BivalTyp

Dan (Eastern)

Contributed by Valentin Vydrin (Academia.edu profile)

V.V.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023 and 2026, mainly from Nestor (Hubert) Gué. The French version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Vydrin, Valentin. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Dan (Eastern). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 22, 2026; last revised on January 22, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Eastern Dan distinguishes six cases on the so-called "locatives", albeit in an irregular way. Nouns per se do not have morphological case.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain kʌ̄

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
n̄ tő yɤ̏ n̄ kʌ̄-sīʌ
1 sg . nsbj ear 3 sg . exi 1 sg . nsbj do- dur
‘I have an earache.’

2. have (illness) kʌ̄

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
dhɛ̋ndhɛ̋n yɤ̏ Gbȁtȍ kʌ̄-sīʌ
cold 3 sg . exi pn ( m ) do- dur
‘Gbato has a fever.’

3. be afraid sűɤ

Valency pattern: SBJ_go
X: SBJ
Y: go
Locus: Y
ā sűɤ-sīʌ gbɛ̂n gɔ̏
1 sg . exi fear- dur dog head
‘I am afraid of the dog.’

4. throw zȕɤ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ gwʌ̏ zȕɤ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf stone throw
‘Gbato has thrown a stone.’

5. have enough COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wʌ́ʌ̏ gbɛ́ yɤ̏ Gbȁtȍ gɔ̏
money numerous 3 sg . exi pn ( m ) head
‘Gbato has a lot of money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble bhɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
yɤ̏ bhɔ̏ ɤ̄ dʌ̄ bhȁ
3 sg . exi appear refl . sg father on
‘He resembles his father.’

7. believe dháŋ̏ bhō

Valency pattern: SBJ_dhio
X: SBJ
Y: dhio
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ dháŋ̏ bhȍ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ dhi̋ɤ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi belief implement\ neut pn ( m ) before
‘Gbato trusts Gueu.’

8. take sɯ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
bhán gwʌ̏ gā sɔ̋ɔdhű sɯ́
1 sg . prf stone bone five take
‘I have taken five stones.’

9. see kpȁn

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
bhá kpȁn kpʌ̄nŋbhɛ̄ bhȁ
2 sg . prf see centipede on
‘You (sg.) have seen a centipede.’

10. influence bhō glőo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zīi-dhɛ̏ yɤ̏ bhɛ̄n bhȁ glȅŋ bhȍ glőo
old- abstr 3 sg . exi human poss common.sense remove\ neut trace
‘Age influences one's intelligence.’

11. encounter kpȁn

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
yá kpȁn Zân bhȁ
1 pl . prf see pn ( m ) on
‘we (excl.) have met Zan.’

12. enter dȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC
X: SBJ
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ dȁ kɔ́ɔdhɤ̄
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf go.up house. loc
‘Gbato has entered a house.’

13. win gɔ̏-kʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ Gɤ́ɤ̏ gɔ̏-kʌ̄
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf pn ( m ) head-do
‘Gbato has beaten Gueu.’

14. go out gó

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC
X: SBJ
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ gó kɔ́ɔdhɤ̄
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf go.away house. loc
‘Gbato has left the house.’

15. drive gó

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
fla̋bhīn yà gó ɤ̄ bhā dȕ ká bɯ̋
p ullo 3 sg . prf go.away refl . sg poss cow with wilderness. loc
‘The Pullo has chased his cow to the bush.’

16. bend klòŋ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ dhɯ̋ kwɛ̄ɛ̋ klòŋ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf tree hand bend
‘Gbato has bent a branch.’

17. tell pɤ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_dhe
X: SBJ
Y: dhe
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ pɤ̄ Gɤ́ɤ̏ dhɛ̏ yɤ̏ dhūn ɤ̄ pi̋ɤ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi >3 sg . nsbj say pn ( m ) for 3 sg . sbjv come refl . sg at
‘Gbato told Gueu to come to him.’

18. hold kún

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ kʌ̋ʌ kún ɤ̄ kwɛ̀ŋ̏
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf hoe catch refl . sg hand. sup
‘Gbato is holding a hoe in his hands.’

