BivalTyp

Khinalug

Contributed by Monika Rind-Pawlowski, Rasim Babayev, Namik Əhmədov, and Michael Daniel.

M.R-P.'s photo R.B.'s photo M.D.'s photo

How to cite

Rind-Pawlowski, Monika, Rasim Babayev, Namik Əhmədov, and Michael Daniel. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Khinalug. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 11, 2026; last revised on March 11, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: SUP/GEN1_NOM
X: SUP/GEN1
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ɨ kʰalla cʼɨtʰ ku-i-q-o=mä
pn - sup / gen 1 head pain be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan gripʰ qʼ-i-q-o=mä
pn be.in.flu 1.be. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of the predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
aslan-u pʰɨχra-š ɨnqʰ qʼ-i-q-o=mä
pn - dat dog- apud fear 4.be. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ kʼačʼɨn fatʰkʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg stone 4.throw. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u pʰɨl la-čːɨku-i-dä=mä
pn - dat money trans : level -be_enough. ipfv - ptcp - nmlz .3= decl
‘Aslan has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP/GEN1
X: NOM
Y: SUP/GEN1
Locus: Y
aslan miχail-i uχšaš q-o=mä
pn pn - sup / gen 1 similar_to below - cop = decl
‘Aslan resembles Mikhail.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-u inam q-o=mä
pn pn - dat confident below - cop = decl
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ räf-illi kʰitʰab tuv=šä=mä
pn - erg shelf- el book 3.take. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u cʼoa daχ-i-q-o=mä
pn - dat house see. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jaš-ɨ jaddaš-u tʰäsir kʰi-tʰar=mä
age- erg memory- dat influence 4.do. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u gra rastʰ kʰa<bɨ>ʁ-q-o=mä
pn - dat wolf straight <3> cis .go. pfv . ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan encountered a wolf.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan maʁaza-r la-cʼ-ʁ-i=šä=mä
pn shop- loc trans : level - into -1.go. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-u qalib kʰa-ʁ-ɨ=šä=mä
pn pn - dat winning cis -1.go. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
aslan maʁaza-llɨ tʰal-tɨrʁ-ɨ=šä=mä
pn shop- el cis :level-1.go_out. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan went out of the shop.’
Note: Is this paradigmatically a dedicated INELative case? From the glosses, I see that “shop” has a non-segmentable locative form. But with a different noun (school, mosque, hospital, etc.) will we see a specialized form of INEL in a similar context?

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ lucʰoz inkʰä-r näškʼi-r-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg cow grass- loc drive. ipfv - ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ budaʁ ägmiš-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg branch bend. ptcp [ az ]-4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-uš χ-ä l-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn - apud go. pfv - imp say. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan told Rasul: “Go away!”.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ kʰutʰa-š sa kʰitʰab čʼi<pʰ>xu=šä=mä
pn - erg hand. obl - apud one book <3>grasp. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan lejla-jɨχ la-χkʰ-ɨ=šä=mä
pn pn - ad trans : level -1.reach. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan caught up with Lejla.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ lucʰoz tilqʼu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg cow 3.milk. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP/GEN1
X: NOM
Y: SUP/GEN1
Locus: Y
aslan xɨn-i qaraʁ-ɨ čʰatʰmɨš-qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn water. obl - gen 2 edge- sup / gen 1 reach. ptcp [ az ]-1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ kʰatʰɨr-ɨr ɨstʰal χelqʼu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg nose- loc finger 4.make_touch. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan touched his nose.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-uškʰili kʰa-čɨlmɨqʼɨ-r-q-o=mä
pn pn - com cis -fight- ipfv . ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan räsul-i kʼili=mä
pn pn - gen 2 friend= decl
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

25. think

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN2
X: ERG
Y: GEN2
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ lejla-jɨ fikʰir kʰi-r-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg pn - gen 2 thought 4.do. ipfv - ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is thinking about Lejla.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ mɨčʰ qʼin-i=šä=mä
pn - erg apple eat. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ baluʁ qɨzartʰmɨš-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg fish fry. ptcp [ az ]-3.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan-ɨ räsul-i kʼoar kʼužalkʰi-r-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg pn - gen 2 way 4.watch_out. ipfv - ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ ǯürä kʼoar kʼur<pʰ>qʰin-kʰu-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg different way <3>be_forgotten. pfv -3.do. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD.EL
X: NOM
Y: APUD.EL
Locus: Y
jaddaš jaš-ɨš-ɨllɨ aslɨ-ž=mä
memory age- apud - el dependent- nmlz .4= decl
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-uχ sas kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn - ad voice 4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-uškʰili sa üs qabaʁ tʰanɨš qʼ-i-du=mä
pn pn - com one year before familiar 1.be. pfv - ptcp - nmlz .1= decl
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u räsul muxu-i-du=mä
pn - dat pn know- ptcp - nmlz .1= decl
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ gitara qʰi-l-q-o=mä
pn - erg guitar play- ipfv - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan-u räsul-uš ɨnqʰ-ɨž=mä
pn - dat pn - apud afraid- nmlz .4= decl
‘Aslan is afraid of Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ nukʼur-u tʼab düskʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg mouse- gen 2 trap 4.put_up. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-u satʰašmɨš-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn pn - dat 1.ridicule. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have

