Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi)

Contributed by Assaf Bar-Moshe and Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile)

A.B.'s photo N.K.'s photo

The data were provided by Assaf Bar-Moshe and annotated by Nikita Kuzin in 2025. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Bar-Moshe, Assaf & Nikita Kuzin. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 26, 2025; last revised on September 26, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 33.31, 44.36.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Afro-Asiatic, genus: Semitic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain wǧˁ

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

qa-yuǧaˁ-u	ġās-u	l-Abrahām
prs -hurt. ipf .3 ms - o .3 ms	head- poss .3 ms	to- pn
‘Abraham has a headache.’

2. have (illness) kān

Valency pattern: 3and_SBJ

X: 3and

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

ˁand-u	l-Abrahām	našla
by- o .3 ms	to- pn	flu
‘Abraham has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid xwf

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yxāf	mǝn-ǝl-kalb
pn	prs -be_afraid. ipf .3 m	from- art -dog
‘Abraham is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw frr

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	farr	ḥǧāġa
pn	throw. pf .3 ms	stone
‘Abraham threw a stone.’

5. have enough kān kāfi

Valency pattern: 3and_SBJ

X: 3and

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

hassa	ˁand-u	l-Abrahām	flūs	kāfi
now	by- o .3 ms	to- pn	money	sufficient
‘Now Abraham has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble šbh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝšbah-a	l-Maryam
pn	resemble. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham resembles Maryam.’

7. believe ˀmn

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Abrahām	mˀammǝn	ᵊb-Maryam
pn	believe. ptcp .3 ms	in- pn
‘Abraham believes Maryam.’

8. take ˀxḏ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	axaḏ	ᵊktāb	mn-ǝl-ġaff
pn	take. pf .3 ms	book	from- art -shelf
‘Abraham took a book from the shelf.’

9. see ˁyn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yˁāyǝn	bēt.
pn	prs -see. ipfv .3 ms	house
‘Abraham sees a house.’

10. influence ˀṯġ

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

ǝl-ˁǝmǝġ	yˀaṯṯǝġ	ˁala-ǝḏ-ḏākǝra
art -age	influence. ipf .3 ms	on- art -memory
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter lqy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ᵊlqā-ha	l-Maryam
pn	encounter. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham encountered Maryam.’

12. enter dxl

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Abrahām	daxal	l-ǝl-bēt
pn	enter. pf .3 ms	to- art -house
‘Abraham entered the house.’

13. win ġlb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ġlab-a	l-Maryam
pn	defeat. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham defeated Maryam.’

14. go out ṭlˁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	ṭalaˁ	ᵊmn-ǝl-bēt
pn	go_out. pf .3 ms	from- art -house
‘Abraham went out of the house.’

15. drive axaḏ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yaxǝḏ-a	l-hāša
pn	prs -take. ipfv .3 ms - o .3 fs	art -cow
‘Abraham is driving the cow.’

16. bend ˁġǧ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ˁǝġaǧ-u	l-ǝl-ġǝṣǝn
pn	bend. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -branch
‘Abraham bent the branch.’

17. tell qwl

Valency pattern: SBJ_IO

X: SBJ

Y: IO

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qal-la	l-Maryam	(...)
pn	say. pf .3 ms - io .3 fs	to- pn	(...)
‘Abraham told Maryam (...).’

18. hold šyl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	šeyyǝl	ᵊktāb	b-īd-u
pn	hold. ptcp .3 ms	book	in-hand- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up wṣl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	wṣal-a	l-Maryam
pn	reach. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham caught up with Maryam.’

20. milk ḥlb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ḥlab-a	l-ǝl-hāša
pn	milk. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- art -cow
‘Abraham milked the cow.’

21. reach wṣl

Valency pattern: SBJ_l

X: SBJ

Y: l

Locus: Y

Abrahām	waṣal	l-ǝǧ-ǧǝġf
pn	reach. pf .3 ms	to- art -bank
‘Abraham reached the bank.’

