Beserman

Contributed by Timofey Arkhangelskiy (Google Scholar profile, GitHub profile)

T.A.'s photo

How to cite

Arkhangelskiy, Timofey. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Beserman. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 7, 2026; last revised on March 5, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 58.02, 52.15.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Permic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain viśə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	jə̑r-ə̑z	viś-e
pn - gen	head. nom -3 sg . poss	be.sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viśə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	viś-e	gripp-en
pn . nom	be.sick- prs .3 sg	flu- ins
‘Petja has the flu.’

3. be afraid kə̑škanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑ška	pə̑nə̑-lə̑ś
pn . nom	be.afraid. prs .3 sg	dog- gen 2
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kuštə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	iz	kušt-i-z
pn . nom	stone. nom	throw- pst -3 sg
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough okmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	okm-e	końdon-ez
pn - gen	be.enough- prs .3 sg	money. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble tupanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	tə̑s-ə̑n-buj-ə̑n	Miša-lə̑	tupa
pn . nom	face.features- ins -face.features- ins	pn - dat	be.similar. prs .3 sg
‘Petya looks like Misha.’

7. believe oskə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	osk-e	Miša-lə̑
pn . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja believes Misha.’

8. take baśtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	baśt-i-z	kńiga
pn . nom	take- pst -3 sg	book. nom
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see adǯʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	adǯʼ-e	korka
pn . nom	see- prs .3 sg	house. nom
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter pumiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pumiśk-i-z	Maša-jen
pn . nom	meet- pst -3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja met with Masha.’

12. enter pə̑rə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pə̑r-i-z	klub-e
pn . nom	enter- pst -3 sg	club- lat
‘Petja entered the club.’

13. win vormə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vorm-i-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	win- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pot-i-z	korka-ś
pn . nom	go.out- pst -3 sg	house- el
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive ulʼlʼanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	skal	ulʼlʼa
pn . nom	cow. nom	drive. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is driving a cow.’

16. bend kwasaltə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kwasalt-i-z	ńer-ze
pn . nom	bend- pst -3 sg	twig- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja bent the twig.’

17. tell veranə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	(mar-ke)	vera-z	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	what- indef	say- pst .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja said (something) to Masha.’

18. hold voźə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	voź-e	kńiga
pn . nom	hold- prs .3 sg	book. nom
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up sotə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	sot-i-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	catch.up- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk kə̑skə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	skal	kə̑sk-i-z
pn . nom	cow. nom	milk- pst -3 sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach vuə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	vu-i-z	so	pal	bereg-e
pn . nom	arrive- pst -3 sg	that	side	bank- lat
‘Petja reached the other river bank.’

22. touch ječʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMdore

X: NOM

Y: NOMdore

Locus: Y

Petʼa	ječʼk-i-z	stʼena	dor-e
pn . nom	touch- pst -3 sg	wall. nom	near- lat
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight žugiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	žug-iśk-e	Miša-jen
pn . nom	beat- detr - prs .3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’

24. be friends ešjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	ešjaśk-e	Miša-jen
pn . nom	be.friends- prs .3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja is friends with Misha.’

25. think čʼaklaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsares

X: NOM

Y: NOMsares

Locus: Y

Petʼa	čʼaklaśk-e	Maša	śarə̑ś
pn . nom	think- prs .3 sg	pn . nom	about
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat śijə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	śi-i-z	jablok
pn . nom	eat- pst -3 sg	apple. nom
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry žaritʼ karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	žaritʼ	kar-i-z	čʼorog
pn . nom	fry. rus . inf	do- pst -3 sg	fish. nom
‘Petja fried a fish.’

28. wait vitʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vitʼ-e	Maša-jez
pn . nom	wait- prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget vunetə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vunet-em	muket	śə̑res-se
pn . nom	forget- pst . evid . sg	other	road- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja forgot about the other way.’

30. depend zaviśetʼ karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

dun-ə̑z	zaviśetʼ	kar-e	ze̮k-ez-lə̑ś
price-3 sg . poss	depend. rus . inf	do- prs .3 sg	big. nom -3 sg . poss - gen 2
‘Price depends on the size.’

31. call etʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	etʼ-i-z	Miša-jez
pn . nom	call- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja called Misha.’

32. get to know todmačʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	todmačʼk-i-z	Miša-jen
pn . nom	get.to.know- pst -3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja got to know Misha.’

33. know todə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	tod-e	Maša-jez
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) šə̑də̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šə̑d-e	gitara-jen
pn . nom	play- prs .3 sg	guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid paldurčʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	paldurčʼk-e	Miša-lə̑ś
pn . nom	move.aside- prs .3 sg	pn - gen 2
‘Petja avoids Misha.’

