‘hear’
| Argument frame: |
X
(hear)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
hears
the music
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
слышать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(слышать)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
слышит
музыку
.
|
Abaza
ʕa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatíjma |
múzəka |
l-ʕ-əj-d |
|
pn
|
music
|
3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-hear-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatima hears the music.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
ze.xe-xə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| pŝaŝe-m |
wered–maqe-r |
ze-x-j-e-xə |
|
girl-
obl
|
song–sound-
abs
|
rec
.
io
-
loc
:
among
-3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-remove
|
| ‘The girl hears the music.’ |
Aghul
un-x.a-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
muq’am-ar |
un-x.a-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
tune-
pl
|
sound-become.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan hears the music.’ |
Alik Kryz
iuxhayc
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| terlan-iz |
mahni |
iuxhva-ryu |
|
pn
-
dat
|
song(
f
)
|
f
.hear.
pfv
-
prs
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan hears the music.’ |
Archi
-kos
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| paša-s |
lagum-mul |
ko-r-ši |
|
pn
-
dat
|
song-
pl
|
npl
.hear-
ipfv
-
advz
(
npl
.be)
|
| ‘Pasha hears the music.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+šammə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| +xor-i |
+bəšmay=əl |
zmarta |
|
friend(
m
)-
p
.1
sg
|
hear.
prog
=3
m
|
song(
f
)
|
| ‘My friend hears the song.’ |
Avar
raʕize
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-da |
baq’an |
raʕ-ule-b |
b-ugo |
|
pn
-
loc
|
tune
|
hear-
ipf
.
ptcp
-
n
|
n
-
cop
|
| ‘Ali hears the music.’ |
Azerbaijani
eşitmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
musiq-i-ni |
eşid-ir |
|
pn
|
music-
poss
3-
acc
|
hear-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan hears the music.’ |
Bafut
njúʔútə́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
njúʔútə́ |
ᵼ̀kòò |
wá |
|
pn
|
sm
|
hear
|
song
|
def
|
| ‘Ambe hears the song.’ |
Bambara
mɛ́n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
mànkan` |
mɛ́n |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
noise\
art
|
hear
|
| ‘Seku hears a noise.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ouvir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ouv-e |
música |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hear-3
sg
.
prs
|
music(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro hears the music.’ |
Budugh
ixhi
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-ız |
maʕni |
ixhi-ra'vi |
|
pn
-
dat
|
song
|
hear.
ipf
-
prog
|
| ‘Aslan hears the music.’ |
Catalan
escoltar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
escolt-a |
música |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hear-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
music(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere hears the music.’ |
Chechen
ladughu
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ALL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-as |
eshargasha |
ladughu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
song.
pl
.
all
|
listen.
prs
|
| ‘Islam hears the music.’ |
Chirag
č’a-b-aq’i
|
Valency pattern:
SUPER_ABS
|
| X: SUPER |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| ʡa̰li-l-i |
laˁ |
bajt |
carasːaħ=ra |
č'a-b-aq'-ib |
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
dem
.
addr
|
song(
abs
)
|
before=
add
|
sound-
n
.
sg
-hear:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Ali heard this song before.’ |
Czech
slyšet
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
slyší |
hudb-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hear(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
music(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr hears the music.’ |
Danish
høre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
høre-r |
musikk-en |
|
pn
|
hear-
prs
|
music(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter hears the music.’ |
Dutch
horen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
hoor-t |
muziek |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
hear-3
sg
|
music(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet hears the music.’ |
Eastern Maninka
mɛ́n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
dɔ̀nkili` |
mɛ́n-na. |
|
pn
|
be
|
song\
art
|
hear-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku hears songs.’ |
English
hear
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
kuulma
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
kuule-b |
muusika-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hear-
prs
.3
sg
|
music-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter hears the music.’ |
Finnish
kuulla
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
kuul-ee |
musiiki-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
hear-
prs
.3
sg
|
music-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka hears the music.’ |
Forest Enets
nɔdos
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
entʃeu |
soo-ʔ |
nɔdoʔɔ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
person.
