Macedonian

Contributed by Vladimir Fedorov and Maria Khazhomia.

V.F.'s photo M.Kh.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2017. The language of elicitation was Russian.

How to cite

Fedorov, Vladimir and Maria Khazhomia. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Macedonian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on June 1, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.6, 21.79.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and transitive constructions

Macedonian shows nominative-accusative alignment. In a basic transitive clause with nominal arguments both core arguments remain unflagged. By contrast, pronominal arguments in the basic transitive construction are differentiated by case, with the A-argument appearing in the nominative, and the P-argument, in the accusative case.

More generally, the nominal case system has largely collapsed in Macedonian. Overt case marking is preserved only in the pronominal system, which distinguishes nominative, accusative, and dative forms. For full nouns, case distinctions are no longer morphologically expressed. Instead:

• definite direct and indirect (see below) objects are obligatorily reduplicated by the corresponding object pronoun, accusative or dative (in which case the noun phrase has an article unless it is a proper name; the article is redundant when the noun is modified by a demonstrative pronoun);
• indefinite objects are not repudlicated and are distinguished primarily by word order, as in ex. (1) below, where the nominal arguments occupy different positions, shping the AVP pattern.

(1)  Petar  frli               kamen
     PN     throw:PFV.AOR.3SG  stone(M).SG
     ‘Petar threw a stone.’

However, word order is strongly influenced by focus and topicalization and is not fully shaped by grammatical relations.

Oblique nominal arguments (arguments other than A, S and P) are introduced by prepositions, as in (2).

(2)  Petar  se    plaši                    od    kuče
     PN     REFL  be_afraid(IPFV).PRS.3SG  from  dog(N).SG
     ‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

Importantly, there are two types of nominal objects flagged by the preposition na 'on', which are anylyzed as representing distinct valency classes below. A clear distinction between these two classes is possible only when the relevant argument is definite, cf. (3) and (4).

(3)  Petar  ì              veruva                 na  Maja 
     PN     PRO.3SG.F.DAT  believe(IPFV).PRS.3SG  on  PN
     ‘Petar believes Maja’

(4)  Petar  liči                    na  Maja 
     PN     resemble(IPFV).PRS.3SG  on  PN
     ‘Petar resembles Maja’

In (3), the definite object is obligatorily doubled by a dative pronoun. Such arguments are tagged as "DAT(na)" in the dataset below and are interpreted as indirect objects. In (4), the nominal argument cannot be doubled by a dative pronoun; moreover, in sentences with the verb liči 'resemble' pronominal arguments are also flaged by the same preposition na 'on'. Such arguments are tagged "na" in the dataset below and are interpreted as obliques.

The verb agrees with the subject in person and number/gender (depending on tense and mood/evidentiality). Objects are never indexed on the verb.

Word order is relatively free, but the basic unmarked order is SVO. Pronominal object clitics (including those that double definite noun phrases) always precede the verb as proclitics.

Case system

Effectively, Macedonian nouns lack case inflection. Only the pronominal system maintains nominative, accusative, and dative forms. However, a reduced set of dependent forms of nouns sometimes appears (e.g. in numeral phrases, after prepositions, or in certain syntactic contexts), but their use is optional. The vocative also remains productive.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in the 3rd person singular present tense. Macedonian lacks an infinitive.

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; AOR — aorist; ART — article; DAT — dative; DEM — demonstrative; F — feminine; IMP — imperative; IMPF — Imperfect; IPFV — imperfective; M — masculine; MED — medial; N — Neuter; OBL — oblique; PASS — passive; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRF — perfect; PRO —pronoun; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boli

Valency pattern: ACC_SBJ

X: ACC

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Petar	go	boli	glava
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	ache( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	head( f ). sg
‘Petar has a headache.’

2. have (illness) boleduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	boleduva	od	grip
pn	be_sick( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	flu( m ). sg
‘Petar has the flu.’

3. be afraid se plaši

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	se	plaši	od	kuče
pn	refl	be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	dog( n ). sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw frli

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	frli	kamen
pn	throw: pfv . aor .3 sg	stone( m ). sg
‘Petar threw a stone.’