19. catch up kún

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
gbɛ̂n yà sʌ̄ndhʌ́n kún
dog 3 sg . prf hare catch
‘The dog has caught (up with) the hare.’

20. milk yɔ́n yi̋ bhō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
fla̋bhīn yȁ dȕ yɔ́n yi̋ bhō
p ullo 3 sg . prf cow breast water remove
‘The Pullo has milked a cow.’

21. reach yɤ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
kpla̋gɔ̄ yà yɤ̄ yi̋ kpőŋ bhȁ
boat 3 sg . prf see water bank on
‘The boat has reached the bank.’

22. touch pá

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
ká dhɤ́ pá’ bhān mōtô ká
2 pl . prh go touch\ inf 1 sg . poss motorcycle with
‘Don't touch my motorbike.’

23. fight gɔ̏n gɔ̄ɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ gɔ̏n gɔ̄ɔn-sīʌ Gɤ́ɤ̏ ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi fight wage- dur pn ( m ) with
‘Gbato is fighting with Gueu.’

24. be friends tœ̋œŋ̏dʌ̄-dhɛ̏ kʌ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ tœ̋œŋ̏dʌ̄-dhɛ̏ kʌ̄-sīʌ Gɤ́ɤ̏ ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi friend- abstr do- dur pn ( m ) with
‘Gbato is in friendship with Gueu.’

25. think zȍ-gɔ́n

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Zân yɤ̏ zȍ-gɔ́n-sīʌ pʌ́ yā ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi heart-operate- dur thing\ rel this with
‘Zan is thinking about this matter.’

26. eat bhɤ̏

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yíi dhàandháȁn bhá bhɤ̏
3 sg . neg . pst pineapple certain eat
‘He didn’t eat a single pineapple.’

27. fry yɛ̏

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ yúɤ̏ɤ yɛ̏ yɔ̋n ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf fish fry oil with
‘Gbato has fried some fish in oil.’

28. wait ya̋n-tó

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X:
Y:
Locus:
bhɤ̏ ya̋n-tó n̄ gɯ́
2 sg . imp eye-remain 1 sg . nsbj in
‘Wait for me.’

29. forget zȍ bhɔ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gbȁtȍ zȍ yȁ bhɔ̄ fɛ̂tɤ̏ wɔ̏n ká
pn ( m ) heart 3 sg . prf appear holiday matter\ izf with
‘Gbato has forgotten about the party.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

30. depend sɯ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
ȁ sɔ̄nŋ yɤ̏ sɯ̏ ȁ kʌ̏gbɛ́sɯ̏ bhȁ
3 sg . nsbj price 3 sg . exi take\ neut 3 sg . nsbj quantity on
‘Its price depends on its quantity.’

31. call dhɛ̏

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yȁ ɤ̄ gɔ̀n dhɛ̏
3 sg . prf refl . sg husband call
‘She has called her husband.’

32. get to know dɔ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ dɔ̏ kwɛ̏ ɤ́ zȉɤ yā ȁ ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi pn ( m ) know\ neut year rel \3 sg . jnt pass\ jnt here 3 sg . nsbj with
‘Gbato got acquainted with Gueu last year.’

33. know dɔ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
bhɛ̄n dódó dhʌ̀n wó dhɤ̄ kwànbhɛ̏n bhā dɔ̄’
human rare foc 3 pl . jnt go\ jnt theft human\ izf art know\ inf
‘Only few people know the thief.’

34. play (instrument) zʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ kɔ̄nŋ zʌ̄-sīʌ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi harp-lute kill- dur
‘Gbato is playing the guitar’.

35. avoid kpɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ kpɔ́-sīʌ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi spread- dur pn ( m ) with
‘Gbato avoids Gueu.’

36. make pʌ̏-kʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yȁ kɛ̋ɛgā plɛ̀ pʌ̏-kʌ̄
3 sg . prf runner.bracelet two thing\ izf -do
‘He has made two runners’ bracelets.’

37. make fun wɛ̀ɛ dɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Yɔ̏ yȁ wɛ̀ɛ dɔ̄ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ bhȁ
pn ( f ) 3 sg . prf mockery put pn ( m ) on
‘Yo has mocked Gueu.’

