Tsakhur

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo A.D.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire and also its Azerbaijani translation. The data were provided by Ahmed Davudov (see the second picture above). Before 2023, the database featured a limited dataset on Tsakhur that was assembled by Dmitry Gerasimov based on Kibrik et al.'s published materials.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Tsakhur. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on December 12, 2023; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.59, 46.89.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative (aka absolutive) alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the P-argument is in the nominative, and the A-argument is in the ergative. The ergative case has two allomorphs: -ee for most (higher) animates and -yn for most animals and for inanimates. The former marker (-ee) also marks the inessive on inanimates.

The A-arguments of transitives are never indexed on the verb. The verb agrees in gender-number with the nominative argument (the sole core argument in intransitives or the P-argument of transitives). Thus, both (1) and (2) are examples of the canonical transitive construction.

(1)  murad-ee  q:aye     avhu-na
     PN-ERG    stone(A)  A.shoot.PF-A
     ‘Murad threw a stone.’

(2)  gaˁbaˁ-yn   bıkır-ba    džil     gipkır-na
     carpet-ERG  complete-A  clay(A)  A.cover.PF-A
     ‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

The morphology of verbal agreement is extremely complex and often fusional. Non-core arguments are flagged by spatial case markers and postpositions.

Case system

There are eight grammatical cases: nominative, ergative, attributive (a threefold gender-number set agreeing with the possessee), caritive, dative, affective, comitative, possessive, and twelve (3x4) spatial cases.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their masdar form, which belongs to the perfective paradigm.

Glossing abbreviations

A — animate (aka third) gender; ADD — additive particle ADEL — adelative; ADLAT — adlative; ADD — additive particle; ADV — adverbializer; AFF — affective; ATTR — attributive; AUX — auxiliary; CAR — caritive; COM — comitative; CONT — contessive; CONTEL — contelative; CONTLAT — contlative; COP — copula; COV — coverb; DAT — dative; DIST — distal; ERG — ergative; F — feminine; H — human; HPL — human plural; IMP — imperative; IN — inessive; INEL — inelative; INLAT — inlative; IPF — imperfective; H — human; LAT — lative; M — masculine; MED — medial; MSD — masdar; N — neuter (aka fourth gender); NEG — negation; NM — non-masculine; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; RE — repetitive; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SUPER — superessive; SUPEREL — superelative; SUPERLAT — superlative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain yık’ıyk’ıriy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-ın	kalle	ık’aar
pn - n	head( n )	n .ache. ipf
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ıхhay

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-qha	grip	vo-b-na
pn - obl - lat	flu( a )	cop - a - a
‘Murad has the flu.’

3. be afraid qhaˁrq’ıˁniy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	хoye-le	qhaˁyq’aˁn	vo-r
pn	dog. obl - superel	m .fear. ipf	cop - h
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw avhiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	q:aye	avhu-na
pn - erg	stone( a )	a .shoot. pf - a
‘Murad threw a stone.’

5. have enough yettığda ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-ı-qha	yettığ-ın	pıl	vo-dun
pn - obl - lat	enough- n	money	cop - n . n
‘Murad has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble akar ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	rasul-ı-k	vo-r	akar
pn	pn - obl - cont	cop - h	( m )resemble. ipf
‘Murad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe haˁye qhıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

murad	aˁliy-lqha	haˁye	qheхhi
pn	pn - superlat	believing	re . m .be. ipf
‘Murad believes Ali.’

8. take alyaat’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	kitab	alyaat’u
pn - erg	book( a )	a .take. pf
‘Murad took a book.’

9. see q:adžiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	хav	q:edži	vo-d
pn - obl - aff	house	( n )see. ipf	cop - n
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence taˁʔsir haʔiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yeš-ın	bič’-ı-s	taˁʔsir	haʔa-n
age- erg	memory- obl - dat	influence	n .do. ipf - n
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter qhaˁllqhamıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

murad	rasul-u-lqha	qhaˁllqhamıš-хha-y-na
pn	pn - obl - superlat	encounter- aux . pf - ptcp - h
‘Murad encountered Rasul.’

