Tindi

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo G.M.'s photo

The data were collected in 2024 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Gusen Magomedov (see the second picture above).

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Tindi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 15, 2026; last revised on May 3, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.45, 46.13.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Avar-Andic-Tsezic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain čečihiɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	oni	čečih-o	ija
pn - gen	head	be_sick- seq	cop
‘Ali has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	q'wat'a-ƛa	čečihar	la	boota	čečih-o	ija
pn	street- gen	illness	add	n .come.pf( seq )	be_sick- seq	cop
‘Ali has the flu,’ lit. ‘As the flu has come, Ali got sick’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

3. be afraid ɬeeɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	ɬaw-o	ija	χwa-č'i
pn	fear- seq	cop	dog. obl - cont
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw t’aanjɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	hinc'a	t'an-o
pn - erg	stone	throw- aor
‘Ali threw a stone.’

5. have enough buʔinɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	asi	buj-aan	ija
pn - gen	money	be_enough- ipf	cop
‘Ali has enough money.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble baɬɬinɬiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

ʕali	ħažidada-χa	w-aɬɬ-un-w	ija
pn	pn - ad	m -resemble- pf . ptcp - m	cop
‘Ali resembles Hajidada.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

7. believe bužiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-ba	buž-aa	ija
pn	pn - aff	believe- ipf	cop
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

8. take baχiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	ʁoča	b-aχ-o	naƛu-la	aχoo
pn - erg	book	n -take- aor	shelf. obl - super	on . el
‘Ali took a book from the shelf.’

9. see heenɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	misa	hanʔ-aan	ija
pn - aff	house	see- ipf	cop
‘Ali sees a house.’

10. influence bečučiɬja

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

q'aru	b-eƛ-ar	hanw-ota	eɬaqa	b-ečuč-aa
time	n -go- msd	see- cv	things	n -forget- ipf
‘With time passing by, one starts to forget things.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dandiɬiɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: CO

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	aħmadi	dandiɬ-o
pn - aff	pn	meet- aor
‘Ali encountered Ahmad.’

12. enter beƛiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

ʕali	aχari	hini	w-oƛ-o
pn	house. in	inside	m -go- aor
‘Ali entered the house.’

13. win bihiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-č'oo	w-ih-o
pn	pn - abl	m -win- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

14. go out buƛiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aχaroo	w-aχχa	w-uƛ-o
pn	home. inel	m -out	m -end- aor
‘Ali went out of the house.’

15. drive baχχa + COP

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	zini	b-aχχa	ija	miʁi-la
pn - erg	cow	n -out	cop	pasture- super
‘Ali is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

16. bend bik'janjɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	hak'u	b-ik'jan-o
pn - erg	branch	n -bend. caus - aor
‘Ali bent the branch.’

17. tell hiƛ'iɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	aħmaji-qa	hiƛ'-o
pn - erg	pn . obl - apud	say- aor
‘Ali told Ahmaji: ...’

18. hold bixxiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	ʁoča	kwaji	b-ixxj-o	ija
pn - erg	book	hand. in	n -hold- seq	cop
‘Ali is holding a book.’

19. catch up ʁwaanɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-qa	χeri	ʁwan-o
pn	pn - apud	behind	catch_up- aor
‘Ali caught up with Mariam.’

20. milk ččaajɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	zini	ččal-o
pn - erg	cow	milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

21. reach bac’iɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

ʕali	kita	bali-χa	w-ac'-o
pn	river	shore. obl - ad	m -arrive- aor
‘Ali reached the bank.’

22. touch kiddiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

ʕali	q'ina-ƛi	la	kiddotaɬ-i	quɬ-o
pn	wall- inter	add	touch- seq	get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight raʁiiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_kja

X: NOM

Y: kja

Locus: Y

ʕali	raʁij-aa	ija	aħmadi	k'ja
pn	fight- ipf	cop	pn	with
‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’

24. be friends halmaʁaɬar + COP

Valency pattern: GEN_kja

X: GEN

Y: kja

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	halmaʁaɬar	ija	aħmadi-ƛa	k'ja
pn - gen	friendship	cop	pn - gen	with
‘Ali is friends with Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think pikraba-la + COP

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER

X: GEN

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

ʕali	marjam-ƛa	pikraba-la	ija
pn	pn - gen	thought. pl . obl - super	cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

26. eat q'aanjɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	eči	q'an-o
pn - erg	apple(s)	eat- aor
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry bežiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	χχwaanj	b-ež-o
pn - erg	fish	n -cook- aor
‘Ali fried the fish.’