38. have COP

Valency pattern: go_SBJ
X: go
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
wʌ́ʌ̏gā yɤ̏ ȁ gɔ̏
money 3 sg . exi 3 sg . nsbj head
‘He has money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for bhɔ̄ɔ̏n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ làkle̋e bhɔ̄ɔ̏n-sīʌ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi key search- dur
‘Gbato is looking for the key.’

40. paint yɔ̋ɔ zīɤ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɔ̋ɔ zīɤ-sīʌ kɔ́ bhȁ
pn ( m ) kaolin pass- dur house on
‘Gbato is painting/whitewashing a house.’

41. bite kún sɔ̋ɔn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
gbɛ̂n yȁ Gbȁtȍ kún sɔ̋ɔn
dog 3 sg . prf pn ( m ) catch tooth. com
‘A dog has bitten Gbato.’

42. forfeit *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

43. try to catch kʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ tɔ̏ kʌ̄-sīʌ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi chicken do- dur
‘Gbato is chasing a chicken.’

44. break yɛ̋

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
bhán ȁ sɛ̋n yɛ̋
1 sg . prf 3 sg . nsbj rib break
‘I have broken his rib.’

45. flatter dhīaŋ dhɛ̋ɛndhɛ̋ɛn zʌ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_dhe
X: SBJ
Y: dhe
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ dhīaŋ dhɛ̋ɛndhɛ̋ɛn zʌ̄-sīʌ Yɔ̏ dhɛ̏
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi talk tasty. int . pl kill- dur pn ( f ) for
‘Gbato is saying pleasant words to Yo.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

46. love (person) dhɔ̏ kʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Yɔ̏ dhɔ̏ yɤ̏ Gbȁtȍ kʌ̏
pn ( f ) love 3 sg . exi pn ( m ) do\ neut
‘Gbato loves Yo.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

47. wave bhìinbhi̋in-kʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ sʌ́ʌdhɛ̋ bhìinbhi̋in-kʌ̄-sīʌ Yɔ̏ dhɛ̏
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi paper swinging-do- dur pn ( f ) before
‘Gbato is waving a piece of paper in front of Yo.’

48. dream zȍ-gɔ́n

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ ɤ̄ zȍ-gɔ́n-sīʌ gɔ̄ dȅe ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi refl . sg heart-operate- dur vehicle new with
‘Gbato dreams of a new car.’

49. wash zű

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Yɤ̏ bhān sɔ̄ dhɔ̀ɔ ȁ zȕ bhɛ̄ntīi sāȁ ká
3 sg . exi 1 sg . poss cloth art 3 sg . nsbj wash/ neut human black soap with
‘She has washed my clothes with black soap.’

50. put on dȁ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zân yȁ sɔ̄ yʌ̋nŋyʌ̏nŋ dȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf cloth multicoloured go.up
‘Zan has put on multicoloured clothes.’

51. be called dhɛ̏

Valency pattern: DO_BARE
X: DO
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
wȍ ȁ dhɛ̏ Màdhî
3 pl . exi 3 sg . nsbj call\ neut pn ( f )
‘Her name is Mary.’

52. punish kplő-bhō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ ɤ̄ gbɤ̄ kplő-bhō
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf refl . sg son punishment-remove
‘Gbato has punished his son.’

53. attack pɤ̏

Valency pattern: SBJ_ta
X: SBJ
Y: ta
Locus: Y
wȁ pɤ̏ bhɛ̄n-dhȕn tȁ
3 pl . prf fall human- pl upon
‘They have attacked the people.’

54. fill (intr) pā

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
kɔ̏ɔ yà pā yi̋ ká
gourd 3 sg . prf fill water with
‘The calabash has filled with water.’

55. find yɤ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ làkle̋e yɤ̄
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf key see
‘Gbato has found the key.’

