BivalTyp

Macedonian

Contributed by Vladimir Fedorov and Maria Khazhomia.

V.F.'s photo M.Kh.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2017. The language of elicitation was Russian.

How to cite

Fedorov, Vladimir and Maria Khazhomia. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Macedonian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on June 1, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boli

Valency pattern: ACC_SBJ
X: ACC
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Petar go boli glava
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc ache( ipfv ). prs .3 sg head( f ). sg
‘Petar has a headache.’

2. have (illness) boleduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar boleduva od grip
pn be_sick( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from flu( m ). sg
‘Petar has the flu.’

3. be afraid se plaši

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se plaši od kuče
pn refl be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from dog( n ). sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw frli

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar frli kamen
pn throw: pfv . aor .3 sg stone( m ). sg
‘Petar threw a stone.’

5. have enough ima dovolno

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petar ima dovolno pari
pn have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg enough money. pl
‘Petar has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble liči

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar liči na Maja
pn resemble( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar resembles Maja.’

7. believe veruva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì veruva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar believes Maja.’

8. take zeme

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar zede kniga
pn take( pfv ). aor .3 sg book( f ). sg
‘Petar took a book.’

9. see gleda

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go gleda ovoj dom
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc see( ipfv ). prs .3 sg dem _ prox . m . sg house( m ). sg
‘Petar sees this house.’

10. influence vlijae

Valency pattern: SBJ_vrz
X: SBJ
Y: vrz
Locus: Y
vozrast-ta vlijae vrz memorija-ta
age( f ). sg - art . f . sg influence( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on.top memory( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter se sretne

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se sretna so Maja
pn refl meet( pfv ). aor .3 sg with pn
‘Petar encountered Maja.’

12. enter vleze

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo
X: SBJ
Y: vo
Locus: Y
Petar vleze vo dom-ot
pn come_in( pfv ). aor .3 sg in house( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar entered the house.’

13. win pobedi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja pobedi Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc win( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar beat Maja.’

14. go out izleze

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar izleze od kuḱa-ta
pn come_out( pfv ). aor .3 sg from house( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar went out of the house.’

15. drive brka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja brka krava-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg cow( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar is driving the cow.’

16. bend navedne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja navedna granka-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc bend( pfv ). aor .3 sg branch( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’

17. tell reče

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì reče na Maja: “Dojd-i na gosti kaj mene!”
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat tell( pfv ). aor .3 sg on pn come( pfv )-2 sg . imp on guest. pl at i . obl
‘Petar told Maja: come to my place.’

18. hold drži

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar drži kniga vo race-te
pn hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg book( f ). sg in hand. pl - art . pl
‘Petar is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up stigne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja stigna Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc catch_up( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar caught up with Maja.’

20. milk izmolze

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja izmolzi krava-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc milk( pfv ). aor .3 sg cow( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’

21. reach stigne

Valency pattern: SBJ_do
X: SBJ
Y: do
Locus: Y
Petar stigna do drugi-ot breg
pn reach( pfv ). aor .3 sg up_to other. m . sg - art . m . sg bank( m ). sg
‘Petar reached the other bank.’

22. touch se dopre

Valency pattern: SBJ_do
X: SBJ
Y: do
Locus: Y
Petar se dopre do dzid-ot
pn refl touch ( pfv ). aor .3 sg up_to wall( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

23. fight se kara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se kara so Maja
pn refl fight( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petar is fighting with Miša.’

24. be friends se druži

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se druži so Maja
pn refl be_friends( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petar is friends with Maja.’

25. think misli

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar misli na Maja
pn think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar is thinking about Maja.’

26. eat izede

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar izede jabolko
pn eat( pfv ). aor .3 sg apple( n ). sg
‘Petar ate an apple.’

27. fry isprži

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar isprži riba
pn fry( pfv ). aor .3 sg fish( f ). sg
‘Petar fried the fish.’

28. wait čeka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja čeka Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc wait( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar is waiting for Maja.’

29. forget zaboravi

Valency pattern: SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Petar zaboravi za drugi-ot pat
pn forget( pfv ). aor .3 sg for other. m . sg - art . m . sg road( m ). sg
‘Petar forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
memorija-ta zavisi od vozrast-ta
memory( f ). sg - art . f . sg depend( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from age( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call vikne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja vikna Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc call( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar called Maja.’