5. have enough ima dovolno

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petar	ima	dovolno	pari
pn	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	enough	money. pl
‘Petar has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble liči

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	liči	na	Maja
pn	resemble( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar resembles Maja.’

7. believe veruva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	veruva	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar believes Maja.’

8. take zeme

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	zede	kniga
pn	take( pfv ). aor .3 sg	book( f ). sg
‘Petar took a book.’

9. see gleda

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	gleda	ovoj	dom
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	see( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dem _ prox . m . sg	house( m ). sg
‘Petar sees this house.’

10. influence vlijae

Valency pattern: SBJ_vrz

X: SBJ

Y: vrz

Locus: Y

vozrast-ta	vlijae	vrz	memorija-ta
age( f ). sg - art . f . sg	influence( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on.top	memory( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter se sretne

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	sretna	so	Maja
pn	refl	meet( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar encountered Maja.’

12. enter vleze

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo

X: SBJ

Y: vo

Locus: Y

Petar	vleze	vo	dom-ot
pn	come_in( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	house( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar entered the house.’

13. win pobedi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	pobedi	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	win( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar beat Maja.’

14. go out izleze

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	izleze	od	kuḱa-ta
pn	come_out( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	house( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar went out of the house.’

15. drive brka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	brka	krava-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cow( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar is driving the cow.’

16. bend navedne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	navedna	granka-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	bend( pfv ). aor .3 sg	branch( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’

17. tell reče

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	reče	na	Maja:	“Dojd-i	na	gosti	kaj	mene!”
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	tell( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	pn	come( pfv )-2 sg . imp	on	guest. pl	at	i . obl
‘Petar told Maja: come to my place.’

18. hold drži

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	drži	kniga	vo	race-te
pn	hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	book( f ). sg	in	hand. pl - art . pl
‘Petar is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up stigne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	stigna	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	catch_up( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar caught up with Maja.’

20. milk izmolze

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	izmolzi	krava-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	milk( pfv ). aor .3 sg	cow( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’

21. reach stigne

Valency pattern: SBJ_do

X: SBJ

Y: do

Locus: Y

Petar	stigna	do	drugi-ot	breg
pn	reach( pfv ). aor .3 sg	up_to	other. m . sg - art . m . sg	bank( m ). sg
‘Petar reached the other bank.’

22. touch se dopre

Valency pattern: SBJ_do

X: SBJ

Y: do

Locus: Y

Petar	se	dopre	do	dzid-ot
pn	refl	touch	( pfv ). aor .3 sg	up_to wall( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

23. fight se kara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	kara	so	Maja
pn	refl	fight( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is fighting with Maja.’

24. be friends se druži

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	druži	so	Maja
pn	refl	be_friends( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is friends with Maja.’

25. think misli

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	misli	na	Maja
pn	think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is thinking about Maja.’

26. eat izede

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	izede	jabolko
pn	eat( pfv ). aor .3 sg	apple( n ). sg
‘Petar ate an apple.’

27. fry isprži

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	isprži	riba
pn	fry( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fish( f ). sg
‘Petar fried the fish.’

28. wait čeka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	čeka	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	wait( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar is waiting for Maja.’

29. forget zaboravi

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petar	zaboravi	za	drugi-ot	pat
pn	forget( pfv ). aor .3 sg	for	other. m . sg - art . m . sg	road( m ). sg
‘Petar forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

memorija-ta	zavisi	od	vozrast-ta
memory( f ). sg - art . f . sg	depend( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	age( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call vikne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	vikna	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	call( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar called Maja.’

32. get to know se zapoznae

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	zapozna	so	Maja	pred	edna	godina
pn	refl	get_to_know( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn	before	one. f . sg	year( f ). sg
‘Petar got to know Maja a year ago.’

33. know znae

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	znae	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar knows Maja.’

34. play (instrument) sviri

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	sviri	na	gitara
pn	play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	guitar( f ). sg
‘Petar is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid odbegnuva

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	odbegnuva	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar avoids Maja.’