56. be short kɔ́n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gbȁtȍ bhȁ wʌ́ʌ̏gā yȁ kɔ́n wʌ́ʌ̏ kɔ̏ŋ plɛ̀
pn ( m ) poss money bone 3 sg . prf astonish money 10 two
‘Gbato is short of one hundred francs.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

57. hate zʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ȁ sȁn yɤ̏ n̄ zʌ̏
3 sg . nsbj disgust 3 sg . exi 1 sg . nsbj kill\ neut
‘I dislike him.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

58. like dhɔ̏ kʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
sɔ̄ búʌ̏ŋbȕʌŋ dȁ dhɔ̏ yɤ̏ bhʌ̄nŋ́-dhȕn kʌ̏
cloth long go.up desire 3 sg . exi m uslim- pl do\ neut
‘Muslims like long clothing.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

59. need kplȁ kún

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
sɔ̄ kplȁ yà n̄ kún
cloth need 3 sg . prf 1 sg . nsbj catch
‘I need clothes.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

60. surround klʌ̀ʌn

Valency pattern: SBJ_zu
X: SBJ
Y: zu
Locus: Y
sa̋an yɤ̏ klʌ̀ʌn-sɯ̏ ká pɤ̂ zɯ̏
rampart 3 sg . exi encircle- ger with village around
‘The village is surrounded by a rampart.’

61. remain tó

Valency pattern: go_SBJ
X: go
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Gbȁtȍ yȁ wʌ́ʌ̏gā gbàn sēȅ, gblɯ̋ plɛ̀ dhʌ̀n yȁ tó ȁ gɔ̏
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf money bone entire spoil thousand two foc 3 sg . prf remain 3 sg . nsbj head
‘Gbato has wasted all the money, he only has 1,000 francs left.’

62. answer dhɛ̄ɛ̋kpɔ́ yɔ̏ɔ bhɔ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yà bhān dhɛ̄ɛ̋kpɔ́ yɔ̏ɔ-dhȕn bhɔ̄
3 sg . prf 1 sg . poss question answer- pl appear
‘He has answered my questions.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

63. open pő

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tȍkpȁ yà kwɛ̋ɛ pő
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf door open
‘Tokpa has opened a door.’

64. be different NEG + bhɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
bhān sɔ̄ yáa bhɔ̄ ɯ̄ bhȁ bhȁ
1 sg . poss cloth 3 sg . neg . ipfv appear 2 sg . nsbj one on
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind tó

Valency pattern: SBJ_taabha
X: SBJ
Y: taabha
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ tó Gɤ̀ɤ̏ tàabhȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf remain pn ( m ) behind
‘Gbato has fallen behind Gueu.’

66. plough bɔ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ dhɛ̏ bɔ̄-sīʌ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi place pass- dur
‘Gbato is tilling a farm.’

67. smell COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yɔ̀ɔn fìi yɤ̏ dhȁadhʌ́n bhȁ
blood smell 3 sg . exi knife on
‘The knife smells of blood.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ka̋n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ zīaan ka̋n
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf road cut
‘Gbato has crossed the road.’

69. sing bhō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Yɔ̏ yȁ ta̋n sʌ̏ bhō
pn ( f ) 3 sg . prf dance good remove
‘Yo has sung a good song.’

70. write bɛ̏n zʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yȁ sʌ́ʌdhɛ̋ bɛ̏n zʌ̄
3 sg . prf paper writing kill
‘He has written a letter.’

71. drink bhɯ̄n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yà yi̋ dhʌ́nbhá bhɯ̄n
3 sg . prf water a.little drink
‘He has drunk some water.’

72. melt sɤ̀ŋ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Yɔ̏ yȁ yɔ̋n sɤ̀ŋ
pn ( f ) 3 sg . prf oil melt
‘Yo has melted the oil.’

73. match dhī

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
ɯ̄ bhā sɛ̄ŋtíȕ yɤ̏ dhȉ ɯ̄ bhā sɔ̄ ká
2 sg . nsbj poss belt 3 sg . exi turn.well\ neut 2 sg . nsbj poss clothes with
‘Your belt goes well with your outfit.’

74. leave gó

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC
X: SBJ
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ gó plɤ́ɤ̄
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf go.away village. loc
‘Gbato has left the village.’

75. cover kpā

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
bȍbȉ yȁ kpā ɯ̄ bhā gɔ̄ plákɤ̏ bhȁ, wáa’ dhi̋nbhlɔ̂n yɤ̄
dust 3 sg . prf cover 2 sg . nsbj poss vehicle plate on 3 pl . neg . ipfv 3 sg . nsbj number see
‘Dust covers your licence plate, the number is invisible.’