Valency pattern: GEN2_NOM
X: GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ɨ mašɨn tü-i-ž=mä
pn - gen 2 car be. ipfv - ptcp - nmlz .4= decl
‘Aslan has a car.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan ačʰar-dɨr-ɨχ kʼatʰku-i-q-o=mä
pn key- pl - ad walk_around. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is looking for the keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ häsar ranglamɨš-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg fence paint. ptcp [ az ]-3.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan pʰɨχr-i čʼix=šä=mä
pn dog- erg 1.grasp. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD.EL
X: NOM
Y: APUD.EL
Locus: Y
aslan cʼoa-š-illi qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn house- apud - el 1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pʰänǯärä-lli zä-kʼiš, aslan-ɨ karpa čʼi<pʰ>xi-r-q-o=mä
window- el trans . down -1.look. imp pn - erg lamb <3>grasp. ipfv - ipfv . ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Look out the window, Aslan is trying to catch a lamb.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ čubuq qʼu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg stick break. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan lejla-ju jaltʰaqlanmɨš-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn pn - dat flatter. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is flattering Lejla.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u lejla ri-ž-i-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn - dat pn 2-love- ptcp -be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan loves Lejla.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ däsmal nimcʼilkʰi-r-q-o=mä
pn - erg towel wave. ipfv - ipfv . ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u tʰaza mašɨn ji-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn - dat new car 4.want. ptcp -be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan wants a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ finǯan rɨcʰ-i=šä=mä
pn - erg cup wash. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ šalvar niš-i=šä=mä
pn - erg trousers put_on. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
sä-š kʰompʰas čʼi-tʰar=mä
dem . prox . nh . obl - apud compass say. ipfv - habit = decl
‘This is called a compass.’

52. punish

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ hinän-e gada-u ǯäza lä-kʼu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg refl. obl - gen 2 boy- dat punishment trans : level -4.give. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pʰs-i balɨqčʰ-u ħuǯum kʰu-i=šä=mä
bear- erg fisherman- dat attack 4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP/GEN1
X: NOM
Y: SUP/GEN1
Locus: Y
vedrä xɨn-i cʼ-i=šä=mä
bucket water. obl - sup / gen 1 become_full. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ɨš ačʰar-dɨr čʼaʁ-i=šä=mä
pn - apud key- pl nhpl .be_found. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan found the keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: GEN2_NOM
X: GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ɨ sa dollar čʰatʰmɨš-ku-i-q-o-v-i=mä
pn - gen 2 one dollar reach. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop -3- cop .neg= decl
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