36. make napravi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	napravi	bomba
pn	make( pfv ). aor .3 sg	bomb( f ). sg
‘Petar made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun se potsmeva

Valency pattern: SBJ_nad

X: SBJ

Y: nad

Locus: Y

Petar	se	potsmeva	nad	Maja
pn	refl	make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	above	pn
‘Petar is making fun of Maja.’

38. have ima

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ima	kola
pn	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	car( f ). sg
‘Petar has a car.’

39. look for bara

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	gi	bara	klučevi-te
pn	pro .3 pl . acc	look_for( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	key. pl - art . pl
‘Petar is looking for his keys.’

40. paint bojadisa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	bojadisa	ograda-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	paint( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fence( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

41. bite kasne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	kasna	kuče
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	bite( pfv ). aor .3 sg	dog( n ). sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’

42. forfeit ostane

Valency pattern: SBJ_bez

X: SBJ

Y: bez

Locus: Y

Petar	ostana	bez	dom
pn	remain( pfv ). aor .3 sg	without	house( m ). sg
‘Petar lost hist house.’

43. try to catch brka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	brka	mačka-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	catch( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cat( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break skrši

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	skrši	stap-ot
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	break( pfv ). aor .3 sg	stick( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’

45. flatter se umilkuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	se	umilkuva	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	refl	flatter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is flattering Maja.’

46. love (person) saka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	saka	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar loves Maja.’

47. wave mavta

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	mavta	so	marama
pn	wave( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	handkerchief( f ). sg
‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream mečtae

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petar	mečtae	za	nova	kola
pn	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	for	new. f . sg	car( f ). sg
‘Petar is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash izmie

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	izmi	čaška-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	wash( pfv ). aor .3 sg	cup( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’

50. put on obleče

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	obleče	pantoloni
pn	put_on( pfv ). aor .3 sg	trousers. pl
‘Petar put on his trousers.’

51. be called se vika

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE

X: SBJ

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

ovoj	pribor	se	vika	kompas
dem _ prox . m . sg	device( m ). sg	refl	call( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	compass
‘This device is called a compass.’

52. punish kazni

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	kazni	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	punish( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar punished Maja.’

53. attack napadne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

mečka	go	napadna	ribar-ot
bear	pro .3 sg . m . acc	attack( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fisherman( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) se napolni

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

vedro-to	se	napolni	so	voda
bucket( n ). sg - art . n . sg	refl	fill( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	water( f ). sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find najde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	gi	najde	klučevi-te
pn	pro .3 pl . acc	find( pfv ). aor .3 sg	key. pl - art . pl
‘Petar found his keys.’

56. be short fali

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petar	mu	fali	edna	rublja
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	lack( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one. f . sg	rouble( f ). sg
‘Petar is one rouble short.’

57. hate mrazi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	mrazi	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar hates Maja.’

58. like se dopaǵa

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petar	mu	se	dopaǵa	taa	košula
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	refl	like( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dem _ med . f . sg	shirt( f ). sg
‘Petar likes this shirt.’

59. need treba

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petar	mu	trebaat	pari
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	be_necessary( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	money. pl
‘Petar needs money.’

60. surround opkružuva

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

dzidovi-te	go	opkružuvaat	grad-ot
wall. pl - art . pl	pro .3 sg . m . acc	surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	city( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostane

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petar	mu	ostanaa	deset	rublji
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	remain( pfv ). aor .3 pl	ten	rouble. pl
‘Petar has ten roubles left.’

62. answer odgovori

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	mu	odgovori	na	negovi-ot	učitel
pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	answer( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	his. m . sg - art . m . sg	teacher( m ). sg
‘Petar answered his teacher.’

63. open otvori

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	otvori	tegla-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	open( pfv ). aor .3 sg	can( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar opened a can.’

64. be different se razlikuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

moja-ta	košula	se	razlikuva	od	tvoja-ta
my. f . sg - art . f . sg	shirt( f ). sg	refl	distinguish( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	your. f . sg - art . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind zaostane

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	zaostana	od	Maja
pn	fall_behind( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	pn
‘Petar fell behind Maja.’

66. plough ora

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	ora	pole-to
pn	pro .3 sg . n . acc	plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	field( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mirisa

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

race-te	mi	mirisaat	na	benzin
hand. pl - art . pl	pro .1 sg . dat	smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	on	gasoline( m ). sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross premine

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	premina	ulica-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	cross( pfv ). aor .3 sg	street( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar crossed the street.’