12. enter ič’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT

X: NOM

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

murad	хaa-qha	ič’u
pn	house. in - lat	( m )enter. pf
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win q:amхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ıle	q:am-хha-na
pn	pn - superel	overcome- aux . pf - h
‘Murad beat Aydin.’

14. go out qhiğečiy

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

murad	хaa-nče	qhiğeč’u-na
pn	house. obl - inel	m .go_out. pf - h
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive heʔevkiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	zer	q:ohooši
pn - erg	cow	a .drive. ipf
‘Murad is driving the cow.’

16. bend qhuˁč’okar haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	bıtar	qhuˁč’okar	haʔu
pn - erg	branch	bend. ipf	n .do. pf
‘Murad bent the branch.’

17. tell uvhay

Valency pattern: ERG_AFF

X: ERG

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

murad-ee	aydın-ı-k’le	uvha-yn
pn - erg	pn - obl - aff	say. pf - ptcp . n
‘Murad told Aydin.’

18. hold aq:q:iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	kitab	aq:q:ı
pn - erg	book	n .hold. pf
‘Murad is holding a book.’

19. catch up arq’uniy

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRqhehna

X: NOM

Y: ATTRqhehna

Locus: Y

murad	nigar-ni	qhehna	arq’un-na
pn	pn - attr . obl	behind	h .catch_up. pf - h
‘Murad caught up with Nigar.’
Note: nigar-ni qhehna forms a constituent here and qhehna is a postposition.

20. milk gyaaziy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	zer	gyaazı
pn - erg	cow	a .milk. pf
‘Murad milked the cow.’

21. reach hirхhıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

murad	q:uru-lqha	hirхhın-na
pn	dry- superlat	h .go. pf - h
‘Murad reached the bank.’

22. touch qhet’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	barug-e-k	qhet’u-na
pn	wall- obl - cont	( m )touch. pf - h
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight saˁyхiy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-kva	vo-r	siyхaˁ
pn	pn - obl - com	cop - h	m .fight. ipf
‘Murad is fighting with Aydin.’

24. be friends hambaz ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	iy	aydın	hambaz-ar	vo-b
pn	add	pn	friend- pl	cop - hpl
‘Murad and Aydin are friends.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think fıkırrašmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRhakee

X: NOM

Y: ATTRhakee

Locus: Y

murad	nigar-ni	haˁk’ee	vo-r	fıkırrašmıš-eхhi
pn	pn - attr . obl	about	cop - h	think- aux . ipf
‘Murad is thinking about Nigar.’

26. eat otхhuniy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	eč	opхhun
pn - erg	apple	a .eat. pf
‘Murad ate an apple.’

27. fry qhedžiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	baluğ-ar	qhedžu
pn - erg	fish- pl	( n )fry. pf
‘Murad fried the fish.’

28. wait gozet haʔıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	aydın	gozet	haʔu-na
pn - erg	pn	wait	( m )do. pf - h
‘Murad is waiting for Aydin.’

29. forget k’elıtхıniy

Valency pattern: ADEL_NOM

X: ADEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-sse	šenasa	yaˁqh	k’elipхın-na
pn - obl - adel	other. a	road( a )	a .forget. pf - a
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asılı ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

bič’	yeš-ı-ke	asılı-ba	vo-b-na
memory( a )	age- obl - contel	depending- a	cop - a - a
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call qhort’uniy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	aydın	qhort’un
pn - erg	pn	h .call. pf
‘Murad called Aydin.’

32. get to know tanıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	rasul-u-kva	sa	sen-na	heqha	tanıš-хha
pn	pn - obl - com	one	year- h	before	know- aux . pf
‘Murad got to know Rasul a year ago.’

33. know qhıvaats’iy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	aydın	qhıvaats’a-na
pn - obl - aff	pn	( m )know. ipf - h
‘Murad knows Aydin.’

34. play (instrument) hek’viy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	gitara	vo-d	hek’va
pn - erg	guitar( n )	cop - n	n .play. ipf
‘Murad is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid hiхiy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-ke	heхva	vo-r
pn	pn - obl - contel	( m )flee. ipf	cop - h
‘Murad avoids Aydin.’