22. touch lzm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	lzam-u	l-ǝl-ḥāyǝṭ
pn	touch. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -wall
‘Abraham touched the wall.’

23. fight tqtl

Valency pattern: SBJ_wiya

X: SBJ

Y: wiya

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝtqātal	wiya	Maryam
pn	prs -fight. ipf .3 ms	with	pn
‘Abraham is fighting with Maryam.’

24. be friends kān ṣadīq

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Abrahām	ṣadīq-a	l-Maryam
pn	friend- o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham is friends with Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think fkr

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yfakkǝr	ˁala-Maryam.
pn	prs -think. ipf .3 ms	on- pn
‘Abraham is thinking about Maryam.’

26. eat ˀkl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	akal	tǝffāḥ
pn	eat. pf .3 ms	apple
‘Abraham ate an apple.’

27. fry qly

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qlān-u	l-ǝs-samak
pn	fry. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -fish
‘Abraham fried the fish.’

28. wait stnḏ̣ġ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yǝstǝnḏ̣ǝġ-a	l-Maryam
pn	prs -wait. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham is waiting for Maryam.’

29. forget nsy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	nsā-nu	ṭ-ṭarīq	ǝl-lāx
pn	forget. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	art -road	art -other
‘Abraham forgot the other road.’

30. depend ˁtmd

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

ǝd-ḏākǝra	tǝˁtamǝd	ˁala-ˁǝmǝġ
art -memory	depend. ipf .3 fs	on-age
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call ṣyḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_IO

X: SBJ

Y: IO

Locus: Y

Abrahām	ṣāḥ-la	l-Maryam
pn	call. pf .3 ms - io .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham called Maryam.’

32. get to know ˁǝġaf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ˁǝġaf-a	l-Maryam	qabǝl	sana
pn	know. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn	before	year
‘Abraham got to know Maryam a year ago.’

33. know ˁǝġaf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝˁġǝf-a	l-Maryam
pn	know. ipf .3 m - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham knows Maryam.’

34. play (instrument) dqq

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-ydǝqq	b-ǝl-gitār
pn	prs -strike. ipf .3 ms	in- art -guitar
‘Abraham is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid šrd

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝšrǝd	mǝn-Maryam
pn	prs -run_away. ipf .3 m	from pn
‘Abraham avoids Maryam.’

36. make swy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	sawwa	maṣyāda	mal-ǧǝġdīn
pn	make. pf .3 ms	trap	gen -mice
‘Abraham made a trap for mice.’

37. make fun ḏ̣ḥk

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝḏ̣ḥak	ˁala-Maryam
pn	prs -laugh. ipf .3 ms	on- pn
‘Abraham is making fun of Maryam.’

38. have kān

Valency pattern: 3and_SBJ

X: 3and

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

ˁand-u	l-Abrahām	sīyāra
by- o .3 ms	to- pn	car
‘Abraham has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for dwġ

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-ydawwǝġ	ˁala-lǝ-mfatīḥ	māl-u
pn	prs -look. ipf .3 ms	on- art -key. pl	poss -3 ms
‘Abraham is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ṣbġ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ṣbaġ-u	l-ǝs-siyyāǧ
pn	paint. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -wall
‘Abraham painted the wall.’

41. bite ˁḏ̣ḏ̣

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kalb	ˁaḏ̣ḏ̣-u	l-Abrahām
dog	bite. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- pn
‘A dog bit Abraham.’

42. forfeit ġāḥ

Valency pattern: EXT&3ala_SBJ

X: EXT&3ala

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Abrahām	ġāḥ	ᵊˁlē-nu	bēt-u
pn	go. pf .3 ms	on- o .3 ms	house- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham lost his house.’