76. remember zȍ bɤ̏

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
n̄ zȍ yíi bɤ̏ ȁ tɔ́ ká
1 sg . nsbj heart 3 sg . neg . pfv wake 3 sg . nsbj name with
‘I did not recollect his name.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

77. help tȁ-kún

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɤ́ ȁ tȁ-kún-sīʌ, kɤ̄ ā’ tȁ-kún-sīʌ
when\3 sg . jnt 3 sg . nsbj surface-catch- dur smlt 1 sg . exi 3 sg . nsbj surface-catch- dur
‘When he helps him, I help him too.’

78. understand (language) bhān

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ kwi̋ wȍ bhȁn
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi white_person voice hear\ neut
‘Gbato understands French.’

79. hit (target) dȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ta
X: SBJ
Y: ta
Locus: Y
dhāgā yȁ dȁ dhɯ̋ tȁ
lightning 3 sg . prf go.up tree upon
‘The lightning struck the tree.’

80. cut oneself dȅ ka̋n

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
yà ɤ̄ dȅ ka̋n dhȁa ká
3 sg . prf refl . sg self cut knife with
‘He has cut himself with a knife.’

81. get stuck dhʌ̀nŋ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
dhɛ̋ yà dhʌ̀nŋ kɔ́ bhȁ
leaf 3 sg . prf stick house on
‘A leaf has stuck to the wall of a house.’

82. lose (game) fìʌʌ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ fìʌʌ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ bhȁ bha̋an gɯ́
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf faint.away pn ( m ) on awale in
‘Gbato has lost to Gueu in an awale game.’

83. be glad dhìindȁdhē kʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tȍkpȁ dhìindȁdhē yɤ̏ kʌ̄-sīʌ bhlɯ̏n ɤ́ dhȉ bhā’ wɔ̏n gɯ́
pn ( m ) satisfaction 3 sg . exi do- dur rice rel .3 sg . jnt do.well art \3 sg . nsbj matter in
‘Tokpa is happy about a good yield of rice.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

84. speak dhīaŋ zʌ̏

Valency pattern: SBJ_dhe
X: SBJ
Y: dhe
Locus: Y
yà dhīaŋ bhlʌ̀ʌbhlʌ̀ʌsɯ̏ zʌ̄ n̄ dhɛ̏
3 sg . prf talk important. int kill 1 sg . nsbj for
‘He has spoken with me about a very important matter.’

85. give birth kpɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɯ́ dhʌ́n gbɛ́ kpɔ́!
2 sg . sbjv child many spread
‘May you have many children!’

86. drop pɤ̏

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ tǽæ̏ pɤ̏
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf bowl fall
‘Gbato has dropped a bowl.’

87. govern COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_godhio
X: SBJ
Y: godhio
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ pɤ̂ gɔ̏-dhi̋ɤ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi village head-before
‘Gbato rules a village’, ‘Gbato is the head of the village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate in the present/habitual tense; in other tenses, the verb “yȁ” ‘sit, put’ is used.

88. miss zȍ-gɔ́n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ā n̄ zȍ-gɔ́n-sīʌ bhān dhēbʌ̏ wɔ̏n tȁ
1 sg . exi 1 sg . nsbj heart-operate- dur 1 sg . poss woman matter\ izf upon
‘I miss my wife.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

89. follow zīɤ

Valency pattern: SBJ_keng
X: SBJ
Y: keng
Locus: Y
zīɤ n̄ kèŋ̏!
pass 1 sg . nsbj after
‘Follow me!’

90. dismount gó

Valency pattern: SBJ_ta
X: SBJ
Y: ta
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ gó mōtô tȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf go.away motorcycle upon
‘Gbato has got off the motorcycle.’

91. listen tő tó

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ ɤ̄ tő tó-sīʌ rádíō bhȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi refl . sg ear remain- dur radio on
‘Gbato is listening to the radio.’

92. obey bhlʌ̀ʌ yȁ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ ɤ̄ dhē bhlʌ̀ʌ yȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi refl . sg mother respect put
‘Gbato obeys his mother.’

93. hear bhān

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ būu wȍ bhān
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf gun voice hear
‘Gbato has heard a shot.’