69. sing ispee

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ispea	ubava	pesna
pn	sing( pfv ). aor .3 sg	beautiful. f . sg	song( f ). sg
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napiše

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	napiša	pismo
pn	write( pfv ). aor .3 sg	letter( n ). sg
‘Petar wrote a letter.’

71. drink ispie

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	ispi	mleko-to
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	drink( pfv ). aor .3 sg	milk( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar drank the milk.’

72. melt stopi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	stopi	železo-to
pn	pro .3 sg . n . acc	melt( pfv ). aor .3 sg	iron( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’

73. match odgovara

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

ovoj	pojas	odgovara	na	moj-ot	fustan
dem _ prox . m . sg	belt( m ). sg	match( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	my. m . sg - art . m . sg	dress( m ). sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave napušti

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	go	napušti	rodni-ot	grad
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	leave( pfv ). aor .3 sg	native. m . sg - art . m . sg	city( m ). sg
‘Petar left his native city.’

75. cover pokriva

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

tepih-ot	go	pokriva	si-ot	pod
carpet( m ). sg - art . m . sg	pro .3 sg . m . acc	cover( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	all. m . sg - art . m . sg	floor( m ). sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember se seḱava

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	dobro	se	seḱava	na	kuḱa-ta
pn	well	refl	remember( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	house( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar remembers the house well.’

77. help pomogne

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	pomogna	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	help( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar helped Maja.’

78. understand (language) razbira

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	razbira	francuski
pn	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench_language( m ). sg
‘Petar understands French.’

79. hit (target) udri

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo

X: SBJ

Y: vo

Locus: Y

grom	udri	vo	kuḱa-ta
lightning	hit( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	house( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself se preseče

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	preseče	so	brič
pn	refl	cut( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	razor( m ). sg
‘Petar cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck se zalepi

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

čaša-ta	se	zalepi	na	masa-ta
glass( f ). sg - art . f . sg	refl	stick( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	table( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) izgubi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	izgubi-l	od	Maja
pn	lose( pfv )- prf . sg . m	from	pn
‘Petar lost to Maja.’

83. be glad se izraduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petar	se	izraduva	za	pismo-to
pn	refl	be_glad( pfv ). aor .3 sg	for	letter( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar was glad about the letter.’

84. speak razgovara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	razgovara	so	Maja
pn	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is speaking with Maja.’

85. give birth rodi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maja	ja	rodi	Sanja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	give_birth( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Maja gave birth to Sanja.’

86. drop padne

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petar	mu	padna	čaša-ta
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	fall( pfv ). aor .3 sg	glass( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

87. govern rakovodi

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	rakovodi	so	naselba-ta
pn	govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	settlement( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar runs the settlement.’

88. miss nedostiga

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petar	mu	nedostiga	Maja
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar misses Maja.’

89. follow sledi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	sledi	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	follow( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar follows Maja.’

90. dismount sleze

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	sleze	od	konj-ot
pn	go_down( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	horse( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar got down from the horse.’

91. listen sluša

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	sluša	radio
pn	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	radio( n ). sg
‘Petar is listening to radio.’

92. obey sluša

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	sluša	majka	mu
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	mother( f ). sg	pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar listens to his mother.’

93. hear sluša

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	sluša	muzika
pn	hear( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	music( f ). sg
‘Petar hears the music.’

94. mix se izmeša

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

med-ot	se	izmeša	so	mleko-to
honey( m ). sg - art . m . sg	refl	mix( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	milk( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gleda

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	gleda	na	oblaci-te
pn	look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	cloud. pl - art . pl
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off sleče

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	sleče	košula-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	take_off( pfv ). aor .3 sg	shirt( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) se sonuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	se	sonuva	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	refl	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar dreams about Maja.’

98. agree se soglasi

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	soglasi	so	Maja
pn	refl	agree( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar agreed with Maja.’

99. have a quarrel se skara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	skara	so	Maja
pn	refl	quarrel( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar had a quarrel with Maja.’

