Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi)
Contributed by Assaf Bar-Moshe and Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile )
The data were provided by Assaf Bar-Moshe and annotated by Nikita Kuzin in 2025. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Bar-Moshe, Assaf & Nikita Kuzin. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi).
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on September 26, 2025;
last revised on May 3, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 33.31, 44.36 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Afro-Asiatic, genus: Semitic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Grammar notes
Basic clause structure and the transitive construction
Subjects (A- and S-arguments), whether nominal or pronominal, are indexed on the verb for person, number, and gender. In the basic transitive construction (TR), if the second argument (Y) is definite, it is flagged with the l- marker. Additionally, it is indexed on the preceding predicate with a suffix that agrees with the number and gender of the object, e.g. #33 Abrahām yǝˁġǝf-a l-Maryam , lit. ‘Abraham knows-her l-Maryam’. If it is indefinite, it is neither indexed nor flagged.
Outside of the TR valency pattern, the double marking with the pronominal suffix and the l- appears also with definite indirect objects (#31), as well external possessors (#2) and possessors in the genitive constructions (#1). The IO status is, however, distinguished from the DO by an additional l- suffix inserted before the object index, compare #17 and #19.
Non-core arguments are introduced by various prepositions.
Case system
There is no morphological case on nouns.
Verb lemmas
Verbs are cited according to their root, e.g. #6 šbh . When the lexeme is non-verbal or the root is non-descriptive, the 3 person masculine singular perfective form is used, e.g. #5 kān kāfi .
Glossing abbreviations
ART — article; DEF — definite; DU — dual; FS — feminine singular; GEN — genitive; IO — indirect object; IPFV — imperfective; MS — masculine singular; O — object; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; REL — relative; RPS — reported past; SG — singular.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
3and_SBJ
DO_BARE
DO_SBJ
EXT&3ala_SBJ
EXT&3and_SBJ
EXT_3ala
EXT_men
SBJ_3ala
SBJ_b
SBJ_BARE
SBJ_dayeghmadayegh
SBJ_IO
SBJ_l
SBJ_men
SBJ_wiya
SBJ_xalf
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
qa-yuǧaˁ-u
ġās-u
l-Abrahām
prs
-hurt.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
head-
poss
.3
ms
to-
pn
‘Abraham has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
3and_SBJ
X: 3and
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ˁand-u
l-Abrahām
našla
by-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
flu
‘Abraham has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yxāf
mǝn-ǝl-kalb
pn
prs
-be_afraid.
ipfv
.3
m
from-
art
-dog
‘Abraham is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
farr
ḥǧāġa
pn
throw.
pfv
.3
ms
stone
‘Abraham threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
3and_SBJ
X: 3and
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
hassa
ˁand-u
l-Abrahām
flūs
kāfi
now
by-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
money
sufficient
‘Now Abraham has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝšbah-a
l-Maryam
pn
resemble.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham resembles Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām
mˀammǝn
ᵊb-Maryam
pn
believe.
ptcp
.3
ms
in-
pn
‘Abraham believes Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
axaḏ
ᵊktāb
mn-ǝl-ġaff
pn
take.
pfv
.3
ms
book
from-
art
-shelf
‘Abraham took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yˁāyǝn
bēt
pn
prs
-see.
ipfv
.3
ms
house
‘Abraham sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
ǝl-ˁǝmǝġ
yˀaṯṯǝġ
ˁala-ǝḏ-ḏākǝra
art
-age
influence.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-
art
-memory
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ᵊlqā-ha
l-Maryam
pn
encounter.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham encountered Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_l
X: SBJ
Y: l
Locus: Y
Abrahām
daxal
l-ǝl-bēt
pn
enter.
pfv
.3
ms
to-
art
-house
‘Abraham entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ġlab-a
l-Maryam
pn
defeat.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham defeated Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
ṭalaˁ
ᵊmn-ǝl-bēt
pn
go_out.
pfv
.3
ms
from-
art
-house
‘Abraham went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yaxǝḏ-a
l-hāša
pn
prs
-take.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
art
-cow
‘Abraham is driving the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ˁǝġaǧ-u
l-ǝl-ġǝṣǝn
pn
bend.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-branch
‘Abraham bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qal-la
l-Maryam
(...)
pn
say.
pfv
.3
ms
-
io
.3
fs
to-
pn
(...)