57. hate

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-u nifrätʰ kʰi-r-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg pn - dat hatred 4.do. ipfv - ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
aslan-u sa peram-ɨš χoš-u kʰa-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn - dat dem . prox . nh . obl shirt- apud pleasure- poss .3[ az ] cis -go. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u pʰɨl lazɨm q-o=mä
pn - dat money necessary below - cop = decl
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2gaxrama
X: NOM
Y: GEN2gaxrama
Locus: Y
šähär-i gäχräma divar q-o=mä
town- gen 2 around wall below - cop = decl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: GEN2_NOM
X: GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ɨ pʰaga-ju ǯämi jäʕäz dollar v-acːɨn-q-o=mä
pn - gen 2 tomorrow- dat in_total ten dollar 3-remain. pfv . ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ mäʕälim-u ǯavab lä-kʼu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg teacher- dat answer trans : level -4.give. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ sa bankʰa äčʰmiš-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg one mason_jar open. ptcp [ az ]-3.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP.EL
X: NOM
Y: COMP.EL
Locus: Y
i peram vi peram-ɨqʼ-illi ǯürä-sɨm q-o=mä
i . sup / gen 1 shirt you. sg . sup / gen 1 shirt- comp - el different-of_a_kind below - cop = decl
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP.EL
X: NOM
Y: COMP.EL
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-uqʼ-illi dal-ɨr j-ecːin=šä=mä
pn pn - comp - el hind- loc 1-stay. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ tʰarl-u šum-kʼi-r-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg field- dat ploughing-4.give. ipfv - ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
i kʼɨlam-zɨr-ɨllɨ benzin-i ula kʰa-ku-i-q-o=mä
i . sup / gen 1 hand. obl - pl - el petrol- gen 2 smell cis -go. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
aslan kʼura-llɨ la-tːɨ-hi=jä maʁaza-r la-cʼ-ʁ-i=šä=mä
pn way. obl - el trans : level -across-1.go. pfv . ptcp = coord shop- loc trans . level - into -go. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan crossed the road and enter the shop.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ ħäjardä sa mäʕni likʼuv=šä=mä
pn - erg beautiful one song sing. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ mäkʰtʰub šicʼ=šä=mä
pn - erg letter write. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ al cʰuv-i=šä=mä
pn - erg milk drink. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ sa qʼurqʼašɨn erpʰil-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg one lead melt-4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
dä tʰoqːa e ägnu jarašmɨš-ku-i-qo=mä
dem . prox .3 belt i . gen 2 clothes. dat suit. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
aslan hä-hinän-e šähär-illi χ-i=šä=mä
pn foc - refl . obl - gen 2 town- el 1.go. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan left his native city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
qʼalčʰ-i butʰo antʰ čʼi<pʰ>xi-r-i-q-o=mä
carpet- erg all ground <3>grasp. ipfv - ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: SUP/GEN1_NOM
X: SUP/GEN1
Y: NOM
Locus: X
hu čʰiχi qʼ-i cʼoa aslan-ɨ kʰsan kʼullu q-o=mä
dem . dist .1 big 1.be. pfv - ptcp house pn - sup / gen 1 good in_mind below - cop = decl
‘Aslan remembers the house where he grew up well.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-u kʰümäkʰ kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn - dat help 4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u fransɨzǯa muxu-i-dä=mä
pn - dat f rench know. pfv - ptcp - nmlz .3= decl
‘Aslan understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ildɨrɨm-ɨ cʼoa v-atʼ=šä=mä
lightning- erg house 3-hit. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP/GEN1.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP/GEN1.EL
Locus: Y
aslan ülgüǯ-ü-llü jaralanmɨš-qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn razor- sup / gen 1- el be wounded. ptcp [ az ]-1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
istʰigan ustʰul-uχ japʰɨšmɨš-bi-qʼ=šä=mä
glass table- ad stick. ptcp [ az ]-3-be. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-u uduzmuš-ku-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn - dat lose. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan mäkʰtʰub-uχ šatʰ qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn letter- ad happy 1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-uškʰili söbätʰ kʰi-r-q-o=mä
pn - erg pn - com conversation 4.do. ipfv - ipfv - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
lejla-jɨ sa gada tʼü-i=šä=mä
pn - erg one boy give_birth. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Lejla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ istʰigan za-čɨlkʼ-i=šä=mä
pn - erg glass trans : down -3.drop. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan šir-e qäsäb-e čʰχi-du=mä
pn we. excl . obl - gen 2 settlement- gen 2 big- nmlz .1= decl
‘Aslan runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan lejla-jɨχ darɨχmɨš-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn pn - ad miss. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan misses Lejla.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP/GEN1
X: NOM
Y: SUP/GEN1
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-u dal-ɨllɨ la-ku-i-q-o=mä
pn pn - sup / gen 1 hind- el trans : level -go. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP/GEN1.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP/GEN1.EL
Locus: Y
aslan pʰiš-i-lli tʰ-enciʁ=šä=mä
pn horse. sup / gen 1- el cis :level-1.get_off. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ radio-jux tʼopʰ čaχɨn-dä-q-o=mä
pn - erg radio- ad ear hang- ptcp . ipfv - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan däd-e iši-χ le-ši-tʰar=mä
pn mother- gen 2 word- ad trans : level -1.look. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u muzikʰa kʰ-l-i-q-o=mä
