BivalTyp

Tindi

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo G.M.'s photo

The data were collected in 2024 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Gusen Magomedov (see the second picture above).

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Tindi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 15, 2026; last revised on March 15, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa oni čečih-o ija
pn - gen head be_sick- seq cop
‘Ali has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali q'wat'a-ƛa čečihar la boota čečih-o ija
pn street- gen illness add n .come.pf( seq ) be_sick- seq cop
‘Ali has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali ɬaw-o ija χwa-č'i
pn fear- seq cop dog. obl - cont
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji hinc'a t'an-o
pn - erg stone throw- aor
‘Ali threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa asi buj-aan ija
pn - gen money be_enough- ipf cop
‘Ali has enough money.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʕali ħažidada-χa w-aɬ-u-w ija
pn pn - ad m -resemble- pf . ptcp - m cop
‘Ali resembles Hajidada.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-ba buž-aa ija
pn pn - aff believe- ipf cop
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji ʁoča b-aχ-o naƛu-la aχoo
pn - erg book n -take- aor shelf. obl - super on . el
‘Ali took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba misa hanʔ-aan ija
pn - aff house see- ipf cop
‘Ali sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
q'aru b-eƛ-ar hanw-ota eɬaqa b-ečuč-aa
time n -go- msd see- cv things n -forget- ipf
‘With time passing by, one starts to forget things.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: CO
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba aħmadi dandiɬ-o
pn - aff pn meet- aor
‘Ali encountered Ahmad.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
ʕali aχari hini w-oƛ-o
pn house. in inside m -go- aor
‘Ali entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-č'oo w-ih-o
pn pn - abl m -win- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
ʕali aχaroo w-aχχa w-uƛ-o
pn home. inel m -out m -end- aor
‘Ali went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji zini baχχa ija miʁi-la
pn - erg cow n .out cop pasture- super
‘Ali is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji hak'u b-ik'jan-o
pn - erg branch n -bend. caus - aor
‘Ali bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji aħmaji-qa hiƛ'-o
pn - erg pn . obl - apud say- aor
‘Ali told Ahmaji: ...’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji ʁoča kwaji b-ixxj-o ija
pn - erg book hand. in n -hold- seq cop
‘Ali is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-qa χeri ʁwan-o
pn pn - apud behind catch_up- aor
‘Ali caught up with Mariam.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji zini ččal-o
pn - erg cow milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʕali kita bali-χa w-ac'-o
pn river shore. obl - ad m -arrive- aor
‘Ali reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ʕali q'ina-ƛi la kiddotaɬ-i quɬ-o
pn wall- inter add touch- seq get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_kja
X: NOM
Y: kja
Locus: Y
ʕali raʁij-aa ija aħmadi k'ja
pn fight- ipf cop pn with
‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: GEN_kja
X: GEN
Y: kja
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa halmaʁaɬar ija aħmadi-ƛa k'ja
pn - gen friendship cop pn - gen with
‘Ali is friends with Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER
X: GEN
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
ʕali marjam-ƛa pikraba-la ija
pn pn - gen thought. pl . obl - super cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji eči q'an-o
pn - erg apple(s) eat- aor
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji χχwaanj b-ež-o
pn - erg fish n -cook- aor
‘Ali fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-χa w-anh-onta w-iʁ-o ija
pn pn - ad m -look- cv m -stop- seq cop
‘Ali is waiting for Ahmad.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba sella-ssa miq'i b-ečuč-o
pn - aff other- def road n -forget- aor
‘Ali forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
rak'wa-la baʔ-aa hik'ji-ɬar q'aru-b-eƛ-ar-la baju-b ija
heart- super n .come- ipf neg . cop - msd time- n -go- msd - super dependent- n cop
‘Memory depends on age,’ lit.: ‘The way (things) got forgotten is dependent on the passing of time’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji aħmadi wal-o
pn - erg pn m .call- aor
‘Ali called Ahmad.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NOM_kja
X: NOM
Y: kja
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji aħmadi-ƛa k'ja ɬajqwaj ih-o rehen sseruqa
pn - erg pn - gen with get_to_know make- aor year before
‘Ali got to know Ahmad a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali aħmadi wij-aa
pn [ dat ] pn m .know- ipf
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali gitara qw-aa ija
pn guitar play- ipf cop
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
ʕali ččoo w-aɬ-aan ija aħmadi-č'oo
pn stay. seq m -get_along- ipf cop pn - abl
‘Ali avoids Ahmad,’ lit. “Ali keeps staying away from Ahmad”

