BivalTyp

Telugu

Contributed by Elizaveta Zabelina (Academia.edu profile)

E.Z.'s photo

How to cite

Zabelina, Elizaveta. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Telugu. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 25, 2023; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Two main features of case marking in Telugu are: nominative-accusative alignment and differential object marking. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative case, and the P-argument is either in the accusative or in the nominative case, depending on the salience of the object. Only nominative subjects are cross-referenced on the verb. The neutral word order is SOV. An example of the transitive construction can be found in (1). 

(1)  maheṣ         uttaraṃ           /  uttarānni         rāsāḍu
     PN(M).SG.NOM  answer(N).SG.NOM  /  answer(N).SG.ACC  write.PST.3SG.M
     ‘Mahesh wrote a/the letter.’

Non-core arguments are flagged by case markers or postpositions (normally in combination with the oblique nominal stem). For the majority of nouns, the genitive form coincides with the oblique stem found in other cases. Even though the oblique stem, in turn, coincides with the nominative for a large number of nouns, these forms are consistently tagged according to their grammatical feature value.

Case system

The borderline between case suffixes and postpositions is blurred. Commonly recognized cases are: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and locative. Comitative/instrumental, causal and some other markers, sometimes included into the Telugu case system, are treated here as postpositions.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited as bare stems, not used in any actual construction. For example, the verb 'write' from the example (1) is cited as rāyu.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ADVZ — adverbializer; ANT — anterior; COM — comitative; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; DEM — demonstrative; DIST — distal; DUR — durative; EPIC — epicene gender; EXCL — exclusive; F — feminine; HON — honorific; INTENS — intensive; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NM — non-masculine; NOM — nominative; NPST — non-past; OBL — oblique; PL — plural; PN — person named; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SIM — simultaneous; VN — verbal noun.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain noppi gā uṁḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki ā kālu noppi gā uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat dem . dist leg( n ). sg . nom pain( n ). sg . nom advz be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen’s that leg hurts.’

2. have (illness) vaccu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki flū vacciṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat flu( n ). sg . nom come. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen has the flu.’

3. be afraid bhayamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki ā kukk' aṁṭē bhayamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat dem . dist dog( n ). sg . nom that_is fear( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is afraid of that dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw visurēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ mundu rāyyi visurēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom before stone( n ). sg . nom throw. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen threw a stone first.’

5. have enough saripōyē uṁḍu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ippuḍu pravīṇ-ki saripōyē aṁta ḍabbu-l' unnāyi
now pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat be_enough. ptcp . npst that_much money( n )- pl . nom be. prs .3 pl . n
‘Now Praveen has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble uṁḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLlaga
X: NOM
Y: OBLlaga
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ lāgā uṁṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl like be. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen resembles Mahesh.’

7. believe nammu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni nammutāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc believe. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’

8. take tīsukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka pustakamu tīsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one book( n ). sg . nom take. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen took a book.’

9. see cūcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka iṁṭi-ni cūstunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one house( n ). sg . obl - acc see. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sees a house.’

10. influence māru

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
vayasu jñāpakašakti-ni mārustuṁdi
age( n ). sg . nom memory_force( n ). sg . obl - acc change. npst .3 sg . nm
‘Age changes memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

11. encounter kaliyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni anukōkuṁḍā kalisāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc accidentally unite. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen accidentally met Mahesh.’

12. enter pravēšiṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCDAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCDAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ iṁṭi-lō-ki pravēšiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom house( n ). sg . obl - loc - dat enter. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen entered the house.’

13. win gelucu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida
X: NOM
Y: OBLmida
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ mīda gelicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl on win. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’

14. go out veḷḷu

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
pravīṇ iṁṭi-nuṁci bayaṭi-ki veḷḷāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom house( n ). sg . obl - abl outdoors( n ). sg . obl - dat go. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen went out of the house.’

15. drive tōlukupōvu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ āvu-ni tōlukupōtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cow( n ). sg . obl - acc make_walk. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is driving the cow.’

16. bend vaṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ komma-ni vaṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom branch( n ). sg . obl - acc bend. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen bent the branch.’

17. tell ceppu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-ku ceppāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat say. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen told Mahesh...’