pn - dat music hear- ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
nücʼ al-u šicʼ=šä=mä
honey milk- dat mix. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan unkʼum-urdur-uχ ä-kʼiš-i-q-o=mä
pn cloud. obl - pl - ad trans : up -1.look. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ peram giqʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg shirt take_off. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u mikʼe-r lejla daχ-ar=mä
pn - dat dream- loc pn see. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan dreams about Lejla.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan lejla-jɨškʰili razɨlašmɨš-qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn pn - com agree. ptcp [ az ]-1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan agreed with Lejla.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ lejla-jɨškʰili daʕva kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn - com quarrel 4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Rasul.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
dä finǯan čʰinä dollar-ɨχ=mä
dem . prox .3 cup one. obl dollar- ad = decl
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ quš-u gulla fatʰku-i=šä=mä
pn - erg bird- dat bullet 4.throw. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ pʰasug finǯan-ɨr lä-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg sugar cup- loc trans : level -4.pour. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ ačʰar-dɨr dugun-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg key- pl lost- nhpl .do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
girdin xɨn-ɨr batʰmɨš-bi-qʼ-i-q-o=šä=mä
log water. obl - loc sink. ptcp [ az ]-3-be. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = pst = decl
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ räsul kʼ-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn 1.kill. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ räsul j-etʼ=šä=mä
pn - erg pn 1-hit. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ lejla-ju pʼa kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn - dat kiss 4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan kissed Rasul.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ maraʁlɨ sa kʰitʰab likʼuv=šä=mä
pn - erg interesting one book read. pfv . ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ ɨstʰal tʰärpʰätʰmiš-kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg finger move. ptcp [ az ]-4.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-u ħürmätʰ kʰi-tʰar=mä
pn - erg pn - dat honour 4.do. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
aslan-u čʰirkʰli qʼičʰ-ar-ɨš ijränmiš-ku-ar=mä
pn - dat dirty plate- pl - apud be_disgusted. ptcp [ az ]-be. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD.EL
X: NOM
Y: APUD.EL
Locus: Y
aslan gada-š-ɨllɨ razɨ-du=mä
pn boy- apud - el content- nmlz .1= decl
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan lejla-ju vurulmuš-qʼ-i-q-o=mä
pn pn - dat fall_in_love. ptcp [ az ]-1.be. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan fell in love with Lejla.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ lejla-ju etʰibar-val kʰi-tʰar=mä
pn - erg pn - dat confidence- nmlz 4.do. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan trusts Lejla.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u dädä jazɨʁ kʰa-ko-ar=mä
pn - dat mother pitiful cis -go. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-u pʰaχɨl-val kʰi-tʰar=mä
pn - erg pn - dat envious- nmlz 4.do. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: SUP/GEN1_APUD
X: SUP/GEN1
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
aslan-ɨ räsul-uš ħäfiš-kʰ-ɨ-q-o=šä=mä
pn - sup / gen 1 pn - apud anger-4.fall. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = pst = decl
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan sa pʰadarkʰ-u mäʕtäl qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn dem . prox . nh . obl gift- dat stunned 1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
aslan-u čʰe-jiš χoš-u kʰa-ko-ar=mä
pn - dat tea- apud pleasure- poss .3[ az ] cis -go. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ maχa čʰe-jiš häz tuv-tʰar=mä
pn - erg boiling_hot tea- apud delight 4.take. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u tʰaza ǯibɨn-ɨ tʰelefon ji-ku-i-qo=mä
pn - dat new pocket. obl - gen 2 telephone 4.want. ptcp -be. ipfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD.EL
X: NOM
Y: APUD.EL
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-uš-ɨllɨ aǯɨqlɨ q-o=mä
pn pn - apud - el angry below - cop = decl
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD.EL
X: ERG
Y: APUD.EL
Locus: Y
aslan-ɨ räsul-uš-ɨllɨ qʰol kʰu-i-q-o=mä
pn - erg pn - apud - el offendedness 4.do. pfv - ptcp - below - cop = decl
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ räsul iχer mäjus kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn very disappointed 1.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan sa šähär-u hejran q-o=šä=mä
pn dem . prox . nh . obl town- dat amazed below - cop = pst = decl
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan räsul-uχ čʼir lä-kʼiš-tʰar=mä
pn pn - ad bad trans : level -1.look. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_ADcimi
X: NOM
Y: ADcimi
Locus: Y
aslan hä-hinän-e gada-χ čʰimi pʰärtʰ qʼ-i=šä=mä
pn foc - refl . obl - gen 2 boy- ad because_of upset 1.be. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: SUP/GEN1_APUD.EL
X: SUP/GEN1
Y: APUD.EL
Locus: XY
aslan-ɨ hä-hinän-e riši-š-illi ħäfiš-kʰ-ɨ=šä=mä
pn - sup / gen 1 foc - refl . obl - gen 2 girl- apud - el anger-4.fall. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-u räsul iχer ji-ko-ar=mä
pn - dat pn very 1.love. ptcp -be. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
aslan-u hä-hinän-e boj-uš irä ko-ar=mä
pn - dat foc - refl . obl - gen 2 stature- apud ashamed be. ipfv - habit = decl
‘Aslan is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.