32. get to know se zapoznae

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se zapozna so Maja pred edna godina
pn refl get_to_know( pfv ). aor .3 sg with pn before one. f . sg year( f ). sg
‘Petar got to know Maja a year ago.’

33. know znae

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja znae Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar knows Maja.’

34. play (instrument) sviri

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar sviri na gitara
pn play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on guitar( f ). sg
‘Petar is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid odbegnuva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja odbegnuva Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar avoids Maja.’

36. make napravi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar napravi bomba
pn make( pfv ). aor .3 sg bomb( f ). sg
‘Petar made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun se potsmeva

Valency pattern: SBJ_nad
X: SBJ
Y: nad
Locus: Y
Petar se potsmeva nad Maja
pn refl make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg above pn
‘Petar is making fun of Maja.’

38. have ima

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ima kola
pn have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg car( f ). sg
‘Petar has a car.’

39. look for bara

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar gi bara klučevi-te
pn pro .3 pl . acc look_for( ipfv ). prs .3 sg key. pl - art . pl
‘Petar is looking for his keys.’

40. paint bojadisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja bojadisa ograda-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc paint( pfv ). aor .3 sg fence( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

41. bite kasne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go kasna kuče
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc bite( pfv ). aor .3 sg dog( n ). sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’

42. forfeit ostane

Valency pattern: SBJ_bez
X: SBJ
Y: bez
Locus: Y
Petar ostana bez dom
pn remain( pfv ). aor .3 sg without house( m ). sg
‘Petar lost hist house.’

43. try to catch brka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja brka mačka-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc catch( ipfv ). prs .3 sg cat( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break skrši

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go skrši stap-ot
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc break( pfv ). aor .3 sg stick( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’

45. flatter laska

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì se umilkuva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat refl flatter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar is flattering Maja.’

46. love (person) saka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja saka Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar loves Maja.’

47. wave mavta

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar mavta so marama
pn wave( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with handkerchief( f ). sg
‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream mečtae

Valency pattern: SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Petar mečtae za nova kola
pn dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg for new. f . sg car( f ). sg
‘Petar is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash izmie

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja izmi čaška-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc wash( pfv ). aor .3 sg cup( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’

50. put on obleče

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar obleče pantoloni
pn put_on( pfv ). aor .3 sg trousers. pl
‘Petar put on his trousers.’

51. be called se vika

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
ovoj pribor se vika kompas
dem _ prox . m . sg device( m ). sg refl call( ipfv ). prs .3 sg compass
‘This device is called a compass.’

52. punish kazni

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja kazni Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc punish( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar punished his Maja.’

53. attack napadne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mečka go napadna ribar-ot
bear pro .3 sg . m . acc attack( pfv ). aor .3 sg fisherman( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) se napolni

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
vedro-to se napolni so voda
bucket( n ). sg - art . n . sg refl fill( pfv ). aor .3 sg with water( f ). sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find najde

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar gi najde klučevi-te
pn pro .3 pl . acc find( pfv ). aor .3 sg key. pl - art . pl
‘Petar found his keys.’

56. be short fali

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu fali edna rublja
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat lack( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one. f . sg rouble( f ). sg
‘Petar is one rouble short.’

57. hate mrazi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja mrazi Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar hates Maja.’

58. like se dopaǵa

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu se dopaǵa taa košula
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat refl like( ipfv ). prs .3 sg dem _ med . f . sg shirt( f ). sg
‘Petar likes this shirt.’

59. need treba

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu trebaat pari
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat be_necessary( ipfv ). prs .3 pl money. pl
‘Petar needs money.’

60. surround opkružuva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
dzidovi-te go opkružuvaat grad-ot
wall. pl - art . pl pro .3 sg . m . acc surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl city( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostane

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu ostanaa deset rublji
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat remain( pfv ). aor .3 pl ten rouble. pl
‘Petar has ten roubles left.’

62. answer odgovori

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar mu odgovori na negovi-ot učitel
pn pro .3 sg . m . dat answer( pfv ). aor .3 sg on his. m . sg - art . m . sg teacher( m ). sg
‘Petar answered his teacher.’

63. open otvori

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja otvori tegla-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc open( pfv ). aor .3 sg can( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar opened a can.’