18. hold paṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ pustakānni paṭṭukuni unnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom book( n ). sg . acc take_hold. cvb . ant be. prs .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is holding a book.’

19. catch up cērukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni cērukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc join. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen caught up with Mahesh.’

20. milk *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ āvu pāla-ni pitikāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cow( n ). sg . obl milk. pl . obl - acc milk. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen milked the cow.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

21. reach cēru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ oḍḍi-ki cērāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom coast( n ). sg . obl - dat reach. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen reached the bank.’

22. touch muṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ goḍa-ni muṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom wall( n ). sg . obl - acc touch. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen touched the wall.’

23. fight goḍavapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō goḍavapaḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com fight. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is fighting with Mahesh.’

24. be friends snēhamu cēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō snēhamu cēstunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com amity( n ). sg . nom do. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is friends with Mahesh.’

25. think ālōciṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ madhuri guriṁci ālōcistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl about think. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’

26. eat tinu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ āpil tinnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom apple( n ). sg . nom eat. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen ate an apple.’

27. fry vēyiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ cēpa-nu vēyiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom fish( n ). sg . obl - acc fry. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fried the fish.’

28. wait edurucūcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkosamu
X: NOM
Y: OBLkosamu
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ kōsamu edurucūstunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl for wait. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is waiting for Mahesh.’

29. forget māracipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ vērē rōḍḍu guriṁci māracipōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom other road( n ). sg . obl about forget. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen forgot about the other road.’

30. depend ādhārapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida
X: NOM
Y: OBLmida
Locus: Y
jñāpakašakti vayasu mīda ādhārapaḍi uṁṭuṁdi
memory_force( n ). sg . nom age( n ). sg . obl on depend. cvb . ant be. dur .3 sg . nm
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call pilucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni pilicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc call. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen called Mahesh.’

32. get to know telusukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ guriṁci saṁvatsaramu mundu telusukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl about year( n ). sg . obl before get_to_know. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got to know Mahesh a year ago.’

33. know teliyu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki maheṣ telusu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( m ). sg . nom be_known
‘Praveen knows Mahesh.’
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula.

34. play (instrument) vāyiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ giṭār vāyistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom guitar( n ). sg . nom strike. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid tappiṁcukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-nuṁci tappiṁcukuṁtū tirugutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - abl escape. cvb . sim turn. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen avoids Mahesh.’

36. make tayāru cēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ eluka-la kōsamu uccu tayāru cēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom rat( n )- pl . obl for loop( n ). sg . nom ready do. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen made a trap for rats.’

37. make fun vekkiriṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni vekkiristunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc ridicule. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is making fun of Mahesh.’

38. have uṁḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki kār' uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat car( n ). sg . nom be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen has a car.’

39. look for vetuku

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkosamu
X: NOM
Y: OBLkosamu
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tāḷaṁcēvu-la kōsamu vetukutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom key( n )- pl . obl for search. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is looking for the keys.’

40. paint raṁgu vēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana kaṁce-ki raṁgu vēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own fence( n ). sg . obl - dat colour( n ). sg . nom throw. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen painted his fence.’

41. bite karucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
oka kukka pravīṇ-ni kariciṁdi
one dog( n ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc bite. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A dog bit Praveen.’

42. forfeit pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana iṁṭi-ni pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own house( n ). sg . obl - acc lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his house.’

43. try to catch paṭṭukovadāniki prayatniṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ pilli-ni paṭṭukōvaḍāni-ki prayatnistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cat( n ). sg . obl - acc take_hold. vn . obl - dat try. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break viragakoṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ kaṭṭe-ni viragakoṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom stick( n ). sg . obl - acc break. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen broke a stick.’

45. flatter poguḍu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ madhuri-ni poguḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc commend. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is flattering Madhuri.’

46. love (person) prēmiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ madhuri-ni prēmistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc love. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen loves Madhuri.’

47. wave ūpu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ dasti-ni gāli-lo ūputunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom handkerchief( n ). sg . obl - acc wind( n ). sg . obl - loc cause_to_swing. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream kalalu kanu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ kotta kāru guriṁci kala-lu kaṁtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom new car( n ). sg . obl about dream( n )- pl . nom perceive. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash kaḍugu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ kappu-ni kaḍigāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cup( n ). sg . obl - acc wash. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen washed the cup.’