36. make leśtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	leśt-i-z	pukon
pn . nom	make- pst -3 sg	chair. nom
‘Petja made a chair.’

37. make fun isam|ez karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	isa-m-ez	kar-e	Miša-jez
pn . nom	tease- nmlz - acc	do- prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja is making fun of Misha / teasing Misha.’

38. have wań

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	wań	mašina-jez
pn - gen	exist . prs	car. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for nalʼlʼanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	nalʼlʼa	uśton
pn . nom	search. prs .3 sg	key. nom
‘Petja is looking for the key.’

40. paint kraśitʼ karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kraśitʼ	kar-i-z	stʼena
pn . nom	paint. rus . inf	do- pst -3 sg	wall. nom
‘Petja painted the wall.’

41. bite kurčʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pə̑nə̑	kurčʼ-i-z	Petʼa-jez
dog. nom	bite- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘A dog bit Petja.’

42. forfeit kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑lʼ-i-z	korka-tek
pn . nom	remain- pst -3 sg	house- car
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch kutə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kut-e	piśaj-ez
pn . nom	catch- prs .3 sg	cat- acc
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kijaltə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ńer	kijalt-i-z
pn . nom	twig. nom	break- pst -3 sg
‘Petja broke a twig.’

45. flatter dʼeśjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMazen

X: NOM

Y: NOMazen

Locus: Y

Petʼa	dʼeśjaśk-e	načʼalʼńik	aź-ə̑n
pn . nom	flatter- prs .3 sg	boss. nom	front- loc
‘Petja is flattering the boss.’

46. love (person) jaratə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	jarat-e	asliśtə̑z	pi-ze
pn . nom	love- prs .3 sg	oneself.3 sg . gen 2	boy- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja loves his son.’

47. wave šananə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šana	kšet-en
pn . nom	wave. prs .3 sg	handkerchief- ins
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream čʼaklaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsares

X: NOM

Y: NOMsares

Locus: Y

Petʼa	čʼaklaśk-e	vilʼ	mašina	śarə̑ś
pn . nom	think- prs .3 sg	new	car. nom	about
‘Petja is thinking / dreaming about a new car.’

49. wash miśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼə̑kə̑r-ze	miśk-i-z
pn . nom	cup- acc .3 sg . acc	wash- pst -3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on dʼiśanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	dʼiśa-z	štan-ze
pn . nom	wear- pst .3 sg	pants- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja put on trousers.’

51. be called šuiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ta	zavod	kompas	šu-iśk-e
this	thing. nom	compass. nom	say- detr - prs .3 sg
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack alʼekčʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvele

X: NOM

Y: NOMvele

Locus: Y

gondə̑r	alʼekčʼk-i-z	oxotńik	və̑l-e
bear. nom	throw.oneself- pst -3 sg	hunter. nom	on- lat
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) tə̑rmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedra	tə̑rm-i-z	vu-en
bucket. nom	be.filled- pst -3 sg	water- ins
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find šedʼtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	šedʼt-i-z	uśton
pn . nom	find- pst -3 sg	key. nom
‘Petja found the key.’

56. be short NEG + okmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	ug	okm-ə̑	odig	mańet	końdon-ez
pn - gen	neg . prs .3	be.enough- cng . sg	one	ruble. nom	money. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja is short one ruble.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate adǯʼem|ez ug potə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_ACC

X: GEN

Y: ACC

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	adǯʼ-em-ez	ug	pot-ə̑	Miša-jez
pn - gen	see- nmlz . nom -3 sg . poss	neg . prs .3	go.out- cng . sg	pn - acc
‘Petja hates Misha.’ (Lit. ‘Petja doesn’t want to see Misha.’)
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like jaranə̑

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ta	palʼto	jara	Petʼa-lə̑
this	coat. nom	be.liked. prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja likes this coat.’

59. need kule

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-lə̑	kule	końdʼon
pn - dat	is.needed	money. nom
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround kotə̑rtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

zabor	kotə̑rt-e	kar-ez
fence. nom	surround- prs .3 sg	town- acc
‘A fence surrounds the town.’

61. remain kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	kə̑lʼ-i-z	das	mańet=kine	końdʼon-ez
pn - gen	remain- pst -3 sg	ten	ruble. nom =only	money. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja has 10 rubles left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer veranə̑

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petʼa	vera-z	də̑šet-iś-lə̑
pn . nom	say- pst .3 sg	teach- ptcp . act - dat
‘Petja told the teacher...’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

63. open uśtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	uśt-i-z	banka-jez
pn . nom	open- pst -3 sg	jar- acc
‘Petja opened the jar.’