64. be different se razlikuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
moja-ta košula se razlikuva od tvoja-ta
my. f . sg - art . f . sg shirt( f ). sg refl distinguish( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from your. f . sg - art . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind zaostane

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar zaostana od Maja
pn fall_behind( pfv ). aor .3 sg from pn
‘Petar fell behind Maja.’

66. plough ora

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go ora pole-to
pn pro .3 sg . n . acc plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg field( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mirisa

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
race-te mi mirisaat na benzin
hand. pl - art . pl pro .1 sg . dat smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl on gasoline( m ). sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross premine

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja premina ulica-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc cross( pfv ). aor .3 sg street( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar crossed the street.’

69. sing ispee

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ispea ubava pesna
pn sing( pfv ). aor .3 sg beautiful. f . sg song( f ). sg
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napiše

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar napiša pismo
pn write( pfv ). aor .3 sg letter( n ). sg
‘Petar wrote a letter.’

71. drink ispie

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go ispi mleko-to
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc drink( pfv ). aor .3 sg milk( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar drank the milk.’

72. melt stopi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go stopi železo-to
pn pro .3 sg . n . acc melt( pfv ). aor .3 sg iron( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’

73. match odgovara

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
ovoj pojas odgovara na moj-ot fustan
dem _ prox . m . sg belt( m ). sg match( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on my. m . sg - art . m . sg dress( m ). sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave napušti

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go napušti rodni-ot grad
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc leave( pfv ). aor .3 sg native. m . sg - art . m . sg city( m ). sg
‘Petar left his native city.’

75. cover pokriva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
tepih-ot go pokriva si-ot pod
carpet( m ). sg - art . m . sg pro .3 sg . m . acc cover( ipfv ). prs .3 sg all. m . sg - art . m . sg floor( m ). sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember se seḱava

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar dobro se seḱava na kuḱa-ta
pn well refl remember( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on house( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar remembers the house well.’

77. help pomogne

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì pomogna na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat help( pfv ). aor .3 sg on pn
‘Petar helped Maja.’

78. understand (language) razbira

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar razbira francuski
pn understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg f rench_language( m ). sg
‘Petar understands French.’

79. hit (target) udri

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo
X: SBJ
Y: vo
Locus: Y
grom udri vo kuḱa-ta
lightning hit( pfv ). aor .3 sg in house( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself se preseče

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se preseče so brič
pn refl cut( pfv ). aor .3 sg with razor( m ). sg
‘Petar cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck se zalepi

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
čaša-ta se zalepi na masa-ta
glass( f ). sg - art . f . sg refl stick( pfv ). aor .3 sg on table( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) izgubi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar izgubi-l od Maja
pn lose( pfv )- prf . sg . m from pn
‘Petar lost to Maja.’

83. be glad se izraduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Petar se izraduva za pismo-to
pn refl be_glad( pfv ). aor .3 sg for letter( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘Petar was glad about the letter.’

84. speak razgovara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar razgovara so Maja
pn speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petar is speaking with Maja.’

85. give birth rodi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maja ja rodi Sanja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc give_birth( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Maja gave birth to Sanja.’

86. drop padne

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu padna čaša-ta
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat fall( pfv ). aor .3 sg glass( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

87. govern rakovodi

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar rakovodi so naselba-ta
pn govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with settlement( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar runs the settlement.’

88. miss nedostiga

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu nedostiga Maja
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar misses Maja.’

89. follow sledi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja sledi Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc follow( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar follows Maja.’

90. dismount sleze

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar sleze od konj-ot
pn go_down( pfv ). aor .3 sg from horse( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar got down from the horse.’

91. listen sluša

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sluša radio
pn listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg radio( n ). sg
‘Petar is listening to radio.’

92. obey sluša

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja sluša majka mu
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg mother( f ). sg pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar listens to his mother.’

93. hear sluša

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sluša muzika
pn hear( ipfv ). prs .3 sg music( f ). sg
‘Petar hears the music.’

94. mix se izmeša

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
med-ot se izmeša so mleko-to
honey( m ). sg - art . m . sg refl mix( pfv ). aor .3 sg with milk( n ). sg - art . n . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gleda

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar gleda na oblaci-te
pn look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on cloud. pl - art . pl
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off sleče

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja sleče košula-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc take_off( pfv ). aor .3 sg shirt( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) se sonuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì se sonuva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat refl dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar dreams about Maja.’

