‘drink’
| Argument frame: |
X
(drink)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. was given a glass of milk by his mother.)
P.
drank
the milk
.
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(пить)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Мама налила П. стакан молока)
П.
выпил
молоко
.
|
Abaza
ẑə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| murád |
a-χš |
jə-ẑ-d |
|
pn
|
def
-milk
|
3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-drink(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad drank the milk.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
jə-ŝʷə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ŝeweẑəje-m |
šʼe-r |
r-jə-ŝʷə-ʁ |
|
guy-
obl
|
milk-
abs
|
loc
:
cont
-3
sg
.
erg
-drink-
pst
|
| ‘The guy drank the milk.’ |
Aghul
uχ.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
nekː |
uχ.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
milk
|
drink.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan drank the milk.’ |
Alik Kryz
ğirayc
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
yux |
ğira-c |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink.
pfv
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan drank the milk.’ |
Archi
cʼabus
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| paša-mu |
naˁʟʼ |
cʼabu |
|
pn
-
obl
.
m
(
erg
)
|
milk
|
drink.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha drank the milk.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
šatə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
šti-la |
+xalva |
|
girl(
f
)
|
drink.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
milk(
m
)
|
| ‘The girl drank the milk.’ |
Avar
heq’eze
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
rax |
heq’-ana |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink-
aor
|
| ‘Ali drank the milk.’ |
Azerbaijani
içmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
süd-ü |
iç-di |
|
pn
|
milk-
acc
|
drink-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan drank the milk.’ |
Bafut
nô
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
kɨ̀ |
nô |
mílíkə̀ |
wá |
|
pn
|
sm
|
p
2
|
drink
|
milk
|
def
|
| ‘Ambe drank the milk.’ |
Bambara
mìn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
jí` |
mìn |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
water\
art
|
drink
|
| ‘Seku drank the water.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
beber
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
beb-eu |
o |
leite |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
drink-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
m
|
milk(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro drank the milk.’ |
Budugh
soğuru
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan-ır |
yux |
seğir-ci |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan drank the milk.’ |
Catalan
beure
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
beure |
la |
llet |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
drink(
inf
)
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
milk(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere drank the milk.’ |
Chechen
dwa-mella
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-as |
shura |
dwa-mella |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk.
abs
|
away-drink
|
| ‘Islam drank the milk.’ |
Chirag
b-erčːi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
nig |
d-erčː-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk(
abs
)
|
n
.
pl
-drink:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Ali drank the milk.’ |
Czech
vypít
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
vypi-l |
mlék-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
drink(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
milk(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr drank the milk.’ |
Danish
drikke
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
drak |
mælk-en |
|
pn
|
drink.
pst
|
milk(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter drank the milk.’ |
Dutch
opdrinken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
melk |
op-ge-dronk-en |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
milk(
c
)
|
up-
ptcp
-drink-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet drank the milk.’ |
Eastern Maninka
mìn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
jí` |
mìn. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
water\
art
|
drink
|
| ‘Seku drunk water.’ |
English
drink
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
jooma
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
jõ-i |
piima |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
drink-
pst
.3
sg
|
milk.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter drank milk.’ |
Finnish
juoda
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
joi |
maido-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
drink.
pst
.3
sg
|
milk-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka drank the milk.’ |
Forest Enets
ixuru
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| kasa-jʔ |
tetʃi-za |
biz |
ixura |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
be_cold(
ipfv
)-
ptcp
.
sim
|
water.
obl
|
drink(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend drank cold water’. |
French
boire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
bu |
du |
lait |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
drink.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
milk(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul drank some milk.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-lev-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
rʒe-Ø |
da-Ø-li-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-drink-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre drank the milk.’ |
German
trinken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
trank |
Milch |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
drink.
pst
.3
sg
|
milk[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl drank milk.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
kpěle
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hwáahuɣû |
àá |
nìŋɛ |
níni |
yà |
kpěle |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
cow
|
breast\
l
|
milk\
l
|
drink
|
| ‘Hwaahughu drank cow milk.’ |
Hindi
pī jānā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pratīk |
dūdh |
pī |
gay-ā. |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
milk(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
drink
|
go.
pfv
-
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Prateek drank the milk.’ |
Icari Dargwa
d=erčː-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
nejg |
d=erčː-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk.
abs
|
npl
=drink:
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam drank the milk.’ |
Irish
ól
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| D’=ól |
Pól |
an |
bainne. |
|
pst
=drink
|
pn
|
def
|
milk
|
| ‘Pól drank the milk.’ |
Ismayilli Kryz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan-ir |
yux |
ğira-c |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink.