64. be different pe̮rtem luə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

mə̑nam	dʼerem-e	tə̑nad	dʼerem-ed-leś	pe̮rtem=ges
1 sg . gen	shirt. nom -1 sg . poss	2 sg . gen	shirt-2 sg . poss - gen 2	different= comp
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑lʼ-i-z	Maša-lə̑ś
pn . nom	fall.behind- pst -3 sg	pn - gen 2
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough gə̑rə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	gə̑r-e	lud
pn . nom	plow- prs .3 sg	field. nom
‘Petja is plowing the field.’

67. smell zə̑n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

mə̑nam	ki-jə̑	beńźin	zə̑n
1 sg . gen	hand. nom -1 sg . poss	gasoline. nom	smell
‘My hands smell of petrol.’

68. cross potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMwamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMwamen

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pot-i-z	śə̑res	wamen
pn . nom	go.out- pst -3 sg	road. nom	across
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing madʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	madʼ-i-z	čʼeber	madʼ
pn . nom	sing- pst -3 sg	beautiful	song. nom
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write gožtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	gožt-i-z	piśmo
pn . nom	write- pst -3 sg	letter. nom
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink juə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ju-i-z	je̮l
pn . nom	drink- pst -3 sg	milk. nom
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt šuntə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	šunt-i-z	svińec
pn . nom	melt- pst -3 sg	lead. nom
‘Petja melted lead.’

73. match tupanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ta	pojas	tupa	dʼerem-e-lə̑
this	belt. nom	match. prs .3 sg	dress-1 sg . poss - dat
‘This belt goes well with my shirt.’

74. leave koškə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Petʼa	košk-i-z	vorǯʼik-em	kar-iśt-ə̑z
pn . nom	leave- pst -3 sg	be.born- ptcp . pst	town- el -3 sg . poss
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover šobə̑rtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ta	palas	bdes	pol-ez	šobə̑rt-e
this	carpet. nom	whole	floor- acc	cover- prs .3 sg
‘This carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember todə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	tod-e=na	asliśtə̑z	korka-ze
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg =still	oneself.3 sg . gen	house- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja remembers his house.’

77. help jurtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	jurt-i-z	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	help- pst -3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) valanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMsamen

Locus: Y

Petʼa	francuskij	śamen	vala
pn . nom	f rench	in.a.manner	understand. prs .3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) šedʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOMule_NOM

X: NOMule

Y: NOM

Locus: X

korka	gə̑də̑rə̑	ul-e	šedʼ-i-z
house. nom	lightning. nom	under- lat	occur- pst -3 sg
‘A lightning hit the house’, lit. ‘The house got (affected) under the lightning’.

80. cut oneself vanǯʼikə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	vanǯʼ-ik-i-z	lʼezvij-en
pn . nom	cut- detr - pst -3 sg	razor- ins
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lʼakiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMdore

X: NOM

Y: NOMdore

Locus: Y

stakan-ez	lʼak-iśk-em	ǯʼek	dor-e
glass. nom -3 sg . poss	stick- detr - pst . evid . sg	table. nom	near- lat
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

83. be glad šum potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šum	pot-i-z	piśmo-lə̑
pn . nom	(happy)	go.out- pst -3 sg	letter- dat
‘Petja rejoiced at the letter.’

84. speak veraśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	veraśk-e	Maša-jen
pn . nom	speak- prs .3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth vajə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maša	vaj-i-z	pi
pn . nom	bring- pst -3 sg	boy. nom
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uśkə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	uśkə̑t-i-z	čʼə̑kə̑r-ze
pn . nom	drop- pst -3 sg	glass- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

88. miss me̮zmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	me̮zm-e	Maša-lə̑ś
pn . nom	miss- prs .3 sg	pn - gen 2
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow mə̑nə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMberse

X: NOM

Y: NOMberse

Locus: Y

Petʼa	mə̑n-e	Maša	be̮rś-ə̑
pn . nom	go- prs .3 sg	pn . nom	following- lat
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount waśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMveles

X: NOM

Y: NOMveles

Locus: Y

Petʼa	waśk-i-z	val	və̑l-ə̑ś
pn . nom	descend- pst -3 sg	horse. nom	on- el
‘Petja dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen kə̑lǯʼikə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kə̑lǯʼik-e	radʼio
pn . nom	listen- prs .3 sg	radio. nom
‘Petja is listening to the radio.’

