BivalTyp

Aghul

Contributed by Timur Maisak (Academia.edu profile) and Solmaz Merdanova

T.M.'s photo S.M.'s photo

Solmaz Merdanova provided the data in 2018 in the capacity of a native speaker of the Huppuq’ (Khpyuk) dialect of Aghul. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Maisak, Timur & Solmaz Merdanova. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Aghul. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on September 9, 2020; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-absolutive alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) absolutive. The ergative form of nouns coincides with the oblique stem found in other cases. There is no head-marking on the verb. The neutral word order is S(O)V. An example of the transitive construction can be found in (1). Note that in the examples from the questionnaire, the absolutive is not marked with a gloss.

(1) aslan.a  k’eǯ   lik’.i-ne  
    PN(ERG)  letter write.PF-AOR 
    “Aslan wrote a/the letter.”

Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, rarely, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

There are 5 non-locative cases: absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive and comitative. The system of locative cases consists of two layers: 7 localizations (IN 'inside (a container)', INTER 'between, in a substance', ANTE 'in front', APUD 'at, near', POST 'behind', SUPER 'on', SUB/CONT 'under, in contact with') and 3 directionals (the unmarked essive, lative and elative), which yields 21 combinations. Locative cases have extended non-locative functions.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by the stem which is used in the specific sentence. For example 'to write' is cited as lik’.i-, the perfective stem used in (1).

Glossing abbreviations

ABS — absolutive (shown in pattern formulas, not shown in the glosses); ABSTR — abstract noun; ADV — adverb; AOR — aorist; APUD — localization 'at, near'; COMIT — comitative; CONV — converb; COP — copula; DAT — dative; DEMM — demonstrative, M-series (proximal); DEMT — demonstrative, T-series (distal); ELAT — elative; ERG — ergative; GEN — genitive; IN — localization 'inside (a container)'; INTER — localization 'between, in a substance'; IPF — imperfective; LAT — lative; NEG — negative; NMLZ — nominalization marker (in attributives); PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; POST — localization 'behind'; PRF — perfect; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; RE — refactive (repetitive); SUB/CONT — localization 'under, in contact with'; SUPER — localization 'on'.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain itːa-

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-n k’il itːa-a
pn - gen head ache- prs
‘Aslan has a headache.’
Note: NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) x.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s stalǯam x.u-naa
pn - dat pneumonia become. pf - prf
‘Aslan has pneumonia.’

3. be afraid guč’a-

Valency pattern: DAT_POST.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: POST.ELAT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s χuj.i-q-as guč’a-a
pn - dat dog- post - elat be.afraid- prs
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw fatːix.i-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a fatːix.i-ne ʁʷan
pn ( erg ) throw. pf - aor stone
‘Aslan threw a stone.’

5. have enough hurk’.a-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s pul hurk’.a-a
pn - dat money suffice. ipf - prs
‘Aslan has enough money.’

6. resemble uχšar + ‘be’

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-s uχšar a-a
pn pn - dat similar { in }be- prs
‘Aslan resembles Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe quχ.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-q quχ.u-naa
pn pn - post believe. pf - prf
‘Aslan believes Muhammad.’

8. take ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a kitab ʁuš.u-ne (aškːaf.i-as)
pn ( erg ) book take. pf - aor bookshelf-( in ) elat
‘Aslan took a book (from the bookshelf).’

9. see agʷ.a-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s χal agʷ.a-a
pn - dat house see. ipf - prs
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
me jaš.tːi-n kar e
demm age- gen matter cop
Lit. ‘Memory is the matter of age.’
Note: Not included in the dataset because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter alčarx.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed alčarx.u-ne
pn - dat pn meet. pf - aor
‘Aslan ran into Muhammad.’

12. enter ačaj-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan χul.a-s ačaj-ne
pn house- dat { in . lat }come: pf - aor
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win wartː ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan.a wartː ʁuš.u-ne meʜemed.i-l
pn ( erg ) top take. pf - aor pn - super
‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’

14. go out ajč’.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_(IN)ELAT
X: ABS
Y: (IN)ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan χul.a-as ajč’.u-ne
pn house-( in ) elat { in }emerge. pf - aor
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive hik.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a mal-ar hik.a-a
pn ( erg ) cattle- pl drive. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is driving the cattle.’

16. bend č’ut’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a t’ul č’ut’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) branch crush. pf - aor
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell p.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-s p.u-ne…
pn ( erg ) pn - dat tell. pf - aor
‘Aslan told Muhammad: (‘...’)’

18. hold χil.i-ʔ a-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a-n χil.i-ʔ kitab a-a
pn - gen hand- in book { in }be- prs
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

19. catch up qukː.u-na ruq’.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan qukː.u-na meʜemed.i-q ruq’.u-ne
pn chase. pf - conv pn - post reach. pf - aor
‘Aslan caught up with Muhammad’

20. milk uz.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a ʜüni uz.u-ne
pn ( erg ) cow milk. pf - aor
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach ruq’.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
aslan nac’.u-n saje qːireʁ.i-q-tːi ruq’.u-ne
pn river- gen other edge- post - lat reach. pf - aor
‘Aslan reached the other bank of the river.’

22. touch kürq’.u-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a-n χil kürq’.u-ne cil.i-k
pn - gen hand { sub / cont }strike. pf - aor wall- sub / cont
‘Aslan touched the wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

23. fight uqː.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-qaj uqː.a-a
pn pn - com fight. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is fighting with Muhammad.’

24. be friends *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan=na meʜemed dustː-ar e
pn =and pn friend- pl cop
‘Aslan and Muhammad are friends.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think fikir q’.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-k-as fikir q’.a-a
pn ( erg ) pn - sub / cont - elat thought do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is thinking about Muhammad.’

