Beserman

Contributed by Timofey Arkhangelskiy (Google Scholar profile, GitHub profile)

T.A.'s photo

How to cite

Arkhangelskiy, Timofey. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Beserman. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 7, 2026; last revised on March 5, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 58.02, 52.15.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Permic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Beserman has been previously classified as a dialect of Udmurt. It is close to the Northern Udmurt dialects and mutually intelligible with Standard Udmurt.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the subject (A- or S-argument) is in the nominative, and objects (P-arguments) show differential marking. The accusative case is always used with personal pronouns and posession-marked nouns and typically used with proper names, human and plural-marked nouns, as in (1). Indefinite, singular, non-possessive, inanimate objects typically appear in the unmarked (nominative) form, as in (2). Otherwise, both options are usually acceptable; animate and definite nouns are more likely to stand in the accusative than inanimate or indefinite.


(1)  Petʼa   vitʼ-e        Maša-jez
     PN.NOM  wait-PRS.3SG  PN-ACC
     ‘Petja is waiting for Masha.’

(2)  Petʼa   kńiga     baśt-i-z
     PN.NOM  book.NOM  take-PST-3SG
     ‘Petja took a book.’

Verbal predicates agree with their subjects in person and number. Non-core arguments are typically flagged by oblique cases or by postpositions, which combine with unmarked or genitive-marked nouns.

Although SOV is the most frequent word order, all orders are acceptable in principle, with SVO being the second most popular option.

For further information on the Beserman grammar, see Arkhangelskiy et al. (2026).

Arkhangelskiy, Timofey, Maria Usacheva & Maria Cheremisinova. 2026. A Grammar of Beserman (2 vols.). Leiden: Brill. https://brill.com/view/package/9789004763272.

Case system

Beserman has 22 cases: 8 non-spatial cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, second genitive, dative, caritive, adverbial, instrumental), 8 spatial cases (locative, lative, elative, prolative, egressive, terminative, approximative, recessive) and 6 so-called personal-local cases (‘at / to / ... someoneʼs place’), which are combinations of the suffix -ń- with 6 regular spatial cases. Traditionally, some of these cases have had different labels in Beserman or Udmurt: second genitive = ablative, locative = inessive, lative = illative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form.

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; ADV — adverbial case; CAR — caritive; CAUS — causative; CNG — connegative; COMP — comparative / attenuative; CVB — general converb; DAT — dative; DETR — detransitive; EL — elative; EXIST — existantial verb; GEN — genitive; GEN2 — second genitive; INDEF — indefinite pronoun; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; LAT — lative; LOC — locative; NEG — negative verb; NMLZ — nominalization; NOM — nominative; PL — plural; PL.ADJ — predicative adjectival plural; PN — personal name; POSS — possessive; PROP — proprietive; PRS — present; PST — default past; PST.EVID — evidential past; PTCP.ACT — active participle; PTCP.PST — past participle; RUS.INF — borrowed Russian infinitive; SG — singular.

The examples were collected orally and transcribed in UPA / FUT.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain viśə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	jə̑r-ə̑z	viś-e
pn - gen	head. nom -3 sg . poss	be.sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viśə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	viś-e	gripp-en
pn . nom	be.sick- prs .3 sg	flu- ins
‘Petja has the flu.’

3. be afraid kə̑škanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑ška	pə̑nə̑-lə̑ś
pn . nom	be.afraid. prs .3 sg	dog- gen 2
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kuštə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	iz	kušt-i-z
pn . nom	stone. nom	throw- pst -3 sg
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough okmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	okm-e	końdon-ez
pn - gen	be.enough- prs .3 sg	money. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble tupanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	tə̑s-ə̑n-buj-ə̑n	Miša-lə̑	tupa
pn . nom	face.features- ins -face.features- ins	pn - dat	be.similar. prs .3 sg
‘Petya looks like Misha.’

7. believe oskə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	osk-e	Miša-lə̑
pn . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja believes Misha.’

8. take baśtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	baśt-i-z	kńiga
pn . nom	take- pst -3 sg	book. nom
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see adǯʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	adǯʼ-e	korka
pn . nom	see- prs .3 sg	house. nom
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter pumiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pumiśk-i-z	Maša-jen
pn . nom	meet- pst -3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja met with Masha.’

12. enter pə̑rə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pə̑r-i-z	klub-e
pn . nom	enter- pst -3 sg	club- lat
‘Petja entered the club.’