94. mix kāa̋n

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
yɔ̀ɔn yà kāȁn yi̋ ká
blood 3 sg . prf mix water with
‘Blood has mixed with water.’

95. look gȁ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ dhākpóŋ̏ gȁ-sīʌ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi cloud look.at- dur
‘Gbato is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off bhō bhɯ́n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yà pàŋ bhō bhɯ́n
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf pants remove there
‘Gbato has taken off his pants.’

97. dream (sleeping) yɛ̋ɛn bhō

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yà yɛ̋ɛn bhō ȁ dhē ɤ́ yà gā bhā’ ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf dream remove 3 sg . nsbj mother rel 3 sg . prf die art \3 sg . nsbj with
‘Gbato has dreamt of his late mother.’

98. agree bhɔ̀ɔn

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gbȁtȍ wāȁ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ wȁ bhɔ̀ɔn ȁ gɯ́
pn ( m ) 3 sg .and pn ( m ) 3 pl . prf be.able 3 sg . nsbj in
‘Gbato and Gueu have agreed.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

99. have a quarrel dhi̋dhȁan bhán

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ dhi̋dhȁan bhán Gɤ̀ɤ̏ ká
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf quarrel put pn ( m ) with
‘Gbato has quarrelled with Gueu.’

100. cost COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_PRED
X: SBJ
Y: PRED
Locus: Y
sēe̋ bhɛ̄ yā yɤ̏ wʌ́ʌ̏ kɔ̏ŋ plɛ̀
citrus fruit this 3 sg . exi money ten two
‘This orange costs one hundred francs.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at būu dȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
yȁ būu dȁ bhɛ̄n bhȁ
3 sg . prf gun go.up human on
‘He has shot at the man.’

102. pour kʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yȁ slʌ̏ʌ kʌ̄ tőo bhȁ
3 sg . prf pepper do sauce on
‘He has put pepper into the sauce.’

103. lose dhɛ̀ŋ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tȍkpȁ yà bhān glɛ̄ɛ̋ dhɛ̀ŋ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf 1 sg . poss bag lose
‘Tokpa has lost my bag.’

104. sink dhó

Valency pattern: SBJ_wloo
X: SBJ
Y: wloo
Locus: Y
kpla̋gɔ̄ yȁ dhó yi̋ wlɤ̀ɤ
shuttle vehicle 3 sg . prf go water under
‘The boat has sunk in the water.’

105. kill zʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tȍkpȁ yà bhla̋a zʌ̄
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf sheep kill
‘Tokpa has killed a sheep.’

106. hit bhȁn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
dhēbʌ̏dhʌ́n bhá dhʌ̀n ɤ́ Tȍkpȁ bhȁn
woman- dim certain foc 3 sg . jnt pn ( m ) beat\ jnt
‘A woman hit Tokpa.’

107. kiss *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

108. read wȍ pɤ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ Bíiblʌ̏ wȍ pɤ̄-sīʌ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi b ible voice say- dur
‘Gbato is reading the Bible.’

109. move (bodypart) vīn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ ɤ̄ kɔ̄ŋgā vīn
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf refl . sg finger bone move
‘Gbato has moved his finger.’

110. respect bhlʌ̀ʌ yȁ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gbȁtȍ yȁ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ bhlʌ̀ʌ yȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf pn ( m ) respect put
‘Gbato respected Gueu.’

111. be squeamish kʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ȁ sȁn yɤ̏ n̄ kʌ̏
3 sg . nsbj disgust 3 sg . exi 1 sg . nsbj do\ neut
‘It disgusts me.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

112. be content dȁ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gbȁtȍ dhíȉn yɤ̏ dȁ-sɯ̏ ká ɤ̄ gbɤ̄ bhȁ
pn ( m ) soul 3 sg . exi go.up- ger with refl . sg son on
‘Gbato is content with his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

113. fall in love dhɔ̏ dȁ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Yo dhɔ̏ yà dȁ Gbȁtȍ gɯ́
pn ( f ) love 3 sg . prf go.up pn ( m ) in
‘Gbato has fallen in love with Yo.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust dháŋ̏ bhō

Valency pattern: SBJ_dhio
X: SBJ
Y: dhio
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ dháŋ̏ bhō-sɯ̏ ká Gɤ̀ɤ̏ dhi̋ɤ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi belief remove- ger with pn ( m ) before
‘Gbato trusts Gueu.’