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji hekkwa b-ixj-o-b ajana ih-o
pn - erg mouse n -catch- pf . ptcp - n thing make- aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali w-eɬikkj-aa aħmadi-č'i
pn m -laugh- ipf pn - cont
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

38. have

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa mašina ija
pn - gen car cop
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali rik'ja c'iχχ-aan ija
pn key search- ipf cop
‘Ali is looking for the keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER
X: ERG
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji q'ehan-ƛi ražbar b-iɬal-o
pn - erg fence- inter paint n -dye- aor
‘Ali painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
χwa-ji saldi b-ixj-o ʕali-č'i
dog. obl - erg tooth. erg n -catch- aor pn - cont
‘A dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali w-uχχ-on misa hik'jeeɬɬi
pn m -remain- aor house without
‘Ali lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali ija gjiwu b-ixj-aa
pn cop cat n -catch- ipf
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji k'jant'a qinal-o
pn - erg stick break. caus - aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali-ji reccaχχ-ota j-aqal-aa ija marjam
pn - erg praise- cv f -deceive- ipf cop pn
‘Ali is flattering Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa marjam hel-u
pn - dat pn love- pf . ptcp
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji jaluq šašan-aa ija
pn - erg handkerchief dwindle. iter - ipf cop
‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa anišši c'inhu-M mašina
pn - gen longing new- n car
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji čaška b-uč-on
pn - erg cup n -wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji bata hinƛ'-o
pn - erg trousers put_on- aor
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hanb aja-ɬɬi-la ccera ija kompas
prox . n thing- obl . nm - super name cop compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

52. punish

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji inššu-w mak'ja-ššu-la tamiħ ih-o
pn - erg refl . m . obl - m child- m - super punishment make- aor
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
siin aχa b-aχ-o χχwaanj r-ixj-oo-w hek'wa-ššu-la
bear up n -rush- aor fish npl -catch- ipf . ptcp - m man- m - super
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
bidra ɬɬen-ƛa b-ec'-o
pail water- gen n -fill- aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba rik'ja r-is-on
pn - aff key npl -find- aor
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa se-b dolar buj-aan hik'ji
pn - gen one- n dollar be_enough- ipf neg . cop
‘Ali is one dollar short.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa hen-ɬja ja q'oč-ihin aħmad
pn - gen see- inf foc want- ipf . neg pn
‘Ali hates Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba ha-b k'ači rak'wa-ƛi b-eƛ-aa
pn - aff prox - n dress heart- inter n -go- ipf
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛa asi q'oč-on ija
pn - gen money want- seq cop
‘Ali needs money.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