‘Abraham told Maryam (...).’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
šeyyǝl
ᵊktāb
b-īd-u
pn
hold.
ptcp
.3
ms
book
in-hand-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham is holding a book in his hand.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
wṣal-a
l-Maryam
pn
reach.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham caught up with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ḥlab-a
l-ǝl-hāša
pn
milk.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
art
-cow
‘Abraham milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_l
X: SBJ
Y: l
Locus: Y
Abrahām
waṣal
l-ǝǧ-ǧǝġf
pn
reach.
pfv
.3
ms
to-
art
-bank
‘Abraham reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
lzam-u
l-ǝl-ḥāyǝṭ
pn
touch.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-wall
‘Abraham touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wiya
X: SBJ
Y: wiya
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝtqātal
wiya
Maryam
pn
prs
-fight.
ipfv
.3
ms
with
pn
‘Abraham is fighting with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Abrahām
ṣadīq-a
l-Maryam
pn
friend-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham is friends with Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yfakkǝr
ˁala-Maryam
pn
prs
-think.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-
pn
‘Abraham is thinking about Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
akal
tǝffāḥ
pn
eat.
pfv
.3
ms
apple
‘Abraham ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qlān-u
l-ǝs-samak
pn
fry.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-fish
‘Abraham fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yǝstǝnḏ̣ǝġ-a
l-Maryam
pn
prs
-wait.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham is waiting for Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
nsā-nu
ṭ-ṭarīq
ǝl-lāx
pn
forget.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
art
-road
art
-other
‘Abraham forgot the other road.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
ǝd-ḏākǝra
tǝˁtamǝd
ˁala-ˁǝmǝġ
art
-memory
depend.
ipfv
.3
fs
on-age
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Abrahām
ṣāḥ-la
l-Maryam
pn
call.
pfv
.3
ms
-
io
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham called Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ˁǝġaf-a
l-Maryam
qabǝl
sana
pn
know.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
before
year
‘Abraham got to know Maryam a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝˁġǝf-a
l-Maryam
pn
know.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham knows Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-ydǝqq
b-ǝl-gitār
pn
prs
-strike.
ipfv
.3
ms
in-
art
-guitar
‘Abraham is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝšrǝd
mǝn-Maryam
pn
prs
-run_away.
ipfv
.3
ms
from-
pn
‘Abraham avoids Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
sawwa
maṣyāda
mal-ǧǝġdīn
pn
make.
pfv
.3
ms
trap
gen
-mice
‘Abraham made a trap for mice.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝḏ̣ḥak
ˁala-Maryam
pn
prs
-laugh.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-
pn
‘Abraham is making fun of Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
3and_SBJ
X: 3and
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ˁand-u
l-Abrahām
sīyāra
by-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
car
‘Abraham has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-ydawwǝġ
ˁala-lǝ-mfatīḥ
māl-u
pn
prs
-look.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-
art
-key.
pl
poss
-3
ms
‘Abraham is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ṣbaġ-u
l-ǝs-siyyāǧ
pn
paint.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-wall
‘Abraham painted the wall.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kalb
ˁaḏ̣ḏ̣-u
l-Abrahām
dog
bite.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
‘A dog bit Abraham.’
Valency pattern:
EXT&3ala_SBJ
X: EXT&3ala
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Abrahām
ġāḥ
ᵊˁlē-nu
bēt-u
pn
go.
pfv
.3
ms
on-
o
.3
ms
house-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yǝlzǝm-a
l-ǝl-bǝzzūna
pn
prs
-catch.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
art
-cat
‘Abraham is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
kasaġ
ˁūda
pn
break.
pfv
.3
ms
branch
‘Abraham broke a branch.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yǝmdaḥ-a
l-Maryam
pn
prs
-praise.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham is flattering Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yḥǝbb-a
l-Maryam
pn
love.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham loves Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yrafrǝf
b-ǝl-kǝfīyyi
pn
prs
-wave.
ipfv
.3
ms
in-
art
-handkerchief
‘Abraham is waving the handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝḥlǝm
ˁala-sīyāra
ǧdīdi
pn
prs
-dream.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-car
new
‘Abraham is dreaming about a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ġsal-u
l-ǝl-glāṣ
pn
washed.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-glass
‘Abraham washed the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
lbas-u
l-ǝl-panṭrūn
māl-u
pn
wear.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-pants
poss
-3
ms
‘Abraham put on his pants.’