28. wait bahinɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-χa	w-anh-onta	w-iʁ-o	ija
pn	pn - ad	m -look- cv	m -stop- seq	cop
‘Ali is waiting for Ahmad.’

29. forget bečučiɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	sella-ssa	miq'i	b-ečuč-o
pn - aff	other- def	road	n -forget- aor
‘Ali forgot about the other road.’

30. depend baju-AGR + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

rak'wa-la	baʔ-aa	hik'ji-ɬar	q'aru-b-eƛ-ar-la	baju-b	ija
heart- super	n .come- ipf	neg . cop - msd	time- n -go- msd - super	dependent- n	cop
‘Memory depends on age,’ lit.: ‘The way (things) got forgotten is dependent on the passing of time’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call baajɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	aħmadi	wal-o
pn - erg	pn	m .call- aor
‘Ali called Ahmad.’

32. get to know ɬajqwaj ihiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_kja

X: NOM

Y: kja

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	aħmadi-ƛa	k'ja	ɬajqwaj	ih-o	rehen	sseruqa
pn - erg	pn - gen	with	get_to_know	make- aor	year	before
‘Ali got to know Ahmad a year ago.’

33. know biiɬja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali	aħmadi	wij-aa
pn [ dat ]	pn	m .know- ipf
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

34. play (instrument) qweeɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	gitara	qw-aa	ija
pn	guitar	play- ipf	cop
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ččoo baɬinɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

ʕali	ččoo	w-aɬ-aan	ija	aħmadi-č'oo
pn	stay. seq	m -resemble- ipf	cop	pn - abl
‘Ali avoids Ahmad,’ lit. ‘Ali keeps staying away from Ahmad’.

36. make ihiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	hekkwa	b-ixj-o-b	ajana	ih-o
pn - erg	mouse	n -catch- pf . ptcp - n	thing	make- aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun beɬikkjiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	w-eɬikkj-aa	aħmadi-č'i
pn	m -laugh- ipf	pn - cont
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

38. have COP

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	mašina	ija
pn - gen	car	cop
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for c’eχχinɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	rik'ja	c'eχχ-aan	ija
pn	key	search- ipf	cop
‘Ali is looking for the keys.’

40. paint ražbar biɬinɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER

X: ERG

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	q'ehan-ƛi	ražbar	b-iɬal-o
pn - erg	fence- inter	paint	n -dye- aor
‘Ali painted the fence.’

41. bite saldi bixjiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

χwa-ji	saldi	b-ixj-o	ʕali-č'i
dog. obl - erg	tooth. erg	n -catch- aor	pn - cont
‘A dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	w-uχχ-on	misa	hik'jeeɬɬi
pn	m -remain- aor	house	without
‘Ali lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

43. try to catch bixjiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	ija	gjiwu	b-ixj-aa
pn	cop	cat	n -catch- ipf
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break qiinɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	k'jant'a	qinal-o
pn - erg	stick	break. caus - aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter reccaχχota baqaajɬja

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali-ji	reccaχχ-ota	j-aqal-aa	ija	marjam
pn - erg	praise- cv	f -deceive- ipf	cop	pn
‘Ali is flattering Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person) heluɬiɬja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	marjam	hel-u
pn - dat	pn	love- pf . ptcp
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

47. wave šašaanjɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	jaluq	šašan-aa	ija
pn - erg	handkerchief	dwindle. iter - ipf	cop
‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream anišši + COP

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	anišši	c'inhu-M	mašina
pn - gen	longing	new- n	car
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

49. wash bučinɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	čaška	b-uč-on
pn - erg	cup	n -wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on hinƛ'iɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	bata	hinƛ'-o
pn - erg	trousers	put_on- aor
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called ccera + COP

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: SUPER

Y: NOM(NO.AGR_

Locus: XY

hanb	aja-ɬɬi-la	ccera	ija	kompas
prox . n	thing- obl . nm - super	name	cop	compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish tamiħ ihiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	inššu-w	mak'ja-ššu-la	tamiħ	ih-o
pn - erg	refl . m . obl - m	child- m - super	punishment	make- aor
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack aχa baχiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

siin	aχa	b-aχ-o	χχwaanj	r-ixj-oo-w	hek'wa-ššu-la
bear	up	n -rush- aor	fish	npl -catch- ipf . ptcp - m	man- m - super
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) bec’iɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

bidra	ɬɬen-ƛa	b-ec'-o
pail	water- gen	n -fill- aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bisinɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	rik'ja	r-is-on
pn - aff	key	npl -find- aor
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short buʔinɬja + NEG

