‘Chelo has a grudge against Anuchia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

Nanai ajakta-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	ajakta.či-ni
pn	pn - dir	hold_a_grudge. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å være sint på

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	er	sint	på	Ola
pn	be. prs	angry	on	pn
‘Per is angry with Ola.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Phrasal predicative expression (på is not a flagging device).

Oromo (West Central) haaloo k'aba

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	boontuu-tti	haaloo	k'ab-at-ee	dʒir-a
pn - nom	pn - loc	grudge. abs	hold- mid - conv	aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa has held a grudge against Bontu.’

Persian kīne dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	kīne	dār-ad
pn	from	pn	anger	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad holds a grudge against Mariam.’

Polish wściekać się

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Michał	wścieka	się	na	Ann-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	annoy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	refl	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Michał holds a grudge against Anna.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) estar bravo

Valency pattern: SBJ_com

X: SBJ

Y: com

Locus: Y

Pedro	está	brav-o	com	Miguel
pn ( m )	cop _ prog .3 sg . prs	angry- m	with	pn ( m )
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Romani (Kalderash) xoľavel

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xoľ-ajl-o	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	be_angry- pst -3 sg . m	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša holds a grudge against Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used.

Romanian a fi supărat

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

Petru	e	supărat	pe	Maria
pn	be. prs .3 sg	make_angry. pst . ptcp [М]	on	pn
‘Petru holds a grudge against Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Russian serditʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	serd-it-sja	na	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	vex( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) sɨrχɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

islam	sɨrχɨ-r=a	nadir-ɨ-χda
pn ( nom )	1.become.mad. pfv - cvb =be	pn - obl - sub
‘Islam has a grudge against Nadir.’

Rutul (Mukhad) qhaˤl ʁa

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	q'urban-ııla	qhaˤl	ʁa
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	anger( a )	be_on
‘Murad holds a grudge against Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

duxvar-a	rasul-ula	ajiğ	vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg	pn - obl . superel	resentment( a )	a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son holds a grudge against Rasul.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) qhaˤl laˤvç'uˤn

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	aydın-ııle	qhaˤl	laˤvuˤç'uˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	anger( a )	a .climb. ipf - prs
‘Murad holds a grudge against Aydin.’

Rutul (Shinaz) qhaˁl libq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	qhaˁl	libq'ɨ-v	karam-ɨla
pn - dat	anger( a )	a .rise. pf - aor . a	pn - el
‘Basir holds a grudge against Karam.’

Saami (Skolt) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Sagada bixizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD

X: ABS

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

patimat	bixizi	j-oq-o	maħmud-ʁo
pn ( ii )	be_angry	ii -become- prs	pn - apud
‘Patimat is angry with Mahmud.’

Serbian ljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petar	se	ljuti	na	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	refl	anger. prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’

Shughni darqār δêdow2

Valency pattern: NOM.NO.CL_EQ

X: NOM.NO.CL

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Šamil	tar	Lola	dar-qār	δod
pn	eq	pn	angry	fall. pst
‘Shamil holds a grudge against Lola.’

Slovak mať zášť

Valency pattern: NOM_vociDAT

X: NOM

Y: vociDAT

Locus: Y

Peter	má	voči	Mark-ovi	zášť
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	against	pn ( m )- dat . sg	grudge
‘Peter holds a grudge against Marek.’

Slovenian jeziti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pavel	se	jezi	na	Petr-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	rfl	anger: ipfv . prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel is angry with Peter.’

Spanish enfadarse

Valency pattern: SBJ_con

X: SBJ

Y: con

Locus: Y

Pedro	se	enfad-a	con	María
pn [ sg . m ]	refl .3 sg	make_angry- prs .3 sg	with	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro has a grudge against Maria.’

Svan Ø-i-xrin-äːl (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERESS/SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERESS/SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

maizer-Ø	lile-ži	Ø-i-xrin-äːl
pn - nom	pn - superess / superlat	s 3- ver : s -grudge- vpl
‘Maizer has a grudge against Lile.’

Swedish att vara sur

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Björn	är	sur	på	Maja
pn	be. prs	sour. indf . c . sg	on	pn
‘Björn holds a grudge against Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

dada.ji-z	bal-k-an	qaˁl	k-a
mother- dat	boy- cont - elat	anger	cont -be( prs )
‘The mother has a grudge against Rasul.’

Tagalog may sama ng loob

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

may	sama	ng	loob	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
exist	bad	gen	feelings	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Telugu paga + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	aṁṭē	paga
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_is	enmity( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen has a grudge against Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur qhaˁl vuхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL

X: DAT

Y: CONTEL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	rasul-u-ke	qhaˁl	vo-b-na	vuхha
pn - obl - dat	pn - obl - contel	anger( a )	cop - a - h	a .be. pf
‘Murad holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tswana galefela

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mo-sadi	o-galef-ets-e	b-ana
sg -woman(1)	s i :cl1-be.angry- appl . prf - fv	pl -child(2)
‘The woman is angry with the children.’

Turkish öfkelenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	öfkelen-iyor
pn	pn - dat	be_angry- prs
‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’

Turoyo ġbino + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_m

X: SBJ

Y: m

Locus: Y

Maryam	ġbənto	yo	me	Mixoyel
pn	angry( f )	cop .3 sg	from	pn
‘Maryam is angry at Michael.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Twi wᴐ trimpᴐ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho

X: SBJ

Y: ho

Locus: Y

Kofi	wᴐ	nana	ho	trimpᴐ
pn	have. prs	grandfather	inner_self	grudge
‘Kofi has a grudge against grandfather.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udi əcuğon biq'es

Valency pattern: GEN_GENloxol

X: GEN

Y: GENloxol

Locus: XY

Valt'er-i	loxol	Vik't'or-i	əcuğ-on=e	biq'-sa
pn - gen	from_above	pn - gen	anger- erg =3 sg	seize- prs
‘Viktor is angry with Valter.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Udmurt ji̮r-POSS kur

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Pet'a-len	Maša-li̮	ji̮r-i̮z	kur
pn - gen	pn - dat	head- poss .3 sg	angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

Ukrainian serdytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	serd-yt’-sja	na	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	vex( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro holds a grudge against Mariya.’

Ulcha tagdanasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ban

X: NOM

Y: ban

Locus: Y

ama	piktə=bən	tagda-nas-i-ni
father	child=to	feel_angry- atten - prs -3 sg
‘Father is angry with his child.’

Uzbek ɣazablanmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ga	ɣazablan-moqda
pn	pn - dat	be_angry- prs 3.3 sg
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’

Wolof tong

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

Omar	dafa-y	tong	Sàmba
pn	f oc v .s i :3 sg - incpl	have.a.grudge	pn
‘Omar has a grudge against Sàmba.’

Yukaghir (Northern) joŋoči=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ	mǝ	joŋo-či-j
pn	pn - dat	aff	be_angry- mult - intr .3 sg
‘Semien holds a grudge against Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ajɛ=ra	xulli=jo
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . f . obl =from	creepy= cop .3 sg . m
‘He has a grudge against her.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.