50. put on vēsukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ baṭṭa-lu vēsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cloth( n )- pl . nom wear. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen put on his clothes.’

51. be called pilucu

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ī sādhanānni diksūci pilustāru
dem . prox means( n ). sg . acc compass( n ). sg . nom call. npst .3 pl . epic
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish šikṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana koḍuku-ni šikṣiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own son( m ). sg . obl - acc punish. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen punished his son.’

53. attack dāḍicēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmidaki
X: NOM
Y: OBLmidaki
Locus: Y
oka cēpavāḍi mīda-ki oka elugubaṁṭi dāḍicēsiṁdi
one fisherman( m ). sg . obl on- dat one bear( n ). sg . nom attack. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) niṁḍipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
bākeṭ niḷḷa-tō niṁḍipōyiṁdi
bucket( n ). sg . nom water. pl . obl - com fill_up. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find doruku

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki tana tāḷaṁcēvu-lu dorikāyi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat own key( n )- pl . nom be_found. pst .3 pl . n
‘Praveen found his keys.’

56. be short takkuva agu

Valency pattern: OBLdaggara_NOM
X: OBLdaggara
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ daggara oka yūro takkuv' ayiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl near one euro( n ). sg . nom lack( n ). sg . nom become. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen lacks one euro.’

57. hate dvēṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni dvēṣistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc hate. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hates Mahesh.’

58. like iṣṭamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki ī cokka aṁṭē iṣṭamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat dem . prox shirt( n ). sg . nom that_is liking( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need avasaramu paḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_COM
X: DAT
Y: COM
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki ḍabbu-la-tō avasaramu paḍiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat money- pl . obl - com need( n ). sg . nom fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen needs money.’

60. surround cuṭṭumuṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
goḍa-lu nagarānni cuṭṭumuṭṭāyi
wall( n )- pl . nom city( n ). sg . acc surround. pst .3 pl . n
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain migulu

Valency pattern: OBLdaggara_NOM
X: OBLdaggara
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ daggara padi yūro migul' unnāyi
pn ( m ). sg . obl near ten euro( n ). sg . nom remain. cvb . ant be. prs .3 pl . n
‘Praveen has 10 euros left.’

62. answer javābu ivvu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana gurugāri-ki javābu iccāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own teacher. hon ( m ). sg . obl - dat reply( n ). sg . nom give. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen answered the teacher.’

63. open terucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ kyān-ni tericāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom can( n ). sg . obl - acc open. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen opened a can.’

64. be different vēru + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkante
X: NOM
Y: OBLkante
Locus: Y
nā cokka nīdāni kaṁṭē vēru
1 sg . obl shirt( n ). sg . nom yours_one( n ). sg . obl than other
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind venakapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-ki venakapaḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat lag. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fell behind Mahesh.’

66. plough dunnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ polānni dunnutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom field( n ). sg . acc plough. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is ploughing the field.’

67. smell vaccu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nā cētu-la-nuṁci gyās vāsana vastuṁdi
1 sg . obl hand( n )- pl . obl - abl gas( n ). sg . obl smell( n ). sg . nom come. npst .3 sg . nm
‘The gasoline smell comes from my hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

68. cross dāṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ rōḍḍu dāṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom road( n ). sg . nom cross. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen crossed the road.’

69. sing pāḍu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka andamaina pāṭa pāḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one beautiful song( n ). sg . nom sing. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sang a beautiful song.’

70. write rāyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka uttaramu rāsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one answer( n ). sg . nom write. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen wrote a letter.’

71. drink tāgu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ pālu tāgāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom milk. pl . nom drink. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen drank the milk.’

72. melt karigiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka lēḍu mukka-ni karigiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one lead( n ). sg . obl piece( n ). sg . obl - acc melt. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen melted a piece of lead.’

73. match kuduru

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ī belṭu nā ḍrēs-tō bāgā kudurutuṁdi
dem . prox belt( n ). sg . nom 1 sg . obl dress( n ). sg . obl - com well be_set. npst .3 sg . nm
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave vadilēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana soṁta nagarānni vadilēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own belonging_to_self city( n ). sg . acc quit. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen left his native city.’