13. win vormə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vorm-i-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	win- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pot-i-z	korka-ś
pn . nom	go.out- pst -3 sg	house- el
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive ulʼlʼanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	skal	ulʼlʼa
pn . nom	cow. nom	drive. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is driving a cow.’

16. bend kwasaltə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kwasalt-i-z	ńer-ze
pn . nom	bend- pst -3 sg	twig- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja bent the twig.’

17. tell veranə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	(mar-ke)	vera-z	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	what- indef	say- pst .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja said (something) to Masha.’

18. hold voźə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	voź-e	kńiga
pn . nom	hold- prs .3 sg	book. nom
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up sotə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	sot-i-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	catch.up- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk kə̑skə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	skal	kə̑sk-i-z
pn . nom	cow. nom	milk- pst -3 sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach vuə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	vu-i-z	so	pal	bereg-e
pn . nom	arrive- pst -3 sg	that	side	bank- lat
‘Petja reached the other river bank.’

22. touch ječʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMdore

X: NOM

Y: NOMdore

Locus: Y

Petʼa	ječʼk-i-z	stʼena	dor-e
pn . nom	touch- pst -3 sg	wall. nom	near- lat
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight žugiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	žug-iśk-e	Miša-jen
pn . nom	beat- detr - prs .3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’

24. be friends ešjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	ešjaśk-e	Miša-jen
pn . nom	be.friends- prs .3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja is friends with Misha.’

25. think čʼaklaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsares

X: NOM

Y: NOMsares

Locus: Y

Petʼa	čʼaklaśk-e	Maša	śarə̑ś
pn . nom	think- prs .3 sg	pn . nom	about
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat śijə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	śi-i-z	jablok
pn . nom	eat- pst -3 sg	apple. nom
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry žaritʼ karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	žaritʼ	kar-i-z	čʼorog
pn . nom	fry. rus . inf	do- pst -3 sg	fish. nom
‘Petja fried a fish.’

28. wait vitʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vitʼ-e	Maša-jez
pn . nom	wait- prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget vunetə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vunet-em	muket	śə̑res-se
pn . nom	forget- pst . evid . sg	other	road- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja forgot about the other way.’

30. depend zaviśetʼ karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

dun-ə̑z	zaviśetʼ	kar-e	ze̮k-ez-lə̑ś
price-3 sg . poss	depend. rus . inf	do- prs .3 sg	big-3 sg . poss - gen 2
‘Price depends on the size.’

31. call etʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	etʼ-i-z	Miša-jez
pn . nom	call- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja called Misha.’

32. get to know todmačʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	todmačʼk-i-z	Miša-jen
pn . nom	get.to.know- pst -3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja got to know Misha.’

33. know todə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	tod-e	Maša-jez
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) šə̑də̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šə̑d-e	gitara-jen
pn . nom	play- prs .3 sg	guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid paldurčʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	paldurčʼk-e	Miša-lə̑ś
pn . nom	move.aside- prs .3 sg	pn - gen 2
‘Petja avoids Misha.’

36. make leśtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	leśt-i-z	pukon
pn . nom	make- pst -3 sg	chair. nom
‘Petja made a chair.’

37. make fun isam|ez karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	isa-m-ez	kar-e	Miša-jez
pn . nom	tease- nmlz - acc	do- prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja is making fun of Misha / teasing Misha.’

38. have wań

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	wań	mašina-jez
pn - gen	exist . prs	car. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for nalʼlʼanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	nalʼlʼa	uśton
pn . nom	search. prs .3 sg	key. nom
‘Petja is looking for the key.’

40. paint kraśitʼ karə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kraśitʼ	kar-i-z	stʼena
pn . nom	paint. rus . inf	do- pst -3 sg	wall. nom
‘Petja painted the wall.’

41. bite kurčʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pə̑nə̑	kurčʼ-i-z	Petʼa-jez
dog. nom	bite- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘A dog bit Petja.’

42. forfeit kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑lʼ-i-z	korka-tek
pn . nom	remain- pst -3 sg	house- car
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch kutə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kut-e	piśaj-ez
pn . nom	catch- prs .3 sg	cat- acc
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kijaltə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ńer	kijalt-i-z
pn . nom	twig. nom	break- pst -3 sg
‘Petja broke a twig.’