60. surround

Valency pattern: NOM_xindal
X: NOM
Y: xindal
Locus: Y
šahar χindal q'ina ija
town around wall cop
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č'i hac'aja dolar ija b-uχ-on
pn - cont ten dollar cop n -overflow- aor
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji muʕalim-ššu-ɬa žawab gow-o
pn - erg teacher- m - dat answer give- aor
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji banka b-aχ-on
pn - erg jar n -open- aor
‘Ali opened a jar.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
di-b k'ači du-b-ɬɬi-č'i bat'ee-b ija
i . obl - n dress 2. obl - n - obl . nm - cont different- n cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-č'oo χeri w-uχ-on
pn pn - abl behind m -remain- aor
‘Ali fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji χuja beƛ'-aa ija
pn - erg field plough- ipf cop
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: INTEREL_GEN
X: INTEREL
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
di-r reli-ƛoo nerti-ƛa hwaanj ija
i . obl - npl hand. obl - interel oil- gen smell cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali miq'a-ba sseri w-oʔ-o
pn road. obl - aff in_front m -come- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji becanu-b keč'i b-eɬ-o
pn - erg pretty- n song n -sing- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji kaʁati qwaw-o
pn - erg letter write- aor
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji ššu χaw-o
pn - erg milk ask- aor
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji t'oha-ƛa bala b-ic'-al-o
pn - erg lead- gen piece n -melt- caus - aor
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ha-b raƛ'učar di-b k'ači-χa dandi-b-ux-aa ija
prox - n belt i . obl - n dress- ad in_front- n -fall- ipf cop
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji ewa ih-u-b šahar b-et-o
pn - erg m . refl . nom make- pf . ptcp - n town n -let_go- aor
‘Ali left the town where he was born.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
t'ansswa-ji ijoobsswa haččihiƛ'i mak'wa b-aqašš-o
carpet- erg whole. n below place n -hide- aor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba misa c'aq'i rak'wa-č'i ija
pn - aff house very heart- cont cop
‘Ali remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji marjam-ƛa kumak ih-o
pn - erg pn - gen help make- aor
‘Ali helped Marjam.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba farancija-ƛa micci b-uɬ-aan
pn - aff f rance- gen tongue n -understand- ipf
‘Ali understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ʕašti b-aχal-o misu-ƛi
lightning n -strike- aor house. obl - inter
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER
X: GEN
Y: INTER
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa b-uq'-o mižatu χχan-oo-b ejaa-ƛi
pn - gen n -cut- aor beard mow- ipf . ptcp -n thing- inter
‘Ali cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
stakan gert-o istul-ƛi
glass stick- aor table- inter
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali w-it-o aħmadi-č'i
pn m -lose- aor pn - cont
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali w-iχχ-o kaʁatu-ɬa
pn m -smile- aor letter. obl - dat
‘Ali was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_kja
X: NOM
Y: kja
Locus: Y
ʕali hobčečubɬi ???-??? aħmadi k'ja
pn talk do- prs pn with
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
marjam-di-ji waha ih-o
pn - obl - erg son make- aor
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: CONTEL_NOM
X: CONTEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č'oo stakan hačči b-aχ-o
pn - contel glass ground. loc n -fall- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʕali inššu-b han-ƛa beššunk'ja ija
pn refl . m . obl - n village. obl - gen leader cop
‘Ali runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji marjam-qa rak'wa t'an-o ija
pn - erg pn - apud heart throw- seq cop
‘Ali misses Marjam.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_APUDxeri
X: NOM
Y: APUDxeri
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-qa χeri ija
pn pn - apud behind cop
‘Ali follows Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
ʕali k'jatu-loo hiƛ'i w-ut-o
pn horse- superel down m -escape- aor
‘Ali got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji radio anišš-aa ija
pn - erg radio listen- ipf cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji imu-χa anišš-aa
pn - erg father- ad listen- ipf
‘Ali always listens to his father.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba maq'an anɬ-aa
pn - aff tune hear- ipf
‘Ali hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_kja
X: NOM
Y: kja
Locus: Y
huncci k'ja ššu χiχ-o b-eƛ-o
honey with milk mix- aor n -go- aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
ʕali hinawu-χa w-ah-on
pn fog- ad m -look- aor
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji k'ači baχχa b-uχ-o
pn - erg dress n .out n -take- aor
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba marjam maƛ'i-ƛi hanʔ-aan ija
pn - aff pn sleep. obl - inter see- ipf cop
‘Ali dreams about Mariam.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali raziɬ-o marjam-ɬa
pn agree- aor pn - dat
‘Ali agreed with Marjam.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: GEN_kja
X: GEN
Y: kja
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa daʕba b-eƛ-o marjam k'ja
pn - gen dispute n -go- aor pn with
‘Ali had a quarrel with Marjam.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