36. make havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	q’oˁybıšı-s	k’ıts’	havʔu
pn - erg	mouse. pl . obl - dat	trap( a )	a .do. pf
‘Murad made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun maxsara havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Murad-ee	Rasul	maxsara	haʔu
pn - erg	pn ( m )	fun	m .do. pf
‘Murad is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have ıхhay

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-qha	mašın	vo-dun
pn - obl - lat	car	cop - n . n
‘Murad has a car.’

39. look for t’abal haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	mık’ey-bı	t’abal	haʔa
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	search	n .do. ipf
‘Murad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šır qhabğiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	barug-e-s	šır	qhabağa
pn - erg	wall- obl - dat	paint( a )	a .smear. ipf
‘Murad painted the wall.’

41. bite ats’adk’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad-ı-k	хuvaa	ats’abk’ın
pn - obl - cont	dog	a .bite
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

murad	хav-ı-kena	ıхha
pn	house- obl - car . h	( m )be. pf
‘Murad lost his house.’

43. try to catch avqhiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	bisiy	avqhu-na
pn - erg	cat	a .catch. pf - a
‘Murad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break haq’var haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	čık’	haq’var	haʔu
pn - erg	stick	( n )break. cov	n .do. pf
‘Murad broke a stick.’

45. flatter qhaˁpčiyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	leyla-ys	qhaˁpčiyvalla	haaʔa
pn - erg	pn - dat	flattery( a )	a .do. ipf
‘Murad is flattering Leyla.’

46. love (person) yıkkiykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	sona	yıkkan
pn - obl - dat	pn	f .want. ipf
‘Murad loves Sona.’

47. wave q:ooхhar havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	k’at’ar	vo-b	q:ooхhar	haaʔa
pn - erg	handkerchief( a )	cop - a	a .wave. ipf	a .do. ipf
‘Murad is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	teze	mašın-ee-ni	muraad-ee	vo-r
pn	new	car- obl - attr . obl	desire- in	cop - h
‘Murad is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

49. wash hodğuliy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	k’ula	hodğul
pn - erg	cup	n .wash. pf
‘Murad washed the cup.’

50. put on gyahiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	šlyapa	gyahu
pn - erg	cap	n .throw_on. pf
‘Murad put on his cap.’

51. be called ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ma-nčı-n	do	kompas	vo-dun
dist - obl . nm - n	name	compass	cop - n
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish taˁnbıh q:avdžiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	džu-ni	duхay-s	taˁnbıh	q:avdžu
pn - erg	refl . m - attr . obl	son. obl - dat	punishment( a )	a .see. pf
‘Murad punished his son.’

53. attack keč’uvkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

baluğči-y-qha	syo	k’eč’ivku
fisherman- obl - lat	bear	a .attack. pf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) gyats’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

vedra	хhine-n	gyats’iyn
bucket	water. obl - erg	( n )fill. pf . n
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find uvaykiy

Valency pattern: ADLAT_NOM

X: ADLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-sqha	mık’ey-bı	uvaykı-mbı
pn - obl - adlat	key- pl . nom	find. pf - pl
‘Murad found his keys.’

56. be short q:idyabıy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	sa	manat	q:idyabı
pn - obl - dat	one	manat( a )	neg . a .reach. pf
‘Murad is one manat short.’

57. hate zaˁhlayna ark’ıniy

Valency pattern: POSS_SUPEREL

X: POSS

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-na	rasul-u-le	zaˁhla-y-na	aˁlhaaˁ
pn - a	pn - obl - superel	hate( a )- obl - h	go. ipf
‘Murad hates Rasul.’

58. like q’abılхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

i-n	gurt	murad-ı-s	q’abıl-хhayn
prox - n	jacket	pn - obl - dat	please- aux . pf . n
‘Murad likes this jacket.’

59. need lezimхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	pıl	lezim-da
pn - obl - dat	money( a )	necessary- a . nom
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_heqhiyalla

X: NOM

Y: heqhiyalla

Locus: Y

šahar-ni	heqhiyalla	barug-bı	vo-d
town- attr . obl	around	wall- pl . nom	cop - n
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain aхviy

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-qha	10	manat	avхu
pn - obl - lat	10	manat( a )	a .remain. pf
‘Murad has ten manats left.’