pf
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Aslan drank the milk.’ |
Italian
bere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
bevuto |
il |
latt-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
drink.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
milk-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo drank the milk.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
CL-erž-es / CL-už-es
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
niʔ |
d-erž-un |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
npl
-drink.
pfv
-
pret
|
| ‘Muhammad drank the milk.’ |
Kalderash Romani
pel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
pi-ľ-a |
thud |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
drink-
pst
-3
sg
|
milk[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša drank the milk.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-i |
nikː |
ʁ-uχ-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk(
abs
)
|
pf
-drink-
pst
|
| ‘Rasul drank the milk.’ |
Karata
c’c’araɬa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-l |
š:iw |
c’c’ar-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink-
pf
|
| ‘Ali drank the milk.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
berč:ara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
d-erč:-iv |
neg |
|
pn
-
erg
|
npl
-drink.
pf
-
aor
|
milk
|
| ‘Petja drank the milk.’ |
Kazakh
іš
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
süt-tі |
іš-tі |
|
pn
|
milk-
acc
|
drink-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya drank the milk.’ |
Kazym Khanty
jańśi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
ԑsǝm |
jiŋk |
jańś-əs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
udder
|
water
|
drink-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja drank the milk.’ |
Khoekhoe
ā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
dai-i-a |
ge |
ā |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
milk-3
c
.
sg
-
obl
|
pst
|
drink
|
| ‘Peter drank the milk.’ |
Khwarshi
χiƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| šamil-i |
χiƛ-ƛa |
ʁi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
drink-
pst
.
w
|
milk(
v
)
|
| ‘Shamil drank the milk.’ |
Kina Rutul
waraˁʁɨˁra
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
nek |
wa-raˁʁɨˁ-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk(
nom
)
|
3-drink.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul drank the milk.’ |
Kryz Proper
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan-ir |
yux |
ğir-ic |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink.
pf
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Aslan drank the milk.’ |
Kumyk
ičmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
süt |
ič-d-i |
|
pn
|
milk
|
drink-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Basir drank milk.’ |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
vexwarin (tr)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| zilam |
şîr |
vexwar |
|
man
|
milk(
m
)
|
drink.
pfv
.
sg
|
| ‘The man drank the milk.’ |
Latin
bibo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Cassi-us |
tot-a |
vit-a |
aqu-am |
bib-it |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
whole-
abl
.
sg
.
f
|
life(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
water(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
drink[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘Cassius drank water all his life.’ |
| Note: (Sen. Ep. 83, 12) |
Laz
o-š-(um)-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
mža-Ø |
o-Ø-š-u |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
milk-
nom
|
pfv
-
do
3-drink-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim drank the milk.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
hē-xià
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
hē-xià |
le |
niúnǎi |
|
pn
|
drink-down
|
pfv
|
milk
|
| ‘Zhangsan drank the milk.’ |
Mano
mī
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| lɛ́ɛ̀ |
yíí |
mī |
|
3
sg
.
ipfv
|
water
|
drink:
ipfv
|
| ‘S/he drinks water.’ |
Mehweb
-eržes
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-ini |
niʔ |
d-erž-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
npl
-drink:
pfv
-
pst
|
| ‘Islam drank the milk.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-š-un-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
bža-Ø |
ge-Ø-š-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-drink-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo drank the milk.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ʃata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ʃata |
et |
ha |
χalav |
|
pn
|
drink[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
milk
|
| ‘Pinchas drank the milk.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
raʁın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
naˤk |
va-raʁı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk(
a
)
|
a
-drink.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad drank the milk.’ |
Nanai
omi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
moloko-wa |
ome-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
milk-
obl
|
drink-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia drank the milk.’ |
Nivkh
rad
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
mоlоkо |
+ |
ra-d |
|
pn
|
milk
|
+
|
drink-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik drank the milk.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
c’c’aruruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pataħi-de |
sso |
c’c’ar-ari |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink-
aor
|
| ‘Patahi drank the milk.’ |
Northern Mansi
ajǝs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| jēn’a |
saw |
wīna |
aj-i |
|
pn
|
much
|
alcohol
|
drink-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Eugene drinks a lot of alcohol.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
law=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
īsī-lǝ |
lаw-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
milk-
acc
|
drink-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien drank the milk.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å drikke opp
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
drakk |
melk-en |
opp |
|
pn
|
drink.
pst
|
milk-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
up
|
| ‘Per drank the milk.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (opp is not a flagging device). |
Polish
wypić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Staszek |
wypi-ł |
mlek-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
drink:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
milk-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Staszek drank the milk.’ |
Russian
vypitʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
vypi-l |
molok-o |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
drink(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
milk(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja drank the milk.’ |
Serbian
popiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
popi-o |
mlek-o |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
drink-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
milk-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar drank the milk.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
raˁʁɨˁ-n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
vaˁ-raˁʁɨˁ-r |
naˁk |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
a
-(
n
)drink.