92. obey kə̑lǯʼikə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑lǯʼik-e	anaj-ez-lə̑ś
pn . nom	listen- prs .3 sg	mother-3 sg . poss - gen 2
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear kə̑lə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kə̑l-e	muzi̮ka
pn . nom	hear- prs .3 sg	music. nom
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix suraśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čʼečʼə̑	sura-śk-i-z	je̮l-ə̑n
honey. nom	mix- detr - pst -3 sg	milk- ins
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look naśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvele

X: NOM

Y: NOMvele

Locus: Y

Petʼa	plʼem	və̑l-e	naśk-e
pn . nom	cloud	on- lat	look- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kə̑lʼ-i-z	dʼerem-ze
pn . nom	take.off- pst -3 sg	shirt- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ve̮tanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼemdə̑rja	ve̮ta	Maša-jez
pn . nom	often	dream.about. prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja often dreams of Masha.’

98. agree kariśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_ADV

X: NOM

Y: ADV

Locus: Y

Petʼa	Maša-ja	kariśk-i-z
pn . nom	pn - adv	do- detr - pst -3 sg
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel kopaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kopaśk-i-z	Maša-jen
pn . nom	quarrel- pst -3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost luə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ta	tabeś	śu	mańet-en
this	bowl. nom	hundred	ruble- ins
‘This bowl costs 100 rubles.’
Note: The predicate here is ‘be’; it is not overtly expressed in affirmative, default-aspect present tense.

101. shoot at ə̑bə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kwaka-lə̑	ə̑b-i-z
pn . nom	bird- dat	shoot- pst -3 sg
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour punə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼə̑kə̑r-a-z	pesok	pun-i-z
pn . nom	cup- lat -3 sg . poss	sugar. nom	put- pst -3 sg
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ə̑štə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ə̑št-i-z	uśton-ze
pn . nom	lose- pst -3 sg	key- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja lost the key.’

104. sink və̑jə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

kor	vu-e	və̑j-i-z
log. nom	water- lat	drown- pst -3 sg
‘The log drowned in the water.’

105. kill vijə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vij-i-z	Miša-jez
pn . nom	kill- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja killed Misha.’

106. hit šukkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šukk-i-z	Miša-lə̑
pn . nom	hit- pst -3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja hit Misha.’

107. kiss čʼupanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼupa-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	kiss- pst .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read lə̑dǯʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	lə̑dǯʼ-i-z	kńiga
pn . nom	read- pst -3 sg	book. nom
‘Petja read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) və̑rə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	čʼińi-jen-ə̑z	və̑rə̑t-i-z
pn . nom	finger- ins -3 sg . poss	move- pst -3 sg
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect gažanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	gaža	Miša-jez
pn . nom	respect. prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja respects Misha.’

111. be squeamish jurdə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	jurd-e	tʼapoń	posuda-lə̑ś
pn . nom	be.disgusted- prs .3 sg	dirty	dishes- gen 2
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

113. fall in love śińmaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-lə̑	śińmaśk-i-z	Maša
pn - dat	fall.in.love- pst -3 sg	pn . nom
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

115. sympathise žalʼanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	žalʼa	anaj-ze
pn . nom	pity. prs .3 sg	mother- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy vožjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	vožjaśk-e	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry vož|ez pote

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Petʼa-len	vož-ez	pot-e	Maša-lə̑
pn - gen	(anger). nom -3 sg . poss	go.out- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised pajmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pajm-i-z	podarok-lə̑
pn . nom	be.surprised- pst -3 sg	gift- dat
‘Petja was surprised with the gift.’

119. love (tea) jaratə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	jarat-e	čʼaj
pn . nom	love- prs .3 sg	tea. nom
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petʼa-len	vilʼ	tʼelʼefon	baśt-em-ez	pot-e
pn - gen	new	phone. nom	buy- nmlz . nom -3 sg . poss	go.out- prs .3 sg
‘Petja wants to buy a new phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

122. have a grudge jə̑rkurjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	jə̑rkurjaśk-e	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	be.angry.offended- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’

123. take offence kwataśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvele

X: NOM

Y: NOMvele

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kwataśk-i-z	Maša	və̑l-e
pn . nom	be.offended- pst -3 sg	pn . nom	on- lat
‘Petja took offence at Masha.’

124. upset ǯʼožomə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ǯʼožom-ə̑t-i-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	become.upset- caus - pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja upset Masha.’

125. marvel pajmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pajm-i-z	ta	gorod-lə̑
pn . nom	be.surprised- pst -3 sg	this	town- dat
‘Petja marvelled at this town.’

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset ǯʼož potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMseren

X: NOM

Y: NOMseren

Locus: Y

Petʼa	ǯʼož	pot-i-z	pi-jez	seren
pn . nom	upset	go.out- pst .3 sg	boy. nom -3 sg . poss	because.of
‘Petja became upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy voźdaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	voźdaśk-e	rost-ez-lə̑ś
pn . nom	be.ashamed- prs .3 sg	height-3 sg . poss - gen 2
‘Petja is ashamed of his height.’