75. cover parucukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kārpiṭ nēla mottānni parucukuṁdi
carpet( n ). sg . nom floor( n ). sg . obl sum( n ). sg . obl . acc spread_over. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember gurtu uṁḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki iḷḷu bāgā gurt' uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat house( n ). sg . nom well mark( n ). sg . nom be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen remembers the house well.’

77. help sahāyamu cēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-ki sahāyamu cēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat help( n ). sg . nom do. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen helped Mahesh.’

78. understand (language) arthamu agu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki preṁcibhāṣa artham' avutuṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat f rench_language( n ). sg . nom meaning( n ). sg . nom become. npst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen understands French.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

79. hit (target) paḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLpai
X: NOM
Y: OBLpai
Locus: Y
iṁṭi pai piḍugu paḍiṁdi
house( n ). sg . obl over thunderbolt( n ). sg . nom fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Lightning fell on the house.’

80. cut oneself kōsukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ blēḍ-tō tana-ni tānu kōsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom blade( n ). sg . obl - com own- acc refl cut. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck atuku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
glāsu ṭēbal-ki atukkuṁdi
glass( n ). sg . nom table( n ). sg . obl - dat stick. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) ōḍipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō ōḍipōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com be_defeated. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost to Mahesh.’

83. be glad santōṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla
X: NOM
Y: OBLvalla
Locus: Y
pravīṇ uttāramu valla saṁtōṣiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom answer( n ). sg . obl by rejoice. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was glad about the letter.’

84. speak māṭlāḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō māṭlāḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com speak. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’

85. give birth puṭṭu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
madhuri-ki koḍuku puṭṭāḍu
pn ( f ). sg . obl - dat son( m ). sg . nom be_born. pst .3 sg . m
‘Madhuri gave birth to a son.’

86. drop paḍēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ glāsu-ni paḍēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom glass( n ). sg . obl - acc drop. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dropped the glass.’

87. govern naḍupu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ mā paṭṭaṇānni naḍuputāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom 1 pl . excl . obl town( n ). sg . acc make_walk. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen runs our town.’

88. miss mis agu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ madhuri-ni mis avutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc miss become. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen misses Madhuri.’

89. follow veṁbaḍiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni veṁbaḍistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc follow. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen follows Mahesh.’

90. dismount digu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmidanunci
X: NOM
Y: OBLmidanunci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ gurramu mīda-nuṁci digāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom horse( n ). sg . obl on- abl come_down. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got down from the horse.’

91. listen viṇu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ rēḍiyō viṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom radio( n ). sg . nom listen. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is listening to radio.’

92. obey viṇu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ eppuḍū tana amma māṭa viṁṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom always own mother( f ). sg . obl word( n ). sg . nom listen. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen always listens to his mother’s words.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear viṇu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ saṁgītamu viṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom music( n ). sg . nom listen. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hears the music.’

94. mix kaliyu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
tēne pāla-tō kalisiṁdi
honey( n ). sg . nom milk. pl . obl - com unite. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look gamaniṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ mēgha-la-ni gamanistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cloud( n )- pl . obl - acc pay_attention. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is observing the clouds.’

96. take off viḍacēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana cokka-ni viḍacēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own shirt( n ). sg . obl - acc undo. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen took off/unbuttoned his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) kalalu kanu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ nidra-lō madhuri guriṁci kala-lu kaṁtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom sleep( n ). sg . obl - loc pn ( f ). sg . obl about dream( n )- pl . nom perceive. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dreams about Madhuri.’

98. agree aṁgīkariṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō aṁgīkariṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com agree. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen agreed with Mahesh.’

99. have a quarrel goḍava agu

Valency pattern: DAT_COM
X: DAT
Y: COM
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki maheṣ-tō goḍav' ayiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( m ). sg . obl - com quarrel( n ). sg . nom become. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen had a quarrel with Mahesh.’

100. cost dhara + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ī kappu dhara oka yūro
dem . prox cup( n ). sg . obl price( n ). sg . nom one euro( n ). sg . nom
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at kālcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ pakṣi-ni kālcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom bird( n ). sg . obl - acc shoot. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen shot at the bird.’

102. pour pōyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ paṁcadāra pōsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom sugar( n ). sg . nom pour. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen poured the sugar.’