98. agree se soglasi

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se soglasi so Maja
pn refl agree( pfv ). aor .3 sg with pn
‘Petar agreed with Maja.’

99. have a quarrel se skara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se skara so Maja
pn refl quarrel( pfv ). aor .3 sg with pn
‘Petar had a quarrel with Maja.’

100. cost čini

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ovaa čaša čini 40 rublji
dem _ prox . f . sg glass( f ). sg cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg forty rouble. pl
‘This glass costs forty roubles.’

101. shoot at pukne

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo
X: SBJ
Y: vo
Locus: Y
Petar pukna vo ptica-ta
pn shoot( pfv ). aor .3 sg in bird( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar shot at the bird.’

102. pour turi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar turi šeḱer vo čaša-ta
pn pour( pfv ). aor .3 sg sugar( m ). sg in cup( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar poured sugar into the cup.’

103. lose zagina

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar gi zagina klučevi-te
pn pro .3 pl . acc lose( pfv ). aor .3 sg keys. pl - art . pl
‘Petar lost the keys.’

104. sink potone

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo
X: SBJ
Y: vo
Locus: Y
trupče-to potona vo voda-ta
log( n ). sg - art . n . sg sink( pfv ). aor .3 sg in water( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ubie

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja ubi Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc kill( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar killed Maja.’

106. hit udri

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja udri Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc hit( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar hit Maja.’

107. kiss bakne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja bakna Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc kiss( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar kissed Maja.’

108. read pročita

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar pročita interesna kniga
pn read( pfv ). aor .3 sg interesting. f . sg book( f ). sg
‘Petar read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) mrdne

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar mrdna so prst-ot
pn move( pfv ). aor .3 sg with finger( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar moved his finger.’

110. respect počituva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja počituva Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc respect( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar respects Maja.’

111. be squeamish se gnasi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se gnasi od valkani sadovi
pn refl disgust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from dirty. pl dish. pl
‘Petar is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content zadovolen + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar e zadovolen od svoj-ot sin
pn be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg satisfied. m . sg from one’s. m . sg - art . m . sg son( m ). sg
‘Petar is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love se vljubi

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo
X: SBJ
Y: vo
Locus: Y
Petar se vljubi vo Maja
pn refl fall_in_love( pfv ). aor .3 sg in pn
‘Petar fell in love with Maja.’

114. trust veruva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì veruva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar trusts Maja.’

115. sympathise žali

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja žali majka mu
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc sympathise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg mother( f ). sg pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy zaviduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì zaviduva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar envies Maja.’

117. be angry se luti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar se luti na Maja
pn refl make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar is angry with Maja.’

118. be surprised se začudi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se začudi od podarok-ot
pn refl surprise( pfv ). aor .3 sg from gift( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) saka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar saka čaj
pn love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg tea( m ). sg
‘Petar loves tea.’

120. enjoy se nasladuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar se nasladuva so topol čaj
pn refl enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with warm. m . sg tea( m ). sg
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’

121. want saka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar saka nov mobilen
pn want( ipfv ). prs .3 sg new. m . sg mobile_phone
‘Petar wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge se luti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar se luti na Maja
pn refl make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maja.’

123. take offence se naluti

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar se naluti na Maja
pn refl make_angry( pfv ). aor .3 sg on pn
‘Petar took offence at Maja.’

124. upset ogorči

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar mnogu ja ogorči Maja
pn very pro .3 sg . f . acc upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar greatly upset Maja.’

125. marvel porazen + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar beše porazen od toj grad
pn be( ipfv ). impf .3 sg stun. ptcp . pass . m . sg from dem _ med . m . sg city( m ). sg
‘Petar was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).

126. despise prezira

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja prezira Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar despises Maja.’

127. get upset se ogorči

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se ogorči od svoj-ot sin
pn refl upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg from one’s. m . sg - art . m . sg son( m ). sg
‘Petar got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated se gnevi

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar se gnevi na ḱerka mu
pn refl irritate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on daughter( f ). sg pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond simpatizira

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja simpatizira Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc be_fond( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar is fond of Maja.’

130. be shy se srami

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se srami od svoj-ot rast
pn refl embarrass( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from one’s. m . sg - art . m . sg height( m ). sg
‘Petar is embarrassed about his height.’