Valency pattern:
DO_BARE
X: DO
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
ysǝmmū-ha
l-hāyi
l-āla
bawṣala
call.
ipfv
.3
pl
-
o
.3
fs
to-this.
f
art
-device
compass
‘This device is called compass’, lit. ‘They call this a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ˁqab-u
l-ǝbn-u
pn
punish.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-son-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
dǝbb
haǧam
ˁala-ṣǝmmāk
bear
attack.
pfv
.3
ms
on-fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
ǝṣ-ṣǝṭlīyyi
ntarsǝt
ṃāy
art
-bucket
fill.
pfv
.3
fs
water
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
šāf-a
l-mfatīḥ
māl-u
pn
find.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-key.
pl
poss
-3
ms
‘Abraham found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
EXT&3and_SBJ
X: EXT&3and
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Abrahām
nāqǝs
ˁǝnd-u
yūro
pn
lack.
ptcp
.
ms
by-
o
.3
ms
euro
‘Abraham is one euro short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝkrah-a
l-Maryam
pn
hate.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham hates Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
hāyi
lǝ-qmīṣ
tǝˁǧǝb-u
l-Abrahām
this.
f
art
-shirt
please.
ipfv
.3
fs
-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
‘Abraham likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
mǝḥtāǧ
ᵊflūs
pn
need.
ptcp
.
ms
money
‘Abraham needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dayeghmadayegh
X: SBJ
Y: dayeghmadayegh
Locus: Y
sūr
dāyǝġ-ma-dāyǝġ
l-ūlāyi
walls
around-what-around
def
-city
‘(There are) walls surrounding the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
3and_SBJ
X: 3and
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
baqa
ˁand-u
l-Abrahām
ˁašǝġ
yūro
remain.
pfv
.3
ms
by-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
ten
euro
‘Abraham has 10 euros left.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ǧūwab-u
l-ǝl-ᵊmˁallǝm
pn
answer.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-teacher
‘Abraham answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
fataḥ
quṭīyyi
pn
open.
pfv
.3
ms
can
‘Abraham opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
lā
lǝ-qmīṣ
māl-i
tǝxtalǝf
mǝn-māl-ak
no
art
-shirt
poss
-1
sg
differ.
ipfv
.3
fs
from-
poss
-2
ms
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Abrahām
qa-yǝmši
xalǝf-Maryam
pn
prs
-walk.
ipfv
.3
ms
after-
pn
‘Abraham is walking after Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yǝḥrǝṯ-a
l-ǝl-mazraˁa
pn
prs
-plough.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
art
-field
‘Abraham is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
idē-yi
bī-ya
ġīḥi
mal-nafṭ
hand.
du
-
poss
.1
sg
in-
o
.3
fs
smell
poss
-gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ˁabaġ-u
l-ǝš-šārǝˁ
pn
cross.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-street
‘Abraham crossed the street.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ġanna
ġǝnnīyi
ḥǝlwa
pn
sing.
pfv
.3
ms
song
beautiful.
f
‘Abraham sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
katab
maktūb
pn
write.
pfv
.3
ms
letter
‘Abraham wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
šġab-u
l-ǝl-ᵊḥlīb
pn
drink.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-milk
‘Abraham drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
mawwaˁ
ᵊġṣaṣāyi
pn
melt.
pfv
.3
ms
lead.
sg
.
f
‘Abraham melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
hāḏa
lǝ-ḥzīm
yǝrham-a
lə-d-daġīyi
māl-i
this.
m
art
-belt
match.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
art
-dress
poss
-1
sg
‘This belt matches my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
tarak
l-ūlāyi
lǝ-nwalad
bī-ya
pn
leave.
pfv
.3
ms
art
-city
rel
-be_born.