obl
|
throat-
pl
|
hear(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend hears human voices’. |
French
entendre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
entend |
la |
musique |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hear.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
music(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul hears the music.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-sm-i-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
musik'a-Ø |
Ø-e-sm-i-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
music-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-hear-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre hears the music.’ |
German
hören
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
hör-t |
Musik |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hear-
prs
.3
sg
|
music[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl hears the music.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
wóo mǎŋ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| gáa |
wèle |
wóo |
mɛ̀ŋ-zḭ̂ |
|
1
sg
\
cop
|
song
|
voice
|
hear-
inf
|
| ‘I hear a song.’ |
Hindi
sunnā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pratīk |
gānā |
sun-t-ā |
hɛ. |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
song(
f
).
sg
.
dir
|
hear-
ipfv
-
m
.
sg
|
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Prateek hears the song.’ |
Icari Dargwa
deh b=iq'-uj
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-il |
maq'am-t-a-lla |
deh |
b=iq'-a-ca=b |
|
pn
-
erg
|
tune-
pl
-
obl
-
gen
|
sound.
abs
|
n
=hear:
ipf
-
prs
-
cop
=
n
|
| ‘Islam hears the music.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Irish
clois
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Clois-eann |
Pól |
an |
ceol. |
|
hear-
prs
|
pn
|
def
|
music
|
| ‘Pól hears the music.’ |
Ismayilli Kryz
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-iz |
musiği |
ixh-ire |
|
pn
-
dat
|
music
|
hear.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan hears the music.’ |
Italian
sentire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
sent-e |
la |
music-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hear-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
music-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo hears the music.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
CL-aˤq'-es / CL-iq'-es
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
muzɨka |
b-iq'-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
music
|
n
-hear.
ipfv
-
th
|
| ‘Muhammad hears the music.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ašunel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
ašun-el |
muzyk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
nom
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
music-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša hears the music.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| fatima.ji-z |
ses |
ʁ-e<b>x-nu |
|
pn
-
dat
|
voice(
abs
)
|
pf
-<
n
.
sg
>hear-
pst
|
| ‘She heard a noise.’ |
Karata
anɬaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕalja |
baq’an |
anɬ-idja |
idja |
|
pn
.
dat
|
tune
|
hear-
ipf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali hears the music.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
biq’ara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
muzika |
d-iq’-ulca |
|
pn
-
erg
|
music(
npl
)
|
npl
-reach.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Petja hears the music.’ |
Kazakh
est
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
muwzïka-nï |
est-іp |
tur |
|
pn
|
music-
acc
|
hear-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya hears the music.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǫλti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
amp |
χǒrtǝpsi |
χǫλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
dog
|
barking
|
hear.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja hears the barking.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁnâu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǀō-i-a |
ra |
ǁnâu |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
sound-3
c
.
sg
-
obl
|
ipfv
|
hear
|
| ‘Peter hears some sounds.’ |
Khwarshi
tiqʷa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| di-l |
keč’i-ba |
tiq-qа |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
dat
|
song(
iii
)-
pl
.
abs
|
hear-
pst
.
w
|
| ‘I heard the songs.’ |
Kina Rutul
ses ruɁur
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ATTR
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ATTR |
| Locus: XY |
| rasul-u-s |
maˁʔnij-mɨ-d |
ses |
ruɁu-r |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
song-
pl
.
obl
-
attr
|
sound(
nom
)
|
4.go.
ipfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘Rasul hears the music.’ |
Kryz Proper
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-is |
musiği |
ixh-ra |
ʕaci |
|
pn
-
dat
|
music
|
hear.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in.
n
|
| ‘Aslan hears the music.’ |
Kumyk
ešitmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
muzɨka-nɨ |
ešit-e |
|
pn
|
music-
acc
|
hear-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat hears the music.’ |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
bihîstin (tr)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| zilam |
muzîk-ê |
di-bihîz-e |
|
man
|
music(
f
)-
obl
.
f
|
prs
-hear.