pf
-
aor
|
milk(
a
)
|
| ‘Basir drank the milk.’ |
Shughni
birêx̌tow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Lola=yi |
x̌ūvd |
birox̌-t |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
milk
|
drink-
pst
|
| ‘Lola drank the milk.’ |
Skolt Saami
juukkâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
juuǥǥ-i |
mieʹlǩ |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
drink-
pst
.3
sg
|
milk.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete drank the milk.’ |
Slovak
vypiť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
vypi-l |
mliek-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
drink(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
milk(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter drank the milk.’ |
Slovenian
spiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
spi-l |
mlek-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
drink:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
milk-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter drank the milk.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
xiwardinewe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
ʂîr-eke=î |
xiward-Ø-ewe |
|
pn
|
milk-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
eat.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
|
| ‘Hiwa drank the milk.’ |
Southern Rutul
raˤğıˤn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
naˤk |
vaˤraˤğıˤ-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk(
a
)
|
a
.drink.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad drank the milk.’ |
Spanish
tomarse
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
se |
ha |
toma-do |
la |
leche |
|
pn
[
sg
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
take-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
milk[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro drank the milk.’ |
Standard Arabic
šariba
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-un |
šariba |
ḥalīb-a-n |
|
pn
-
nom
|
drink.
pf
.3
m
|
milk-
acc
-
indef
|
| ‘Badr drank the milk.’ |
Svan
Ø-i-tr-e (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-d |
lǝǯe-Ø |
la-Ø-iː-š |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk-
nom
|
prv
:
slightly
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-drink
|
| ‘Maizer drank the milk.’ |
Swedish
att dricka
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
drack |
mjölk-en |
|
pn
|
drink.
pst
|
milk-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn drank the milk.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| <um>inom |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
gatas |
|
<
av
>
pfv
.drink
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
milk
|
| ‘Pedro drank the milk.’ |
| Note: Co-exists with the PV-construction. |
Telugu
tāgu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
pālu |
tāgāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
milk.
pl
.
nom
|
drink.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen drank the milk.’ |
Tsakhur
ulyodğiy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
nyak |
ulyobğu-na |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk(
a
)
|
a
.drink.
pf
-
a
|
| ‘Murad drank the milk.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
b-erčː-iz/b-učː-iz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| uršːi-le |
nig |
d-erčː-ib |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
milk
|
npl
-drink.
ipfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy drank the milk.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-erčː-i / b-učː-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
nig |
d-erčːib |
|
boy-
erg
|
milk
|
npl
-drink.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy drank the milk.’ |
| Note: Co-exists with an antipassive (NOM_INST) pattern. |
Turkish
içmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
suy-u |
iç-ti |
|
pn
|
water-
acc
|
drink-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet drank the water’. |
Turoyo
šote
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
šte-way-le |
u |
ḥalwo |
|
pn
|
drink.
pfv
-
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
art
.
m
|
milk(
m
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel had drank the milk.’ |
Twi
nom
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi |
nom-m |
meekye |
no |
|
pn
|
drink-
pst
|
milk
|
def
|
| ‘Kofi drank the milk.’ |
Udmurt
юыны
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Петя |
йӧл-эз |
ю-из |
|
pn
.
nom
|
milk-
acc
|
drink-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja drank the milk.’ |
Ulcha
umi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| piktə |
moloko-wa |
čupal |
umu-xa-ni |
|
child
|
milk-
acc
|
whole
|
drink-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘This child drank all the milk.’ |
Uzbek
ičmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
sut |
ič-ti |
|
pn
|
milk
|
drink-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja drank the milk.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗuga
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
aannan-ittʃa |
ɗug-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
milk-
def
.
abs
|
drink-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa drank the milk.’ |
Wolof
naan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| naan |
naa |
meew |
|
drink
|
prf
.s
i
:1
sg
|
milk(
m
)
|
| ‘I drank milk.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
qhvan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Sahib-a |
nek |
qhva-na |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk
|
drink.
pfv
/
ipfv
-
aor
|
| ‘Sahib drank the milk.’ |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| oxɨr-i |
ʃɨt |
ʃɨmɨt |
|
pn
-
m
.
obl
|
milk
|
drink.
pst
|
| ‘Oxir drank the milk.’ |
Zilo Andi
ts’ad.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
ʃiw̃ |
ts’ad.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
milk[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
drink.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Ali has drunk the milk.’ |