43. try to catch lzm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yǝlzǝm-a	l-ǝl-bǝzzūna
pn	prs -catch. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- art -cat
‘Abraham is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break ksġ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	kasaġ	ˁūda
pn	break. pf .3 ms	branch
‘Abraham broke a branch.’

45. flatter mdḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yǝmdaḥ-a	l-Maryam
pn	prs -praise. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham is flattering Maryam.’

46. love (person) ḥbb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yḥǝbb-a	l-Maryam
pn	love. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham loves Maryam.’

47. wave rfrf

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yrafrǝf	b-ǝl-kǝfīyyi.
pn	prs -wave. ipf .3 ms	in- art -handkerchief
‘Abraham is waving the handkerchief.’

48. dream ḥlm

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝḥlǝm	ˁala-sīyāra	ǧdīdi
pn	prs -dream. ipf .3 ms	on-car	new
‘Abraham is dreaming about a new car.’

49. wash ġsl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ġsal-u	l-ǝl-glāṣ
pn	washed. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -glass
‘Abraham washed the glass.’

50. put on lbs

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	lbas-u	l-ǝl-panṭrūn	māl-u
pn	wear. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -pants	poss -3 ms
‘Abraham put on his pants.’

51. be called smy

Valency pattern: DO_BARE

X: DO

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

ysǝmmū-ha	l-hāyi	l-āla	bawṣala
call. ipf .3 pl - o .3 fs	to-this. f	art -device	compass
‘This device is called compass’, lit. ‘They call this a compass.’

52. punish ˁqb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ˁqab-u	l-ǝbn-u
pn	punish. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to-son- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham punished his son.’

53. attack hǧm

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

dǝbb	haǧam	ˁala-ṣǝmmāk
bear	attack. pf .3 ms	on-fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ntrs

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE

X: SBJ

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

ǝṣ-ṣǝṭlīyyi	ntarsǝt	ṃāy
art -bucket	fill. pf .3 fs	water
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find šwf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	šāf-a	l-mfatīḥ	māl-u
pn	find. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to-key. pl	poss -3 ms
‘Abraham found his keys.’

56. be short nāqəs

Valency pattern: EXT&3and_SBJ

X: EXT&3and

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Abrahām	nāqǝs	ˁǝnd-u	yūro
pn	lack. ptcp . ms	by- o .3 ms	euro
‘Abraham is one euro short.’

57. hate krh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝkrah-a	l-Maryam
pn	hate. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham hates Maryam.’

58. like ˁǧb

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

hāyi	lǝ-qmīṣ	tǝˁǧǝb-u	l-Abrahām
this. f	art -shirt	please. ipf .3 fs - o .3 ms	to- pn
‘Abraham likes this shirt.’

59. need kān mǝḥtāǧ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	mǝḥtāǧ	ᵊflūs
pn	need. ptcp . ms	money
‘Abraham needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround kān

Valency pattern: SBJ_dayeghmadayegh

X: SBJ

Y: dayeghmadayegh

Locus: Y

sūr	dāyǝġ-ma-dāyǝġ	l-ūlāyi
walls	around-what-around	def -city
‘(There are) walls surrounding the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain bqy

Valency pattern: 3and_SBJ

X: 3and

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

baqa	ˁand-u	l-Abrahām	ˁašǝġ	yūro
remain. pf .3 ms	by- o .3 ms	to- pn	ten	euro
‘Abraham has 10 euros left.’

62. answer ǧwb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ǧūwab-u	l-ǝl-ᵊmˁallǝm
pn	answer. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -teacher
‘Abraham answered the teacher.’

63. open ftḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	fataḥ	quṭīyyi
pn	open. pf .3 ms	can
‘Abraham opened a can.’

64. be different xtlf

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

lā	lǝ-qmīṣ	māl-i	tǝxtalǝf	mǝn	māl-ak
no	art -shirt	poss -1 sg	differ. ipf .3 fs	from	poss -2 ms
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind mšy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Abrahām	qa-yǝmši	xalǝf-Maryam
pn	rps -walk. ipf .3 ms	after- pn
‘Abraham is walking after Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

66. plough ḥrṯ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yǝḥrǝṯ-a	l-ǝl-mazraˁa
pn	prs -plough. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- art -field
‘Abraham is ploughing the field.’