ipfv
-3
sg
|
| ‘The man hears the music.’ |
Latin
audio
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| audi-a-t |
optat-os |
semper |
amic-a |
son-os |
|
hear-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
sg
|
desired-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
always
|
girlfriend(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
sound(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Let the girlfriend always hear desired sounds.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Ars Amatoria. II, 156) |
Laz
uǯ-ap-a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
muziγ-i |
Ø-u-uǯ-am-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
music-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim is listening to / hears the music.’ |
| Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished. |
Mandarin Chinese
tīngdào
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
tīngdào |
yīnyuè |
le |
|
pn
|
hear
|
music
|
pfv
|
| ‘Zhangsan hears the music.’ |
Mano
mā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| lɛ́ɛ̀ |
mī |
wéè |
mā |
|
3
sg
.
ipfv
|
person
|
speech
|
hear:
ipfv
|
| ‘S/he hears people's voices.’ |
Mehweb
arʁes
|
Valency pattern:
CONT.LAT_NOM
|
| X: CONT.LAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-ize |
irʁ-uwe |
le-r |
muzɨka |
|
pn
-
cont
(
lat
)
|
hear:
ipfv
-
cvb
|
be-
npl
|
music[
r
]
|
| ‘Islam hears the music.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
musik'a-Ø |
Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
dat
|
music-
nom
|
io
3-
pot
-hear-
pot
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo hears the music.’ |
Modern Hebrew
shomea
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
shomea |
et |
ha |
muzika |
|
pn
|
hear[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
music
|
| ‘Pinchas hears the music.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
un jišin
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| murad-ı-s |
maq'am-a-d |
jiχana |
un |
a |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
tune-
obl
-
gen
|
well
|
sound
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad hears the music.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nanai
dolǯ-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
muzəka-wə |
dolǯi-ni |
|
pn
|
music-
obl
|
hear.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia hears the music.’ |
Nivkh
məd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
lu |
+ |
mə-d |
|
pn
|
song
|
+
|
listen-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik hears the song.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
anƛunuƛa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pataħi-ƛa |
maq’q’a |
anƛ-ene |
godi |
|
pn
-
dat
|
tune
|
hear-
simul
|
n
.
cop
|
| ‘Patahi hears the music.’ |
Northern Mansi
xūli
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
xūl-s-um |
kūt’uw |
|
1
sg
|
hear-
pst
-1
sg
|
dog
|
| ‘I heard the dog.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
möndˈiǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
muzуkа-lǝ |
möndˈiǝ-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
music-
acc
|
listen-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is listening the music.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å høre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
høre-r |
musikk |
|
pn
|
hear-
prs
|
music
|
| ‘Per hears the music.’ |
Polish
słyszeć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ann-a |
słyszy |
muzyk-ę |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
hear:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
music-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna hears the music.’ |
Russian
slyšatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
slyš-it |
muzyk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
hear(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
music(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja hears the music.’ |
Serbian
čuti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
čuje |
muzik-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
hear.
prs
.3
sg
|
music-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar hears the music.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
un h-iši-n
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ATTR
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ATTR |
| Locus: XY |
| basir-ɨs |
un |
h-iʔi |
maˁni-je-d |
|
pn
-
dat
|
call
|
n
-
cop
|
song-
obl
-
attr
|
| ‘Basir hears the song.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Shughni
x̌īdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
soz |
x̌īn-t |
|
pn
|
song
|
hear-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim hears the music.’ |
Skolt Saami
kuullâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
kooll |
musiikk |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hear.
prs
.3
sg
|
music.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete hears the music.’ |
Slovak
počuť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
počuje |
hudb-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hear(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
music(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter hears the music.’ |
Slovenian
slišati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
sliši |
glasb-o |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
hear:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
music-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana hears the music.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
giwê bûn
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: le |
| Locus: XY |
| Hîwa |
êsta |
giwe=î |
le |
mûsîqa-ye |
|
pn
|
now
|
ear=3
sg
.