100. cost

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ha-b čaška-ƛa baha se-b dolar ija
prox - n cup- gen price one- n dollar cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji tupi b-aχal-o ššak'iba-č'i
pn - erg gun n -strike- aor bird- cont
‘Ali shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji čakar t'an-o čaška-ƛi
pn - erg sugar throw- aor cup- inter
‘Ali poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: CONTEL_NOM
X: CONTEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č'oo rik'ja r-it-o
pn - contel key npl -lose- aor
‘Ali lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ɬuja-ƛa aja hiniq'-o b-eƛ-o ɬɬen-ƛi
wood. obl - gen thing sink- seq n -go- aor water- inter
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji w-ič'al-o aħmad
pn - erg m -kill. caus - aor pn
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji b-uʁ-o aħmadi-č'i
pn - erg n -hit- aor pn - cont
‘Ali hit Ahmad.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji oba ih-o marjam-č'i
pn - erg kiss make- aor pn - cont
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji intirisa-b ʁoča ccalij-o
pn - erg interesting- n book study- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ji mik'ji-bi susan-al-o
pn - erg finger- pl . nom move- caus - aor
‘Ali moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji ʕadabquluq ih-aa aħmad-ƛa
pn - erg respect make- ipf pn - gen
‘Ali respects Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT
X: GEN
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa rak'wa hecc-aa qu-b č'etu ʁora-č'i
pn - gen heart stand_up- ipf dirty- n plate vessel- cont
‘Ali is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

112. be content

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT
X: GEN
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa rak'wa b-ec'-aa inššu-w wahu-č'i
pn - gen heart n -fill- ipf refl.m. obl - m son. obl - cont
‘Ali is satisfied with his son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa marjam heluɬ-o ija
pn - dat pn fall_in_love- seq cop
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji bužal-aa marjam-qa
pn - erg trust- ipf pn - apud
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali gurħij-aa inššu-j ilu-č'i
pn have_pity- ipf refl . m . obl - erg mother. obl - cont
‘Ali sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
ʕali bužuk'-o aħmadi-χoo
pn envy- aor pn - adel
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT
X: GEN
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa baɬa b-oʔ-o ija aħmadi-č'i
pn - gen cubs n -come- seq cop pn - cont
‘Ali is angry with Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali ʕažaʔibɬ-o w-uχ-on sajʁat-i-ɬa
pn wonder- seq m -remain- aor gift- obl - dat
‘Ali was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa čaj hel-u ija
pn - dat tea love- pf . ptcp cop
‘Ali loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʕali-ji c'aq'u-b čaj-ƛa kep b-aχ-aa
pn - erg hot- n tea- gen fun n -take- ipf
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa c'inhu-M mabilnik q'oč-on ija
pn - dat new- n mobile.phone want- seq cop
‘Ali wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT
X: GEN
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa cim b-aqij-o ija aħmadi-č'i
pn - gen anger n -rise- seq cop pn - cont
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NOM_kja
X: NOM
Y: kja
Locus: Y
ʕali baχχ-o ija aħmadi k'ja
pn quarrel- seq cop pn with
‘Ali took offence at Ahmad.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: GEN_AD
X: GEN
Y: AD
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa rak'wa b-ič'-ar b-uƛ-o aħmadi-χa
pn - gen heart n -die- msd n -end- aor pn - ad
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕali ʕažaʔibɬ-o ab šahar-la
pn wonder- aor prox . n town- super
‘Ali was impressed by this town.’

126. despise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa aħmad riχij-aa
pn - dat pn be_disgusted- ipf
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_sabalota
X: NOM
Y: sabalota
Locus: Y
ʕali pašmanɬ-o waha sabaɬ-ota
pn regret- aor son be_cause- cv
‘Ali got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: GEN_CONT
X: GEN
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa cim b-aqij-aa jahu-č'i
pn - gen anger n -rise- ipf daughter. obl - cont
‘Ali is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba aħmad becanu-w rešš-aa
pn - aff pn pretty- m fit- ipf
‘Ali is fond of Ahmad.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
ʕali namusiɬ-aa inššu-b lagi-ƛa itaɬ-ar-č'oo
pn be_ashamed- ipf refl . m . obl - n body- gen be_small- msd - contel
‘Ali is embarrassed about his small height.’