45. flatter dʼeśjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMazen

X: NOM

Y: NOMazen

Locus: Y

Petʼa	dʼeśjaśk-e	načʼalʼńik	aź-ə̑n
pn . nom	flatter- prs .3 sg	boss. nom	front- loc
‘Petja is flattering the boss.’

46. love (person) jaratə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	jarat-e	asliśtə̑z	pi-ze
pn . nom	love- prs .3 sg	oneself.3 sg . gen 2	boy- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja loves his son.’

47. wave šananə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šana	kšet-en
pn . nom	wave. prs .3 sg	handkerchief- ins
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream čʼaklaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsares

X: NOM

Y: NOMsares

Locus: Y

Petʼa	čʼaklaśk-e	vilʼ	mašina	śarə̑ś
pn . nom	think- prs .3 sg	new	car. nom	about
‘Petja is thinking / dreaming about a new car.’

49. wash miśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼə̑kə̑r-ze	miśk-i-z
pn . nom	cup- acc .3 sg . poss	wash- pst -3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on dʼiśanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	dʼiśa-z	štan-ze
pn . nom	wear- pst .3 sg	pants- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja put on trousers.’

51. be called šuiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ta	zavod	kompas	šu-iśk-e
this	thing. nom	compass. nom	say- detr - prs .3 sg
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack alʼekčʼkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvele

X: NOM

Y: NOMvele

Locus: Y

gondə̑r	alʼekčʼk-i-z	oxotńik	və̑l-e
bear. nom	throw.oneself- pst -3 sg	hunter. nom	on- lat
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) tə̑rmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedra	tə̑rm-i-z	vu-en
bucket. nom	be.filled- pst -3 sg	water- ins
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find šedʼtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	šedʼt-i-z	uśton
pn . nom	find- pst -3 sg	key. nom
‘Petja found the key.’

56. be short NEG + okmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	ug	okm-ə̑	odig	mańet	końdon-ez
pn - gen	neg . prs .3	be.enough- cng . sg	one	ruble. nom	money. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja is short one ruble.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate adǯʼem|ez ug potə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_ACC

X: GEN

Y: ACC

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	adǯʼ-em-ez	ug	pot-ə̑	Miša-jez
pn - gen	see- nmlz . nom -3 sg . poss	neg . prs .3	go.out- cng . sg	pn - acc
‘Petja hates Misha.’ (Lit. ‘Petja doesn’t want to see Misha.’)
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like jaranə̑

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ta	palʼto	jara	Petʼa-lə̑
this	coat. nom	be.liked. prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja likes this coat.’

59. need kule

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-lə̑	kule	końdʼon
pn - dat	is.needed	money. nom
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround kotə̑rtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

zabor	kotə̑rt-e	kar-ez
fence. nom	surround- prs .3 sg	town- acc
‘A fence surrounds the town.’

61. remain kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-len	kə̑lʼ-i-z	das	mańet=kine	końdʼon-ez
pn - gen	remain- pst -3 sg	ten	ruble. nom =only	money. nom -3 sg . poss
‘Petja has 10 rubles left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer veranə̑

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petʼa	vera-z	də̑šet-iś-lə̑
pn . nom	say- pst .3 sg	teach- ptcp . act - dat
‘Petja told the teacher...’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

63. open uśtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	uśt-i-z	banka-jez
pn . nom	open- pst -3 sg	jar- acc
‘Petja opened the jar.’

64. be different pe̮rtem luə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

mə̑nam	dʼerem-e	tə̑nad	dʼerem-ed-leś	pe̮rtem=ges
1 sg . gen	shirt. nom -1 sg . poss	2 sg . gen	shirt-2 sg . poss - gen 2	different= comp
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑lʼ-i-z	Maša-lə̑ś
pn . nom	fall.behind- pst -3 sg	pn - gen 2
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough gə̑rə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	gə̑r-e	lud
pn . nom	plow- prs .3 sg	field. nom
‘Petja is plowing the field.’

67. smell zə̑n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

mə̑nam	ki-jə̑	beńźin	zə̑n
1 sg . gen	hand. nom -1 sg . poss	gasoline. nom	smell
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMwamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMwamen

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pot-i-z	śə̑res	wamen
pn . nom	go.out- pst -3 sg	road. nom	across
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing madʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	madʼ-i-z	čʼeber	madʼ
pn . nom	sing- pst -3 sg	beautiful	song. nom
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write gožtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	gožt-i-z	piśmo
pn . nom	write- pst -3 sg	letter. nom
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink juə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ju-i-z	je̮l
pn . nom	drink- pst -3 sg	milk. nom
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt šuntə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	šunt-i-z	svińec
pn . nom	melt- pst -3 sg	lead. nom
‘Petja melted lead.’