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	se-b	dolar	buj-aan	hik'ji
pn - gen	one- n	dollar	be_enough- ipf	neg . cop
‘Ali is one dollar short.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate heenɬja q’očinɬja + NEG

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	heen-ɬja	ja	q'oč-ihin	aħmad
pn - gen	see- inf	foc	want- ipf . neg	pn
‘Ali hates Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like rak’waƛi beƛiɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	ha-b	k'ači	rak'wa-ƛi	b-eƛ-aa
pn - aff	prox - n	dress	heart- inter	n -go- ipf
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need q’očinɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛa	asi	q'oč-on	ija
pn - gen	money	want- seq	cop
‘Ali needs money.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

60. surround COP

Valency pattern: NOM_xindal

X: NOM

Y: xindal

Locus: Y

šahar	χindal	q'ina	ija
town	around	wall	cop
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain buχχiɬja

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM

X: CONT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č'i	hac'aja	dolar	ija	b-uχχ-o
pn - cont	ten	dollar	cop	n -remain- aor
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’

62. answer žawab gweeɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	muʕalim-ššu-ɬa	žawab	gow-o
pn - erg	teacher- m - dat	answer	give- aor
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open baχwinɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	banka	b-aχ-on
pn - erg	jar	n -open- aor
‘Ali opened a jar.’

64. be different bat'ee-AGR + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

di-b	k'ači	du-b-ɬɬi-č'i	bat'ee-b	ija
i . obl - n	dress	2. obl - n - obl . nm - cont	different- n	cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind χeri buχχiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-č'oo	χeri	w-uχχ-on
pn	pn - abl	behind	m -remain- aor
‘Ali fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough beƛ’iɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	χuja	beƛ'-aa	ija
pn - erg	field	plough- ipf	cop
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’

67. smell hwaanj + COP

Valency pattern: INTEREL_GEN

X: INTEREL

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

di-r	reli-ƛoo	nerti-ƛa	hwaanj	ija
i . obl - npl	hand. obl - interel	oil- gen	smell	cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross sseri beeɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	miq'a-ba	sseri	w-oʔ-o
pn	road. obl - aff	in_front	m -come- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

69. sing beɬiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	becanu-b	keč'i	b-eɬ-o
pn - erg	pretty- n	song	n -bring- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

70. write qweeɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	kaʁati	qwaw-o
pn - erg	letter	write- aor
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink χeeɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	ššu	χaw-o
pn - erg	milk	drink- aor
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt bic’aajɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	t'oha-ƛa	bala	b-ic'-al-o
pn - erg	lead- gen	piece	n -melt- caus - aor
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match dandibuxiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

ha-b	raƛ'učar	di-b	k'ači-χa	dandi-b-ux-aa	ija
prox - n	belt	i . obl - n	dress- ad	in_front- n -fall- ipf	cop
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave betiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	ewa	ih-u-b	šahar	b-et-o
pn - erg	m . refl . nom	make- pf . ptcp - n	town	n -let_go- aor
‘Ali left the town where he was born.’

75. cover baqaššiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

t'ansswa-ji	ijoobsswa	haččihiƛ'i	mak'wa	b-aqašš-o
carpet- erg	whole. n	below	place	n -hide- aor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rak'wač'i + COP

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	misa	c'aq'i	rak'wa-č'i	ija
pn - aff	house	very	heart- cont	cop
‘Ali remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kumak ihiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	marjam-ƛa	kumak	ih-o
pn - erg	pn - gen	help	make- aor
‘Ali helped Marjam.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

78. understand (language) buɬinɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	farancija-ƛa	micci	b-uɬ-aan
pn - aff	f rance- gen	tongue	n -understand- ipf
‘Ali understands French.’