115. sympathise wʌ̏ʌ kʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ȁ wʌ̏ʌ yɤ̏ n̄ kʌ̄-sīʌ
3 sg . nsbj pity 3 sg . exi 1 sg . nsbj do- dur
‘I feel sorry for him.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

116. envy dlɔ̀ɔ kʌ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
yȁ dlɔ̀ɔ kʌ̄ bhɛ̄n ká
3 sg . prf jealousy do human with
‘He envied someone.’

117. be angry fɔ̋ŋfɔ̋ŋ sɯ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_pio
X: SBJ
Y: pio
Locus: Y
yȁ fɔ̋ŋfɔ̋ŋ sɯ́ bhɛ̄n pi̋ɤ
3 sg . prf anger take human at
‘He got angry with someone.’

118. be surprised kɔ́n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gbœ̄œdhē wɔ̏n yȁ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ kɔ́n
gift matter\ izf 3 sg . prf pn ( m ) astonish
‘Gbato has been surprised by the gift.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

119. love (tea) dhɔ̏ kʌ̄

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tɛ̋ɛ sæ̏æ dhɔ̏ yáa n̄ kʌ̄
wind fresh desire 3 sg . neg . ipfv 1 sg . nsbj do
‘I don't like a cold wind.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

120. enjoy dīn yɤ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Yɔ̏ yɤ̏ ta̋n dīn yɤ̄-sīʌ
pn ( f ) 3 sg . exi dance taste see- dur
‘Yo enjoys the dance.’

121. want COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_pio
X: SBJ
Y: pio
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yɤ̏ tēlēfɔ̂n dȅe pi̋ɤ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . exi phone new at
‘Gbato wants a new phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

122. have a grudge wʌ̄ʌ́ sȉɤ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Gbȁtȍ yȁ ɤ̄ wʌ̄ʌ́ sȉɤ Gɤ̀ɤ̏ bhȁ
pn ( m ) 3 sg . prf refl . sg face irritate pn ( m ) on
‘Gbato got angry with Gueu.’

123. take offence dȁ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
bhán dȁ ɯ̄ dhíɤ̋
1 sg . prf go.up 2 sg . nsbj before
‘I have offended you.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

124. upset zūʌ̋ gìi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yà n̄ zūʌ̋ gìi
3 sg . prf 1 sg . nsbj heart wound
‘He has made me sad.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel kɔ́n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pɤ̂ kpíȉ wɔ̏n yȁ ȁ kɔ́n
village big matter- izf 3 sg . prf 3 sg . nsbj astonish
‘He was surprised by the big city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

126. despise sȁn kʌ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Yɔ̏ yɤ̏ ɤ̄ gwāȁnkpɔ́yɔ̋ɔ sȁn kʌ̄-sīʌ
pn ( f ) 3 sg . exi refl . sg co-wife scorn do- dur
‘Yo despises her co-wife.’

127. get upset dȁ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Yɔ̏ wɔ̏n yȁ bhán Gbȁtȍ ká
pn ( f ) matter\ izf 3 sg . prf put pn ( m ) with
‘Yo has saddened Gbato.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated sȉɤ

Valency pattern: dhe_SBJ
X: dhe
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
wɔ́n yà sȉɤ ȁ dhɛ̏ dȅdȅwō
matter 3 sg . prf irritate 3 sg . nsbj for very
‘It has irritated him very much.’

129. be fond dhī

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gbȁtȍ wɔ̏n yɤ̏ dhȉ n̄ dhɛ̏
pn ( m ) matter\ izf 3 sg . exi turn.well\ neut 1 sg . nsbj for
‘I am fond of Gbato.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

130. be shy yɤ̋ŋ sɯ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yɤ̏ yɤ̋ŋ sɯ̏ ȁ bhȁ klɤ̄ɤ̏-dhɛ̏ wɔ̏n gɯ́
3 sg . exi diffidence take\ neut 3 sg . nsbj poss short- abstr matter\ izf in
‘He is embarrassed about his small height.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.