62. answer džavab qheliy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	maˁʔlim-ı-s	džavab	qheli
pn - erg	teacher- obl - dat	answer	re . n .give. pf
‘Murad answered the teacher.’

63. open aaqhiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	akka	aaqhı
pn - erg	gate( a )	a .open. pf
‘Murad opened the gate.’

64. be different badaldaхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

yızın	gurt	yığı-nčı-le	badal-da	vo-d
my. n	jacket	yours- obl . nom - superel	different- a . nom	cop - n
‘My jacket is different from yours.’

65. fall behind aˁvqhiyr aхviy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

aˁli	murad-ıle	aˁvqhiyr	aхu
pn	pn - superel	behind	( m )stay. pf
‘Murad fell behind Murad.’

66. plough get’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	dirnig	gyoot’a	vo-b
pn - erg	garden( a )	a .till. ipf	cop - a
‘Murad is tilling the garden.’

67. smell evaхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

yizdi	хulyoppu-šı-k	benzin-in	eva	vo-d
my. obl	hand. pl . nom - pl . obl - cont	oil- n	smell	cop - n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ilğeč’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	yaˁq:q:ıˁ-le	ilğeč’u
pn	road. obl - superel	( m )cross. pf
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing hek’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	i-na	meʔni	hook’u-na
pn - erg	prox - a	song( a )	a .call. pf - a
‘Murad sang this song.’

70. write odk’uniy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	maˁktub	odk’un
pn - erg	letter	n .write. pf
‘Murad wrote a letter.’

71. drink ulyodğiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	nyak	ulyobğu-na
pn - erg	milk( a )	a .drink. pf - a
‘Murad drank the milk.’

72. melt eramıš haʔıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	sa	q:urğušun-un	parče	eramıš	haʔu
pn - erg	one	lead- n	piece	melt	n .do. pf
‘Murad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match uvak’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

i-na	ts’ıra	yizdi	don-u-s	uvak’ı	vo-b
prox - a	belt( a )	my. obl	dress- obl - dat	a .suit. pf	cop - a
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave hapsırıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	džu-na	šahar	hapsır-na
pn - erg	refl. m - a	town( a )	a .leave. pf - a
‘Murad left his city.’

75. cover gitkuriy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

gaˁbaˁ-yn	bıkır-ba	džil	gipkır-na
carpet- erg	complete- a	clay( a )	a .cover. pf - a
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik’ely qhıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	vudž	хaˁr	qhıхha-yn	хav	yik’-e-ly	vo-d
pn - obl - dat	m .self	big. h	re .( m )be. pf - ptcp . n	house	heart- obl - super	cop - n
‘Murad remembers the house where he grew up.’

77. help kumag haʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	rasul-us	kumag	haʔu
pn - erg	pn - dat	help( n )	n .do. pf
‘Murad helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) vaats’iy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	tatar-sum	vats’a-na
pn - obl - aff	t atar-language( a )	a .know. ipf - a
‘Murad understands the Tatar language.’

79. hit (target) ulossuy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

zabyalav	хav-ıle	ulossu
lightning	house- superel	( n )fall. pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself q:ats’adk’uniy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

lezva-yn	murad-ın	aq’va	q:ats’adk’un
blade- erg	pn - n	face	n .pluck. pf
‘Murad cut himself with a razor.’ (Lit. ‘The razor cut Murad's face.’)
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck at’idq’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

istakan	istol-u-k	at’ıbq’ın-na
glass( a )	table- obl - cont	a .stick. pf - a
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) avur aхviy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

aˁli	ehmed-ıle	avu-r	aхu
pn	pn - superel	under- h	( m )stay. pf
‘Murad lost to Ahmed.’

83. be glad šadхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	mektub	qadžij-s	šad-хha-na
pn	letter( n )	n .see. msd - dat	glad- aux . pf - h
‘Murad was glad to see the letter.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

84. speak yušan haʔiy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-kva	yušan	vo-r	haʔa
pn	pn - obl - com	word	cop - h	n .do. ipf
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

85. give birth uхoхiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

sonee	diх	uхu
pn . erg	son	( m )give_birth. pf
‘Sona gave birth to a son.’