73. match tupanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ta	pojas	tupa	dʼerem-e-lə̑
this	belt. nom	match. prs .3 sg	shirt-1 sg . poss - dat
‘This belt goes well with my shirt.’

74. leave koškə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Petʼa	košk-i-z	vorǯʼik-em	kar-iśt-ə̑z
pn . nom	leave- pst -3 sg	be.born- ptcp . pst	town- el -3 sg . poss
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover šobə̑rtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ta	palas	bdes	pol-ez	šobə̑rt-e
this	carpet. nom	whole	floor- acc	cover- prs .3 sg
‘This carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember todə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	tod-e=na	asliśtə̑z	korka-ze
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg =still	oneself.3 sg . gen	house- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja remembers his house.’

77. help jurtə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	jurt-i-z	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	help- pst -3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) valanə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMsamen

Locus: Y

Petʼa	francuskij	śamen	vala
pn . nom	f rench	in.a.manner	understand. prs .3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) šedʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOMule_NOM

X: NOMule

Y: NOM

Locus: X

korka	gə̑də̑rə̑	ul-e	šedʼ-i-z
house. nom	lightning. nom	under- lat	occur- pst -3 sg
‘A lightning hit the house’, lit. ‘The house got (affected) under the lightning’.

80. cut oneself vanǯʼikə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	vanǯʼ-ik-i-z	lʼezvij-en
pn . nom	cut- detr - pst -3 sg	razor- ins
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck lʼakiśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMdore

X: NOM

Y: NOMdore

Locus: Y

stakan-ez	lʼak-iśk-em	ǯʼek	dor-e
glass. nom -3 sg . poss	stick- detr - pst . evid . sg	table. nom	near- lat
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

83. be glad šum potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šum	pot-i-z	piśmo-lə̑
pn . nom	(happy)	go.out- pst -3 sg	letter- dat
‘Petja rejoiced at the letter.’

84. speak veraśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	veraśk-e	Maša-jen
pn . nom	speak- prs .3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth vajə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maša	vaj-i-z	pi
pn . nom	bring- pst -3 sg	boy. nom
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uśkə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	uśkə̑t-i-z	čʼə̑kə̑r-ze
pn . nom	drop- pst -3 sg	glass- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

88. miss me̮zmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	me̮zm-e	Maša-lə̑ś
pn . nom	miss- prs .3 sg	pn - gen 2
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow mə̑nə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMberse

X: NOM

Y: NOMberse

Locus: Y

Petʼa	mə̑n-e	Maša	be̮rś-ə̑
pn . nom	go- prs .3 sg	pn . nom	following- lat
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount waśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMveles

X: NOM

Y: NOMveles

Locus: Y

Petʼa	waśk-i-z	val	və̑l-ə̑ś
pn . nom	descend- pst -3 sg	horse. nom	on- el
‘Petja dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen kə̑lǯʼikə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kə̑lǯʼik-e	radʼio
pn . nom	listen- prs .3 sg	radio. nom
‘Petja is listening to the radio.’

92. obey kə̑lǯʼikə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kə̑lǯʼik-e	anaj-ez-lə̑ś
pn . nom	listen- prs .3 sg	mother-3 sg . poss - gen 2
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear kə̑lə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kə̑l-e	muzi̮ka
pn . nom	hear- prs .3 sg	music. nom
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix suraśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čʼečʼə̑	sura-śk-i-z	je̮l-ə̑n
honey. nom	mix- detr - pst -3 sg	milk- ins
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look naśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvele

X: NOM

Y: NOMvele

Locus: Y

Petʼa	plʼem	və̑l-e	naśk-e
pn . nom	cloud	on- lat	look- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off kə̑lʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	kə̑lʼ-i-z	dʼerem-ze
pn . nom	take.off- pst -3 sg	shirt- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ve̮tanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼemdə̑rja	ve̮ta	Maša-jez
pn . nom	often	dream.about. prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja often dreams of Masha.’