67. smell kān ġīḥi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

idē-yi	bī-ya	ġīḥi	mal-nafṭ
hand. du - poss .1 sg	in- o .3 fs	smell	poss -gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross ˁbġ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ˁabaġ-u	l-ǝš-šārǝˁ
pn	cross. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -street
‘Abraham crossed the street.’

69. sing ġny

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ġanna	ġǝnnīyi	ḥǝlwa
pn	sing. pf .3 ms	song	beautiful. f
‘Abraham sang a beautiful song.’

70. write ktb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	katab	maktūb
pn	write. pf .3 ms	letter
‘Abraham wrote a letter.’

71. drink šġb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	šġab-u	l-ǝl-ᵊḥlīb
pn	drink. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -milk
‘Abraham drank the milk.’

72. melt mwˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	mawwaˁ	ᵊġṣaṣāyi
pn	melt. pf .3 ms	lead. sg . f
‘Abraham melted a piece of lead.’

73. match rhm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hāḏa	lǝ-ḥzīm	yǝrham-a	lə-d-daġīyi	māl-i
this. m	art -belt	match. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- art -dress	poss -1 sg
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave trk

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	tarak	l-ūlāyi	lǝ-nwalad	bī-ya
pn	leave. pf .3 ms	art -city	rel -be_born. pf .3 ms	in- o .3 fs
‘Abraham left the city he was born in.’

75. cover ġṭy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ǝz-zulīyi	qa-tġǝṭṭi	kǝll	ǝl-kāši
art -carpet	prs -cover. ipf .3 fs	all	art -ground
‘The carpet covers the whole ground.’

76. remember ḏkġ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝḏkǝġ-u	l-ǝl-bēt	ᵊmlīḥ
pn	remember. ipf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -house	well
‘Abraham remembers the house well.’

77. help sˁd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	saˁad-a	l-Maryam
pn	help. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham helped Maryam.’

78. understand (language) fthm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝftahǝm	frǝnsāwi
pn	understand. ipf .3 ms	f rench
‘Abraham understands French.’

79. hit (target) ḏ̣ġb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

barq	ḏ̣ġab-u	l-ǝl-bēt
lightning	hit. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -house
‘The lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself ǧġḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Abrahām	ǧġaḥ-a	n-nafs-u	b-ǝl-mūs
pn	injure. pf .3 m s- o .3 fs	art -self- o .3 ms	in- art -razor
‘Abraham injured himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck nlzq

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

lǝ-gḷāṣ	ᵊnlazaq	b-ǝl-mēz
art -glass	be_stuck. pfv .3 ms	in- art
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) xsġ

Valency pattern: SBJ_wiya

X: SBJ

Y: wiya

Locus: Y

Abrahām	xasaġ	wiya-Maryam
pn	lose. pf .3 ms	with- pn
‘Abraham lost to Maryam.’

83. be glad fġḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	faġaḥ	ˁala-ǝl-maktūb
pn	rejoice. pf .3 ms	on- art -letter
‘Abraham was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ḥky

Valency pattern: SBJ_wiya

X: SBJ

Y: wiya

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝḥki	wiya-Maryam
pn	prs -speak. ipf .3 ms	with- m aryam
‘Abraham is speaking with Maryam.’

85. give birth wld

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Maryam	waldǝt	walad
pn	give_birth. pf .3 fs	child
‘Maryam gave birth to a child.’

86. drop wqˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	wūqáˁ-u	l-ǝl-ᵊgḷāṣ
pn	drop. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art . m -glass
‘Abraham dropped the glass.’