79. hit (target) baχiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

ʕašti	b-aχal-o	misu-ƛi
lightning	n -strike- aor	house. obl - inter
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself buq’iɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER

X: GEN

Y: INTER

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	b-uq'-o	mižatu	χχan-oo-b	ejaa-ƛi
pn - gen	n -cut- aor	beard	mow- ipf . ptcp -n	thing- inter
‘Ali cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck gertiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

stakan	gert-o	istul-ƛi
glass	stick- aor	table- inter
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) bitiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	w-it-o	aħmadi-č'i
pn	m -lose- aor	pn - cont
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’

83. be glad biχχiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	w-iχχ-o	kaʁatu-ɬa
pn	m -smile- aor	letter. obl - dat
‘Ali was glad about the letter.’

84. speak *

Valency pattern: NOM_kja

X: NOM

Y: kja

Locus: Y

ʕali	hobčečubɬi	???-???	aħmadi	k'ja
pn	talk	do- prs	pn	with
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

85. give birth ihiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

marjam-di-ji	waha	ih-o
pn - obl - erg	son	make- aor
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop hačči baχiɬja

Valency pattern: CONTEL_NOM

X: CONTEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č'oo	stakan	hačči	b-aχ-o
pn - contel	glass	ground. loc	n -fall- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

87. govern beššunk'ja + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

ʕali	inššu-b	han-ƛa	beššunk'ja	ija
pn	refl . m . obl - n	village. obl - gen	leader	cop
‘Ali runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss rak’wa t’aanjɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	marjam-qa	rak'wa	t'an-o	ija
pn - erg	pn - apud	heart	throw- seq	cop
‘Ali misses Marjam.’

89. follow COP

Valency pattern: NOM_APUDxeri

X: NOM

Y: APUDxeri

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-qa	χeri	ija
pn	pn - apud	behind	cop
‘Ali follows Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount butiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

ʕali	k'jatu-loo	hiƛ'i	w-ut-o
pn	horse- superel	down	m -escape- aor
‘Ali got down from the horse.’

91. listen anixjiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	radio	anixj-aa	ija
pn - erg	radio	listen- ipf	cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

92. obey anixjiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	imu-χa	anixj-aa
pn - erg	father- ad	listen- ipf
‘Ali always listens to his father.’

93. hear anɬiɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	maq'an	anɬ-aa
pn - aff	tune	hear- ipf
‘Ali hears the music.’

94. mix χχiχχaajɬja beƛiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_kja

X: NOM

Y: kja

Locus: Y

huncci	k'ja	ššu	χχiχχ-o	b-eƛ-o
honey	with	milk	mix- aor	n -go- aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look bahinɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

ʕali	hinawu-χa	w-ah-on
pn	fog- ad	m -look- aor
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off baχχa buχχiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	k'ači	baχχa	b-uχχ-o
pn - erg	dress	n .out	n -take- aor
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) maƛ'iƛi heenɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	marjam	maƛ'i-ƛi	hanʔ-aan	ija
pn - aff	pn	sleep. obl - inter	see- ipf	cop
‘Ali dreams about Mariam.’

98. agree raziɬiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	raziɬ-o	marjam-ɬa
pn	agree- aor	pn - dat
‘Ali agreed with Marjam.’

99. have a quarrel daʕba beƛiɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_kja

X: GEN

Y: kja

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	daʕba	b-eƛ-o	marjam	k'ja
pn - gen	dispute	n -go- aor	pn	with
‘Ali had a quarrel with Marjam.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

100. cost baha + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ha-b	čaška-ƛa	baha	se-b	dolar	ija
prox - n	cup- gen	price	one- n	dollar	cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at baχiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	tupi	b-aχal-o	ššak'iba-č'i
pn - erg	gun	n -strike- aor	bird- cont
‘Ali shot at the bird.’

102. pour t’aanjɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	čakar	t'an-o	čaška-ƛi
pn - erg	sugar	throw- aor	cup- inter
‘Ali poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose bitiɬja

Valency pattern: CONTEL_NOM

X: CONTEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č'oo	rik'ja	r-it-o
pn - contel	key	npl -lose- aor
‘Ali lost his keys.’

104. sink hiniq’iɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

ɬuja-ƛa	aja	hiniq'-o	b-eƛ-o	ɬɬen-ƛi
wood. obl - gen	thing	sink- seq	n -go- aor	water- inter
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill bič’aajɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	w-ič'-al-o	aħmad
pn - erg	m -die. caus - aor	pn
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

106. hit buʁiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	b-uʁ-o	aħmadi-č'i
pn - erg	n -hit- aor	pn - cont
‘Ali hit Ahmad.’