98. agree kariśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_ADV

X: NOM

Y: ADV

Locus: Y

Petʼa	Maša-ja	kariśk-i-z
pn . nom	pn - adv	become- pst -3 sg
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel kopaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kopaśk-i-z	Maša-jen
pn . nom	quarrel- pst -3 sg	pn - ins
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost luə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ta	tabeś	śu	mańet-en
this	bowl. nom	hundred	ruble- ins
‘This bowl costs 100 rubles.’
Note: The predicate here is ‘be’; it is not overtly expressed in affirmative, default-aspect present tense.

101. shoot at ə̑bə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kwaka-lə̑	ə̑b-i-z
pn . nom	bird- dat	shoot- pst -3 sg
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour punə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼə̑kə̑r-a-z	pesok	pun-i-z
pn . nom	cup- lat -3 sg . poss	sugar. nom	put- pst -3 sg
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ə̑štə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ə̑št-i-z	uśton-ze
pn . nom	lose- pst -3 sg	key- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja lost the key.’

104. sink və̑jə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

kor	vu-e	və̑j-i-z
log. nom	water- lat	drown- pst -3 sg
‘The log drowned in the water.’

105. kill vijə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	vij-i-z	Miša-jez
pn . nom	kill- pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja killed Misha.’

106. hit šukkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	šukk-i-z	Miša-lə̑
pn . nom	hit- pst -3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja hit Misha.’

107. kiss čʼupanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	čʼupa-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	kiss- pst .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read lə̑dǯʼə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	lə̑dǯʼ-i-z	kńiga
pn . nom	read- pst -3 sg	book. nom
‘Petja read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) və̑rə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petʼa	čʼińi-jen-ə̑z	və̑rə̑t-i-z
pn . nom	finger- ins -3 sg . poss	move- pst -3 sg
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect gažanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	gaža	Miša-jez
pn . nom	respect. prs .3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja respects Misha.’

111. be squeamish jurdə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	jurd-e	tʼapoń	posuda-lə̑ś
pn . nom	be.disgusted- prs .3 sg	dirty	dishes- gen 2
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

113. fall in love śińmaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petʼa-lə̑	śińmaśk-i-z	Maša
pn - dat	fall.in.love- pst -3 sg	pn . nom
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

115. sympathise žalʼanə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	žalʼa	anaj-ze
pn . nom	pity. prs .3 sg	mother- acc .3 sg . poss
‘Petja sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy vožjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	vožjaśk-e	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry vož|ez pote

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Petʼa-len	vož-ez	pot-e	Maša-lə̑
pn - gen	(anger). nom -3 sg . poss	go.out- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised pajmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pajm-i-z	podarok-lə̑
pn . nom	be.surprised- pst -3 sg	gift- dat
‘Petja was surprised with the gift.’

119. love (tea) jaratə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	jarat-e	čʼaj
pn . nom	love- prs .3 sg	tea. nom
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Petʼa-len	vilʼ	tʼelʼefon	baśt-em-ez	pot-e
pn - gen	new	phone. nom	buy- nmlz . nom -3 sg . poss	go.out- prs .3 sg
‘Petja wants to buy a new phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

122. have a grudge jə̑rkurjaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	jə̑rkurjaśk-e	Maša-lə̑
pn . nom	be.angry.offended- prs .3 sg	pn - dat
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’

123. take offence kwataśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvele

X: NOM

Y: NOMvele

Locus: Y

Petʼa	kwataśk-i-z	Maša	və̑l-e
pn . nom	be.offended- pst -3 sg	pn . nom	on- lat
‘Petja took offence at Masha.’

124. upset ǯʼožomə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petʼa	ǯʼožom-ə̑t-i-z	Maša-jez
pn . nom	become.upset- caus - pst -3 sg	pn - acc
‘Petja upset Masha.’

125. marvel pajmə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petʼa	pajm-i-z	ta	gorod-lə̑
pn . nom	be.surprised- pst -3 sg	this	town- dat
‘Petja marvelled at this town.’

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset ǯʼož potə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMseren

X: NOM

Y: NOMseren

Locus: Y

Petʼa	ǯʼož	pot-i-z	pi-jez	seren
pn . nom	upset	go.out- pst .3 sg	boy. nom -3 sg . poss	because.of
‘Petja became upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy voźdaśkə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN2

X: NOM

Y: GEN2

Locus: Y

Petʼa	voźdaśk-e	rost-ez-lə̑ś
pn . nom	be.ashamed- prs .3 sg	height-3 sg . poss - gen 2
‘Petja is ashamed of his height.’