86. drop q:aʔavhiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	istakan	q:aʔavhu
pn - erg	glass( a )	a .drop. pf
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

87. govern хaˁbvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	yišdi	gaˁsaˁbaˁ-ys	хaˁbvalla	haaʔa
pn - erg	our. obl	village- dat	leadership( a )	a .do. ipf
‘Murad runs our village.’

88. miss darıхmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_mee

X: NOM

Y: mee

Locus: Y

murad	leyla-yni-mee	darıхmıš-eeхhi
pn	pn - obl -until	bored-be. pf
‘Murad misses Leyla.’

89. follow ark’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRqhehna

X: NOM

Y: ATTRqhehna

Locus: Y

murad	rasul-ni	qhehna	aˁlhaaˁ
pn	pn - attr . obl	behind	go. ipf
‘Murad follows Rasul.’
Note: rasul-ni qhehna forms a constituent here and qhehna is a postposition.

90. dismount q:eʔeč’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	balkan-ıle	q:eʔeč’u
pn	horse- superel	( m )dismount. pf
‘Murad got down from the horse.’

91. listen k’ırı gyaq:q:iy

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL

X: ERG

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad-ee	piryomnik’-ıle	k’ırı	vo-d	gyaq:q:a
pn - erg	radio- superel	ear	cop - n	( n )listen. ipf
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

92. obey k’ırı gyaq:q:iy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-ee	yedy-ni	džıvab-ı-qha	k’ırı	gyaq:q:a
pn - erg	mother- attr . obl	argument- obl - lat	ear	( n )listen. ipf
‘Murad obeys his mother.’ (Lit. ‘Murad listens to his mother’s words.’)
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear q:ayхhiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	ses	q:ayхhı
pn - obl - aff	voice	n .hear. pf
‘Murad hears the voice.’

94. mix alikkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

uˁt	nyak-ılqha	alikkiyn
honey	milk- superlat	( n )mix. pf . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look ılyakkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

murad	rasul-ıqha	ılyakka
pn	pn - lat	( m )look. ipf
‘Murad is looking at Rasul.’

96. take off q:akkahiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	gurt	q:akkahi-yn
pn - erg	jacket	( n )take_off. pf - n
‘Murad took off his jacket.’

97. dream (sleeping) nik’e q:adžiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	nik’e	xunašše	q:ajdže
pn - obl - aff	dream. in	wife	f .see. ipf
‘Murad dreams about his wife.’

98. agree džıvabılqha qharıy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	leyla-y-kva	džıvab-ılqha	qh-arı-na
pn	pn - obl - com	argument- superlat	re - h .come. pf - h
‘Murad agreed with Leyla.’

99. have a quarrel džıvabılqha ariy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	sona-y-kva	džıvab-ılqha	arı
pn	pn - obl - com	argument- superlat	h .come. pf
‘Murad had a quarrel with Sona.’

100. cost dagariyхhay

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hayni	guruška-yn	dagariy	sa	manat	vo-b
med . obl	cup- n	value	one	manat( a )	cop - a
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at tifang avhiy

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPERLAT

X: ERG

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	šit’-ı-lqha	tifang	avhu
pn - erg	bird- obl - superlat	gun( a )	a .shoot. pf
‘Murad shot at the bird.’

102. pour k’yaʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	k’olee-qha	šakar	k’yaʔu
pn - erg	cup. obl - lat	sugar	( n )pour. pf
‘Murad poured the sugar.’

103. lose ak’an haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	mık’ey-bı	ak’an	haʔu
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	n .lose. ipf	n .do. pf
‘Murad lost his keys.’

104. sink batmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

yıv	хhinee	batmıš-хha
tree	water. in	sink- aux . pf
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill gik’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	хoče	givk’u
pn - erg	snake	a .kill. pf
‘Murad killed the snake.’

106. hit ıˁхiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	aydın-ı-s	ıˁхiyn
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	strike. pf . n
‘Murad hit Aydin.’

107. kiss uba haʔiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	sona-ys	uba	haʔu
pn - erg	pn - dat	kiss	n .do. pf
‘Murad kissed Sona.’