pc
|
from
|
music-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa hears the music now.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Southern Rutul
un yidq’ın
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-s |
ç'al-mı-d |
un |
aˤğuˤ-r |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
word-
pl
.
obl
-
n
|
sound
|
(
n
)go.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad hears the (sound of) music.’ |
Spanish
oír
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
oy-e |
la |
música |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
hear-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
music[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro hears the music.’ |
Standard Arabic
samiʕa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-un |
yasmaʕu |
l-musīqā |
|
pn
-
nom
|
hear.
ipf
.3
m
|
def
-music(
f
)/
acc
|
| ‘Badr hears the music.’ |
Svan
x-e-sm-i (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| maizer-s |
musik'a-Ø |
x-e-sm-i |
|
pn
-
dat
|
music-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-hear-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer hears the music.’ |
Swedish
att höra
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
hör |
musik-en |
|
pn
|
hear.
prs
|
music-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn hears the music.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| na-ri~rinig |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
tugtugin |
|
pot
.
pv
.
ipfv
~hear
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
music
|
| ‘Pedro hears the music.’ |
Telugu
viṇu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
saṁgītamu |
viṁṭunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
music(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
listen.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen hears the music.’ |
Tsakhur
q:ayхhiy
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-k’le |
ses |
q:ayхhı |
|
pn
-
obl
-
aff
|
voice
|
n
.hear.
pf
|
| ‘Murad hears the voice.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
b-aq'-iz/b-iq'-iz
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| uršːi-z |
t'ama |
b-iq'-ule=sab |
|
boy-
dat
|
sound
|
n
-hear.
pfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
n
|
| ‘The boy hears the noise.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-aq'-i / b-iq'-i
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| durħaˤ-j |
t'ama |
b-aq'-ib |
|
boy-
dat
|
sound
|
n
-hear.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy hears the noise.’ |
Turkish
duymak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
müziğ-i |
duy-uyor |
|
pn
|
music-
acc
|
hear-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet hears the music.’ |
Turoyo
šoməʕ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
|
| X: SBJ.SS |
| Y: DO.LS |
| Locus: Y |
| Šabo |
k-šoməʕ |
mosiqa |
|
pn
|
prs
-hear.
ipfv
.3
m
|
music(
f
)
|
| ‘Shabo hears the music.’ |
Twi
te
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi |
te |
nwom |
no |
|
pn
|
perceive(3
sg
.
prs
)
|
music
|
def
|
| ‘Kofi hears the music.’ |
Udmurt
кылыны
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Петя |
крезьгыр-ез |
кыл-э |
|
pn
.
nom
|
music-
acc
|
hear-
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja hears the music.’ |
Ulcha
doldi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
min |
jaja-wa-je |
dold-i-ni |
|
father
|
my
|
song-
acc
-1
sg
|
hear-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father hears my song.’ |
Uzbek
eštimoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
muzika-ni |
ešit-ib |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
music-
acc
|
listen-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja hears the music.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗaggeeffata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
sirb-ittʃa |
ni |
ɗaggeeffat-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
music-
def
.
abs
|
foc
|
listen-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa listens/hears the song.’ |
Wolof
dégg
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| dégg |
nga |
jóolooli |
b-i |
|
hear
|
prf
.s
i
:2
sg
|
bell(
b
)
|
cl
b
-
def
|
| ‘Did you hear the bell?’ |
Yargun Lezgian
van qven
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| Sahib-a-z |
sa |
maʕni-di-n |
van |
qve-zva |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
one
|
song-
obl
-
gen
|
noise
|
come.
ipfv
-
prs
|
| ‘Sahib hears the song.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| oxɨr |
muzɨk-i |
hɛʃi-n-o=pe |
|
pn
|
music-
obl
|
notice.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
m
=with
|
| ‘Oxir hears the music.’ |
Zilo Andi
anɬ.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-<b>o |
anɬ.i-r |
ketʃ’ibaqχ’an |
|
pn
-
aff
<
inan
1>
|
hear.
pst
-
prog
|
song+melody[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
| ‘Ali hears the music.’ |