103. lose pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ atani tāḷaṁcēvu-lu pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom that_man( m ). sg . obl key( n )- pl . nom lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his keys.’

104. sink munugu

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCDAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCDAT
Locus: Y
ceṭṭu niḷḷa-lō-ki munigiṁdi
tree( n ). sg . nom water. pl . obl - loc - dat sink. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The tree sank in the water.’

105. kill caṁpēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni caṁpēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc kill. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen killed Mahesh.’

106. hit koṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni koṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc beat. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hit Mahesh.’

107. kiss muddu peṭṭu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ madhuri-ki muddu peṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - dat kiss( n ). sg . nom put. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen kissed Madhuri.’

108. read caduvu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka maṁci pustakānni cadivāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one good book( n ). sg . acc read. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) kadupu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana vēli-ni kadipāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own finger( n ). sg . obl - acc move. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen moved his finger.’

110. respect ādariṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni ādaristāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc respect. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen respects Mahesh.’

111. be squeamish cirāku + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki eṁgili aṁṭlu aṁṭē cirāku
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat defiled utensil. pl . nom that_is crossness( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is vexed about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content saṁtuṣṭi + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki atani koḍuku aṁṭē saṁtuṣṭi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat that_man( m ). sg . obl son( n ). sg . nom that_is satisfaction( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love prēmalō paḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ madhuri-tō prēma-lō paḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - com love( n ). sg . obl - loc fall. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fell in love with Madhuri.’

114. trust nammakamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki madhuri aṁṭē nammakamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( f ). sg . nom that_is credit( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen trusts Madhuri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise bādha(ni) paṁcukōnu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ tana amma bādha-ni paṁcukuṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own mother( f ). sg . obl pain( n ). sg . obl - acc share. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. This translation is probably semantically inaccurate.

116. envy īrṣya + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki maheṣ aṁṭē īrṣya
pn ( m ). sg - dat pn ( m ). sg . nom that_is envy( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen envies Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry kopamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_OBLmida
X: DAT
Y: OBLmida
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki maheṣ mīda kopamu uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( m ). sg . obl on anger( n ). sg . nom be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen is angry with Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised āšcaryapōvu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ ā bahumati-ni cūsi āšcaryapōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom dem . dist gift( n ). sg . obl - acc see. cvb . ant get_surprised. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

119. love (tea) iṣṭamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki ṭī aṁṭē iṣṭamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat tea( n ). sg . nom that_is liking( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy āsvādiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ vēḍi ṭī-ni āsvādistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom hot tea( n ). sg . obl - acc enjoy_the_taste. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is enjoying hot tea.’

121. want kāvāli

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ-ki kotta fōn kāvāli
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat new phone( n ). sg . nom be_wanted
‘Praveen wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula.

122. have a grudge paga + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki maheṣ aṁṭē paga
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( m ). sg . nom that_is enmity( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen has a grudge against Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence manastāpamu ceṁdu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLpai
X: NOM
Y: OBLpai
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ pai manastāpamu ceṁdāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl over mental_distress( n ). sg . nom happen. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got cross with Mahesh.’

124. upset duḥkhaparucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni cālā duḥkhaparicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc very upset. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen greatly upset Mahesh.’

125. marvel āšcaryapōvu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ ā paṭṭaṇānni cūsi āšcaryapōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom dem . dist city( n ). sg . acc see. cvb . ant get_suprised. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was surprised by this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise hīnaṁgā cūcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni hīnaṁ-gā cūstāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc low- advz see. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen despises Mahesh.’

127. get upset bādhapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla
X: NOM
Y: OBLvalla
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana koḍuku valla bādhapaḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own son( m ). sg . obl by suffer. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated cirākupaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida
X: NOM
Y: OBLmida
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana kūturu mīda cirākupaḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own daughter( f ). sg . obl on be_cross. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond muddu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ku madhuri aṁṭē muddu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( f ). sg . nom that_is kiss( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is fond of Madhuri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy siggupaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla
X: NOM
Y: OBLvalla
Locus: Y
pravīṇ atani ettu valla siggupaḍatāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom that_man( m ). sg . obl height( n ). sg . obl by be_shy. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is shy about his height.’