107. kiss oba ihiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	oba	ih-o	marjam-č'i
pn - erg	kiss	make- aor	pn - cont
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

108. read ccaliiɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	intirisa-b	ʁoča	ccalij-o
pn - erg	interesting- n	book	study- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) susanaajɬja

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ji	mik'ji-bi	susan-al-o
pn - erg	finger- pl . nom	move- caus - aor
‘Ali moved his finger.’

110. respect ʕadabquluq ihiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	ʕadabquluq	ih-aa	aħmad-ƛa
pn - erg	respect	make- ipf	pn - gen
‘Ali respects Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish rak’wa hecciɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT

X: GEN

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	rak'wa	hecc-aa	qu-b	č'etu	ʁora-č'i
pn - gen	heart	stand_up- ipf	dirty- n	plate	vessel- cont
‘Ali is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

112. be content rak’wa bec’iɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT

X: GEN

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	rak'wa	b-ec'-aa	inššu-w	wahu-č'i
pn - gen	heart	n -fill- ipf	refl.m. obl - m	son. obl - cont
‘Ali is satisfied with his son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

113. fall in love heluɬiɬja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	marjam	heluɬ-o	ija
pn - dat	pn	fall_in_love- seq	cop
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’

114. trust bužaajɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	bužal-aa	marjam-qa
pn - erg	trust- ipf	pn - apud
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

115. sympathise gurħiiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	gurħij-aa	inššu-j	ilu-č'i
pn	have_pity- ipf	refl . m . obl - erg	mother. obl - cont
‘Ali sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy bužuk’iɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	bužuk'-o	aħmadi-χoo
pn	envy- aor	pn - adel
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’

117. be angry baɬa beeɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT

X: GEN

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	baɬa	b-oʔ-o	ija	aħmadi-č'i
pn - gen	puppy	n -come- seq	cop	pn - cont
‘Ali is angry with Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised ʕažaʔibɬiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	ʕažaʔibɬ-o	w-uχχ-on	sajʁat-i-ɬa
pn	wonder- seq	m -remain- aor	gift- obl - dat
‘Ali was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) heluɬiɬja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	čaj	hel-u	ija
pn - dat	tea	love- pf . ptcp	cop
‘Ali loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

120. enjoy kep baχiɬja

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

ʕali-ji	c'aq'u-b	čaj-ƛa	kep	b-aχ-aa
pn - erg	hot- n	tea- gen	fun	n -take- ipf
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

121. want q’očinɬja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	c'inhu-M	mabilnik	q'oč-on	ija
pn - dat	new- n	mobile.phone	want- seq	cop
‘Ali wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ccimi baqiiɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT

X: GEN

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	ccimi	b-aqij-o	ija	aħmadi-č'i
pn - gen	anger	n -rise- seq	cop	pn - cont
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence baχχiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_kja

X: NOM

Y: kja

Locus: Y

ʕali	baχχ-o	ija	aħmadi	k'ja
pn	quarrel- seq	cop	pn	with
‘Ali took offence at Ahmad.’

124. upset rak'wa bič'iɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_AD

X: GEN

Y: AD

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	rak'wa	b-ič'-ar	b-uƛ-o	aħmadi-χa
pn - gen	heart	n -die- msd	n -end- aor	pn - ad
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

125. marvel ʕažaʔibɬiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

ʕali	ʕažaʔibɬ-o	ab	šahar-la
pn	wonder- aor	prox . n	town- super
‘Ali was impressed by this town.’

126. despise riχinɬja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	aħmad	riχij-aan
pn - dat	pn	be_disgusted- ipf
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’

127. get upset pašmanɬiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_sabalota

X: NOM

Y: sabalota

Locus: Y

ʕali	pašmanɬ-o	waha	sabaɬ-ota
pn	regret- aor	son	be_cause- cv
‘Ali got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ccimi baqiiɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT

X: GEN

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛa	ccimi	b-aqij-aa	jahu-č'i
pn - gen	anger	n -rise- ipf	daughter. obl - cont
‘Ali is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

129. be fond becanub reššiɬja

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	aħmad	becanu-w	rešš-aa
pn - aff	pn	pretty- m	fit- ipf
‘Ali is fond of Ahmad.’

130. be shy namusiɬiɬja

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	namusiɬ-aa	inššu-b	lagi-ƛa	itaɬ-ar-č'oo
pn	be_ashamed- ipf	refl . m . obl - n	body- gen	be_small- msd - contel
‘Ali is embarrassed about his small height.’