87. govern dwġ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-ydīġ-a	l-ūlāyi	māl-na
pn	prs -govern. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	art -city	poss -1 pl
‘Abraham is governing our city.’

88. miss wḥš

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	wēḥǝš-a	l-Maryam
pn	miss. ptcp . ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham misses Mary.’

89. follow mšy

Valency pattern: SBJ_xalf

X: SBJ

Y: xalf

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝmši	xalf-a	l-Maryam
pn	prs -walk. ipf .3 ms	after- o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham follows Maryam.’

90. dismount nzl

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	nazal	ᵊmn-ǝl-ᵊḥṣān
pn	go_down. pf .3 ms	from- art -horse
‘Abraham dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen smˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yǝsmaˁ	rādyo
pn	prs -hear. ipf .3 ms	radio
‘Abraham is listening to the radio.’

92. obey smˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	dāyman	yǝsmaˁ-a	l-ǝmm-u
pn	always	hear. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to-mother- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham always listens to his mother.’

93. hear smˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qa-yǝsmaˁ-a	l-ǝl-musīqa
pn	prs -hear. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- art -music
‘Abraham hears the music.’

94. mix xtlṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_wiya

X: SBJ

Y: wiya

Locus: Y

ǝl-ˁasal	xtallaṭ	wiya-lǝ-ḥlīb
art -honey	mix. pf .3 fs	with- art -milk
‘The honey mixed with the milk.’

95. look ṣfn

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝṣfǝn	ˁala-lǝ-ġyūm
pn	prs -look. ipf .3 ms	on- art -cloud. pl
‘Abraham is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off šlḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	šlaḥ-a	lǝ-qmīṣ-u
pn	take_off. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to-shirt- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham took of his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ḥlm

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝḥlǝm	ˁala-Maryam
pn	prs -dream. ipf .3 ms	on- pn
‘Abraham dreams about Maryam.’

98. agree wfq

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	wafaq-a	l-Maryam
pn	agree. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham agreed with Maryam.’

99. have a quarrel tǧdl

Valency pattern: SBJ_wiya

X: SBJ

Y: wiya

Locus: Y

Abrahām	tǧādal	wiya	Maryam
pn	quarrel. pf .3 ms	with	pn
‘Abraham quarrelled with Maryam.’

100. cost kān

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

hāḏa	lǝ-gḷāṣ	b-yūro	wēḥǝd
this. m	art -glass	in-euro	one
‘This glass costs one euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at nšn

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	nēšan	ˁala-ǝṭ-ṭēġ
pn	shoot. pf .3 ms	on- art -bird
‘Abraham shot at the bird.’

102. pour xly

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	xǝllā-nu	l-ǝš-šakar
pn	pour. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- art -sugar
‘Abraham poured the sugar.’

103. lose ḏ̣yˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ḏ̣īyaˁ-a	l-mfatīḥ-u
pn	lose. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to-key. pl - poss .3 ms
‘Abraham lost his keys.’

104. sink ṭms

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

ǝl-xašba	ṭamṣǝt	b-ǝl-ṃāy
art -wood. sg . f	sink. pf .3 fs	in- art -water
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill qtl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qtal-a	l-Maryam
pn	kill. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham killed Maryam.’

106. hit ḏ̣ġb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ḏ̣ġab-a	l-Maryam
pn	hit. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham hit Maryam.’

107. kiss bws

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	bās-a	l-Maryam
pn	kiss. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham kissed Maryam.’

108. read qġy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	qaġa	ktāb	muṯīr
pn	read. pf .3 ms	book	interesting
‘Abraham read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ḥrk

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ḥǝrrak-a	lǝ-ṣbaˁǝt-u
pn	move. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to-finger- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham moved his finger.’

110. respect ḥtrm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝḥtǝrǝm-a	l-Maryam
pn	respect. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham respects Maryam.’