108. read qhaˁtqhiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	kitab	qhaˁtqhıˁ
pn - erg	book	n .read. pf
‘Murad read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) iğitkıriy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	t’ub	iğivkar	havʔu
pn - erg	finger( a )	a .move. ipf	a .do. pf
‘Murad moved his finger.’

110. respect huˁrmaˁt havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aˁlee	murad-ı-s	huˁrmaˁt	haaʔa
pn . erg	pn - obl - dat	respect( a )	a .do. ipf
‘Ali respects Murad.’

111. be squeamish diksimmišхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	meq’ı-ni	q:ab-bıš-ıle	diksimmiš-eхhi
pn	dirty- attr . obl	plate- pl . obl - superel	nauseous-( m ) aux . ipf
‘Murad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content raziyra ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	duхay-le	raziy-ra	vo-r
pn	son. obl - superel	content- adv . h	cop - h
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love aˁšuˁq’хhay

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad	leyla-ys	aˁšuˁq’-хha
pn	pn - dat	lover-( m ) aux . pf
‘Murad fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust dalbı qhirzıriy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

murad-ee	leyla-y-lqha	dalbı	qhiyzar
pn - erg	pn - obl - superlat	support	m .prop. ipf
‘Murad trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazuх qhabiy

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPERLAT

X: DAT

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	maˁ-nq:-ılqha	yazuх	qhooˁ
pn - obl - dat	med - obl - superlat	pity( a )	a .come. ipf
‘Murad sympathises with him/her.’

116. envy paхıliyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aˁlee	manq:u-na	paхıliyvalla	haaʔa
pn . erg	med . obl . m - a	envy( a )	a .do. ipf
‘Murad envies him.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

117. be angry qhaˁllamıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

mamay	murad-ılqha	qhaˁllamıš-хha-na
aunt	pn - superlat	angry- aux . pf - h
‘Murad’s aunt is angry with him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised matхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	i-ni	pay-ıle	mat-хha-na
pn	prox - attr . obl	share- superel	surprised- aux . pf - h
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) ıkkıykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	čey	ıkkan
pn - obl - dat	tea	n .want. ipf
‘Murad loves tea.’

120. enjoy lezzetхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL

X: DAT

Y: CONTEL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	issağa-ni	čey-i-ke	lezzet-eeхhi
pn - obl - dat	hot- attr . obl	tea- obl - contel	pleasure-be. ipf
‘Murad enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

121. want ıkkiykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	ts’e-b-na	t’ilfon	vukkan
pn - obl - dat	new- a - a	telephone( a )	a .want. ipf
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhaˁl vuхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL

X: DAT

Y: CONTEL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	rasul-u-ke	qhaˁl	vo-b-na	vuхha
pn - obl - dat	pn - obl - contel	anger( a )	cop - a - h	a .be. pf
‘Murad holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence indžimišхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

aˁli	murad-le	indžimiš-хha-na
pn	pn - superel	offended-( m ) aux . pf - h
‘Ali took offence at Murad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset pašman haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	rasul	geer	pašman	haʔu
pn - erg	pn	very. h	sad	( m )do. pf
‘Murad greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel haˁyranхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

murad	i-ni	šahar-ı-qha	haˁyran-хha-na
pn	prox- attr . obl	town- obl - lat	astonished-( m ) aux . pf - h
‘Murad was impressed by this town.’

126. despise maхsara haʔiy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-ee	aˁli	maхsara	haʔu
pn - erg	pn	joke	m .do. pf
‘Murad makes fun of Ali.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset dehserхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERalla

X: NOM

Y: SUPERalla

Locus: Y

murad	duхa-yl	alla	dehser-хha
pn	son. obl - super	about	disturbed-( m )be. pf
‘Murad got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated qhaˁl vuхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL

X: DAT

Y: CONTEL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	yišše-ke	qhaˁl	vuхha
pn - obl - dat	girl. obl - contel	anger( a )	a .be. pf
‘Murad is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond q’abıl ıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ıs	rasul	q’abıl	vo-r
pn - dat	pn	please	cop - m
‘Murad is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy naš qhıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	džu-ni	boy-u-le	naš	vo-d	qheхhi
pn - obl - dat	refl . m - attr . obl	size- obl - superel	shame	cop - n	re . n .be. ipf
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.