pfv
.3
ms
in-
o
.3
fs
‘Abraham left the city he was born in.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ǝz-zulīyi
qa-tġǝṭṭi
kǝll
ǝl-kāši
art
-carpet
prs
-cover.
ipfv
.3
fs
all
art
-ground
‘The carpet covers the whole ground.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝḏkǝġ-u
l-ǝl-bēt
ᵊmlīḥ
pn
remember.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-house
well
‘Abraham remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
saˁad-a
l-Maryam
pn
help.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham helped Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝftahǝm
frǝnsāwi
pn
understand.
ipfv
.3
ms
f
rench
‘Abraham understands French.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
barq
ḏ̣ġab-u
l-ǝl-bēt
lightning
hit.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-house
‘The lightning hit the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām
ǧġaḥ-a
n-nafs-u
b-ǝl-mūs
pn
injure.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
art
-self-
poss
.3
ms
in-
art
-razor
‘Abraham injured himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
lǝ-gḷāṣ
ᵊnlazaq
b-ǝl-mēz
art
-glass
be_stuck.
pfv
.3
ms
in-
art
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wiya
X: SBJ
Y: wiya
Locus: Y
Abrahām
xasaġ
wiya-Maryam
pn
lose.
pfv
.3
ms
with-
pn
‘Abraham lost to Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
faġaḥ
ˁala-ǝl-maktūb
pn
rejoice.
pfv
.3
ms
on-
art
-letter
‘Abraham was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wiya
X: SBJ
Y: wiya
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝḥki
wiya-Maryam
pn
prs
-speak.
ipfv
.3
ms
with-
pn
‘Abraham is speaking with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Maryam
waldǝt
walad
pn
give_birth.
pfv
.3
fs
child
‘Maryam gave birth to a child.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
wūqáˁ-u
l-ǝl-ᵊgḷāṣ
pn
drop.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
.
m
-glass
‘Abraham dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-ydīġ-a
l-ūlāyi
māl-na
pn
prs
-govern.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
art
-city
poss
-1
pl
‘Abraham is governing our city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
wēḥǝš-a
l-Maryam
pn
miss.
ptcp
.
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham misses Mary.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xalf
X: SBJ
Y: xalf
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝmši
xalf-a
l-Maryam
pn
prs
-walk.
ipfv
.3
ms
after-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham follows Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
nazal
ᵊmn-ǝl-ᵊḥṣān
pn
go_down.
pfv
.3
ms
from-
art
-horse
‘Abraham dismounted from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yǝsmaˁ
rādyo
pn
prs
-hear.
ipfv
.3
ms
radio
‘Abraham is listening to the radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
dāyman
yǝsmaˁ-a
l-ǝmm-u
pn
always
hear.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-mother-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham always listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qa-yǝsmaˁ-a
l-ǝl-musīqa
pn
prs
-hear.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
art
-music
‘Abraham hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wiya
X: SBJ
Y: wiya
Locus: Y
ǝl-ˁasal
xtallaṭ
wiya-lǝ-ḥlīb
art
-honey
mix.
pfv
.3
fs
with-
art
-milk
‘The honey mixed with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝṣfǝn
ˁala-lǝ-ġyūm
pn
prs
-look.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-
art
-cloud.
pl
‘Abraham is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
šlaḥ-a
lǝ-qmīṣ-u
pn
take_off.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-shirt-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham took of his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝḥlǝm
ˁala-Maryam
pn
prs
-dream.
ipfv
.3
ms
on-
pn
‘Abraham dreams about Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
wafaq-a
l-Maryam
pn
agree.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham agreed with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wiya
X: SBJ
Y: wiya
Locus: Y
Abrahām
tǧādal
wiya
Maryam
pn
quarrel.
pfv
.3
ms
with
pn
‘Abraham quarrelled with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
hāḏa
lǝ-gḷāṣ
b-yūro
wēḥǝd
this.
m
art
-glass
in-euro
one
‘This glass costs one euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
nēšan
ˁala-ǝṭ-ṭēġ
pn
shoot.
pfv
.3
ms
on-
art
-bird
‘Abraham shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
xǝllā-nu
l-ǝš-šakar
pn
pour.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
art
-sugar
‘Abraham poured the sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ḏ̣īyaˁ-a
l-mfatīḥ-u
pn
lose.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-key.