111. be squeamish lˁb

Valency pattern: EXT_men

X: EXT

Y: men

Locus: XY

Abrahām	tǝlˁab	nafs-u	mǝn-ṃaˁīn	wǝsxi
pn	play. ipf .3 fs	soul- poss .3 ms	from-vessel. pl	dirty. pl
‘Abraham is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content rwḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	mǝrtāḥ	mǝn-ǝbn-u
pn	be_content. ptcp . ms	from-son- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham is content with his son.’

113. fall in love wqˁ b-ġarām

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Abrahām	waqaˁ	b-ġarām-a	l-Maryam
pn	fall. pf .3 ms	in-infatuation- o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham fell in love with Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust ˀmn

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Abrahām	mˀammǝn	bī-ya	l-Maryam
pn	trust. ptcp . ms	in- o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham trusts Maryam.’

115. sympathise tˁṭf

Valency pattern: SBJ_wiya

X: SBJ

Y: wiya

Locus: Y

Abrahām	mǝtˁāṭǝf	wiya-ˀǝmm-u
pn	sympathise. ptcp . ms	with-mother- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ġwġ

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝġāġ	mǝn-Maryam
pn	prs -be_jealous. ipf .3 ms	from- pn
‘Abraham envies Maryam.’

117. be angry kān zǝˁlān

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	zǝˁlān	ˁala-Maryam
pn	angry	on- pn
‘Abraham is angry at Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised tfǧh

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	tfāǧah	mn-ǝl-ᵊhdīyi
pn	be_surprised. pf .3 ms	from- art -gift
‘Abraham was surprised by the gift.’

119. love (tea) ˁǧb

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

yǝˁǧǝb-u	l-Abrahām	čāy
please. ipf .3 ms - o .3 ms	to- pn	tea
‘Abraham likes tea.’

120. enjoy sthny

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝstahni	mn-ǝl-čāy	ǝl-ḥāġġ
pn	prs -enjoy. ipf .3 ms	from- art -tea	art -hot
‘Abraham enjoys hot tea.’

121. want ġwd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yġīd	telifōn	ᵊǧdīd
pn	want. ipf .3 ms	phone	new
‘Abraham wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge kān ṯqīl

Valency pattern: EXT_3ala

X: EXT

Y: 3ala

Locus: XY

Abrahām	qalb-u	ṯqīl	ˁala-Maryam
pn	heart- poss .3 ms	heavy	on- pn
‘Abraham has a grudge against Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence tˀḏy

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	tˀaḏḏa	mǝn-Maryam
pn	be_offended	from- pn
‘Abraham was offended by Maryam.’

124. upset zˁl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	zǝˁˁal-a	l-Maryam
pn	upset. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham upset Maryam.’

125. marvel ndhš

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	ᵊndahaš	mǝn-hāyi-l-ūlāyi
pn	be_amazed. pf .3 ms	from-this. f - art -city
‘Abraham was amazed by this city.’

126. despise ḥtqr

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝḥtǝqǝr-a	l-Maryam
pn	despise. ipf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to- pn
‘Abraham despises Maryam.’

127. get upset tˁṣbn

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	tˁaṣṣban	ˁala-ǝbn-u
pn	be_upset. pf .3 ms	on-son- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham became upset about his son.’

128. get irritated ṣāġ ˁaṣabi

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yṣīġ	ˁaṣabi	ˁala-bǝnt-u
pn	prs -become. ipf .3 ms	upset	on-daughter- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham is getting upset/irritated at his daughter.’

129. be fond tǝˁǧǝb

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Maryam	tǝˁǧǝb-u	l-Abrahām
pn	please. ipf .3 fs - o .3 ms	to- pn
‘Abraham is fond of Maryam.’

130. be shy stḥy

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

Abrahām	qa-yǝstáḥi	mǝn-ṭūl-u
pn	prs -be_ashamed. ipf .3 ms	from-height- poss .3 ms
‘Abraham is embarrassed about his height.’