100. cost čini

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ovaa	čaša	čini	četirieset	rublji
dem _ prox . f . sg	glass( f ). sg	cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	forty	rouble. pl
‘This glass costs forty roubles.’

101. shoot at pukne

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo

X: SBJ

Y: vo

Locus: Y

Petar	pukna	vo	ptica-ta
pn	shoot( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	bird( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar shot at the bird.’

102. pour turi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	turi	šeḱer	vo	čaša-ta
pn	pour( pfv ). aor .3 sg	sugar( m ). sg	in	cup( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar poured sugar into the cup.’

103. lose zagina

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	gi	zagina	klučevi-te
pn	pro .3 pl . acc	lose( pfv ). aor .3 sg	keys. pl - art . pl
‘Petar lost the keys.’

104. sink potone

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo

X: SBJ

Y: vo

Locus: Y

trupče-to	potona	vo	voda-ta
log( n ). sg - art . n . sg	sink( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	water( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ubie

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	ubi	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	kill( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar killed Maja.’

106. hit udri

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	udri	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	hit( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar hit Maja.’

107. kiss bakne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	bakna	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	kiss( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar kissed Maja.’

108. read pročita

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	pročita	interesna	kniga
pn	read( pfv ). aor .3 sg	interesting. f . sg	book( f ). sg
‘Petar read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) mrdne

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	mrdna	so	prst-ot
pn	move( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	finger( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar moved his finger.’

110. respect počituva

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	počituva	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	respect( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar respects Maja.’

111. be squeamish se gnasi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	se	gnasi	od	valkani	sadovi
pn	refl	disgust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	dirty. pl	dish. pl
‘Petar is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content zadovolen + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	e	zadovolen	od	svoj-ot	sin
pn	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	satisfied. m . sg	from	one’s. m . sg - art . m . sg	son( m ). sg
‘Petar is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love se vljubi

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo

X: SBJ

Y: vo

Locus: Y

Petar	se	vljubi	vo	Maja
pn	refl	fall_in_love( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	pn
‘Petar fell in love with Maja.’

114. trust veruva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	veruva	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar trusts Maja.’

115. sympathise žali

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	žali	majka	mu
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	sympathise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	mother( f ). sg	pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy zaviduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	zaviduva	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar envies Maja.’

117. be angry se luti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	se	luti	na	Maja
pn	refl	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is angry with Maja.’

118. be surprised se začudi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	se	začudi	od	podarok-ot
pn	refl	surprise( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	gift( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) saka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	saka	čaj
pn	love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	tea( m ). sg
‘Petar loves tea.’

120. enjoy se nasladuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	se	nasladuva	so	topol	čaj
pn	refl	enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	warm. m . sg	tea( m ). sg
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’

121. want saka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	saka	nov	mobilen
pn	want( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	new. m . sg	mobile_phone
‘Petar wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge se luti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	se	luti	na	Maja
pn	refl	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maja.’

123. take offence se naluti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	se	naluti	na	Maja
pn	refl	make_angry( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar took offence at Maja.’

124. upset ogorči

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	mnogu	ja	ogorči	Maja
pn	very	pro .3 sg . f . acc	upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar greatly upset Maja.’

125. marvel porazen + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	beše	porazen	od	toj	grad
pn	be( ipfv ). impf .3 sg	stun. ptcp . pass . m . sg	from	dem _ med . m . sg	city( m ). sg
‘Petar was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).

126. despise prezira

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	prezira	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar despises Maja.’

127. get upset se ogorči

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	se	ogorči	od	svoj-ot	sin
pn	refl	upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	one’s. m . sg - art . m . sg	son( m ). sg
‘Petar got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated se gnevi

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petar	se	gnevi	na	ḱerka	mu
pn	refl	irritate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	daughter( f ). sg	pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond simpatizira

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	simpatizira	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	be_fond( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar is fond of Maja.’

130. be shy se srami

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

Petar	se	srami	od	svoj-ot	rast
pn	refl	embarrass( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	one’s. m . sg - art . m . sg	height( m ). sg
‘Petar is embarrassed about his height.’