pl
-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
ǝl-xašba
ṭamṣǝt
b-ǝl-ṃāy
art
-wood.
sg
.
f
sink.
pfv
.3
fs
in-
art
-water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qtal-a
l-Maryam
pn
kill.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham killed Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ḏ̣ġab-a
l-Maryam
pn
hit.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham hit Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
bās-a
l-Maryam
pn
kiss.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham kissed Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
qaġa
ktāb
muṯīr
pn
read.
pfv
.3
ms
book
interesting
‘Abraham read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
ḥǝrrak-a
lǝ-ṣbaˁǝt-u
pn
move.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-finger-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝḥtǝrǝm-a
l-Maryam
pn
respect.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham respects Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_men
X: EXT
Y: men
Locus: XY
Abrahām
tǝlˁab
nafs-u
mǝn-ṃaˁīn
wǝsxi
pn
play.
ipfv
.3
fs
soul-
poss
.3
ms
from-vessel.
pl
dirty.
pl
‘Abraham is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
mǝrtāḥ
mǝn-ǝbn-u
pn
be_content.
ptcp
.
ms
from-son-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham is content with his son.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Abrahām
waqaˁ
b-ġarām-a
l-Maryam
pn
fall.
pfv
.3
ms
in-infatuation-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham fell in love with Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām
mˀammǝn
bī-ya
l-Maryam
pn
trust.
ptcp
.
ms
in-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham trusts Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wiya
X: SBJ
Y: wiya
Locus: Y
Abrahām
mǝtˁāṭǝf
wiya-ˀǝmm-u
pn
sympathise.
ptcp
.
ms
with-mother-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝġāġ
mǝn-Maryam
pn
prs
-be_jealous.
ipfv
.3
ms
from-
pn
‘Abraham envies Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
zǝˁlān
ˁala-Maryam
pn
angry
on-
pn
‘Abraham is angry at Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
tfāǧah
mn-ǝl-ᵊhdīyi
pn
be_surprised.
pfv
.3
ms
from-
art
-gift
‘Abraham was surprised by the gift.’
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
yǝˁǧǝb-u
l-Abrahām
čāy
please.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
tea
‘Abraham likes tea.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝstahni
mn-ǝl-čāy
ǝl-ḥāġġ
pn
prs
-enjoy.
ipfv
.3
ms
from-
art
-tea
art
-hot
‘Abraham enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yġīd
telifōn
ᵊǧdīd
pn
want.
ipfv
.3
ms
phone
new
‘Abraham wants a new phone.’
Valency pattern:
EXT_3ala
X: EXT
Y: 3ala
Locus: XY
Abrahām
qalb-u
ṯqīl
ˁala-Maryam
pn
heart-
poss
.3
ms
heavy
on-
pn
‘Abraham has a grudge against Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
tˀaḏḏa
mǝn-Maryam
pn
be_offended
from-
pn
‘Abraham was offended by Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
zǝˁˁal-a
l-Maryam
pn
upset.
pfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham upset Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
ᵊndahaš
mǝn-hāyi-l-ūlāyi
pn
be_amazed.
pfv
.3
ms
from-this.
f
-
art
-city
‘Abraham was amazed by this city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām
yǝḥtǝqǝr-a
l-Maryam
pn
despise.
ipfv
.3
ms
-
o
.3
fs
to-
pn
‘Abraham despises Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
tˁaṣṣban
ˁala-ǝbn-u
pn
be_upset.
pfv
.3
ms
on-son-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham became upset about his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yṣīġ
ˁaṣabi
ˁala-bǝnt-u
pn
prs
-become.
ipfv
.3
ms
upset
on-daughter-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham is getting irritated at his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Maryam
tǝˁǧǝb-u
l-Abrahām
pn
please.
ipfv
.3
fs
-
o
.3
ms
to-
pn
‘Abraham is fond of Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām
qa-yǝstáḥi
mǝn-ṭūl-u
pn
prs
-be_ashamed.
ipfv
.3
ms
from-height-
poss
.3
ms
‘Abraham is embarrassed about his height.’