26. eat ʡut’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a ʜač ʡut’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) apple eat. pf - aor
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry žarit’ q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a baluʁ žarit’ q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) fish <fry> do. pf - aor
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait ʁuz.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-q-tːi ʁuz.u-naa
pn pn - post - lat stop. pf - prf
‘Aslan is waiting for Muhammad.’

29. forget k’ʷal-as š.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s saje reqː k’ʷal-as š.u-ne
pn - dat other road in.memory- elat leave. pf - aor
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call un-aq’.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-s un-aq’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn - dat sound-do. pf - aor
‘Aslan called Muhammad.’

32. get to know taniš-x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-qaj taniš-x.u-ne sa is.a-n üdüh-tːi
pn pn - com get.acquainted-become. pf - aor one year- gen ahead- lat
‘Aslan got to know Muhammad a year ago.’

33. know ʜa-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s ʜa-a meʜemed
pn - dat know- prs pn
‘Aslan knows Muhammad.’

34. play (instrument) jarʜ.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a č’iʁan jarʜ.a-a
pn ( erg ) squeezebox strike. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is playing the sqeezebox.’

35. avoid *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

36. make aq’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a bomba aq’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) bomb do. pf - aor
‘Aslan made a bomb.’

37. make fun ihanat-ar aq’.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-k-as ihanat-ar aq’.a-a
pn ( erg ) pn - sub / cont - elat mocking- pl do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’

38. have qa-

Valency pattern: POST_ABS
X: POST
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-q mašin qa-a
pn - post car { post }be- prs
‘Aslan has a car.’

39. look for aruc.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
aslan güleg-ar.i-q-tːi aruc.a-a
pn key- pl - post - lat walk. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šur jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a zabur.i-s šur jarʜ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) fence- dat paint strike. pf - aor
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite fac.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
χuj.i fac.u-ne aslan
dog( erg ) grasp. pf - aor pn
‘A dog bit (lit. ‘grasped’) Aslan.’

42. forfeit x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan χul.a-k-as x.u-ne
pn house- sub / cont - elat become. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his house.’

43. try to catch fac.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a kitan fac.a-a
pn ( erg ) cat catch. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break arʕ.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a t’ul arʕ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) branch break. pf - aor
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

45. flatter qːele-jar jarʜ.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a ruš.a-s qːele-jar jarʜ.a-a
pn ( erg ) girl- dat flattery- pl srike. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is flattering the girl.’

46. love (person) kːande-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s fat’ima kːande-a
pn - dat pn love- prs
‘Aslan loves Fatima.’

47. wave tːutː.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a jaʁluqː tːutː.a-a
pn ( erg ) handkerchief shake. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream jurk’.ura-n χijal + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
c’aje mašin aslan.a-n jurk’.ura-n χijal e
new car pn - gen heart- gen thought cop
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

49. wash ʡučː.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a qːab ʡučː.u-ne
pn ( erg ) tableware wash. pf - aor
‘Aslan washed the dishes.’

50. put on lik’.i-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a šawlar lik’.i-ne
pn ( erg ) trousers put.on. pf - aor
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called tːur + COP

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: GEN
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
me šeʔ.ü-n tːur kːompːas e
demm thing- gen name compass cop
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish nakːazat q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a uč.i-n gada nakːazat q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) self- gen son <punish> do. pf - aor
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack alčiš.i-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕurčaqban.di-l bengiš alčiš.i-ne
hunter- super bear { super . lat }jump. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’

54. fill (intr) ac’.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
bedra xitː.a ac’.u-ne
bucket water( erg ) fill(intr.). pf - aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find (qa-)ǯik’.i-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s güleg-ar (qa-)ǯik’.i-ne
pn - dat key- pl re -find. pf - aor
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short hurk’.u + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s sa manat hurk’.u-ndawa
pn - dat one ruble suffice. pf - aor : neg
‘Aslan is short one ruble.’

57. hate dušman-di + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed dušman-di a
pn - dat pn enemy- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan hates Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like begemiš-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s me berʜem begemiš-tːi a
pn - dat demm shirt <like>- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need gerek-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s pul gerek-tːi a
pn - dat money necessary- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround aldark.u-naa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
šahar (jaq’u pːatː.a-k-as) cil-ar.i-l-di aldark.u-naa
town four side- sub / cont - elat wall- pl - super - lat encircle. pf - prf
‘Walls surround the city.’ (lit. ‘The city is circled by the walls from four sides.’)

61. remain fame-

Valency pattern: APUD_ABS
X: APUD
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-w ic’u manat fame-a
pn - apud 10 ruble { apud }remain- prs
‘Aslan has 10 rubles left.’

62. answer ǯuwab i-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a müʡelim.di-s ǯuwab i-ne
pn ( erg ) teacher- dat answer give: pf - aor
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open daq.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a bankːa daq.u-ne
pn ( erg ) can open. pf - aor
‘Aslan opened a can.’

64. be different ǯüre-f + COP

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ze berʜem ǯüre-f e we-tː.i-l-as
я: gen shirt separate- nmlz cop you- nmlz - super - elat
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qatːarx.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan qatːarx.u-ne meʜemed.i-q-as
pn { post . elat }get. pf - aor pn - post - elat
‘Aslan fell behind Muhammad.’

66. plough izan aq’.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a χupː-ur izan aq’.a-a
pn ( erg ) field- pl <plowing> do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell niʔ qa-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ze χil-ar.i-q binzin.i niʔ qa-a
i : gen hand- pl - post gasoline( gen ) smell { post }be- prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross te qːʷal.a-s ajč’.u-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan reqː.ü-n te qːʷal.a-s ajč’.u-ne
pn road- gen demt side- dat { in }emerge. pf - aor
‘Aslan crossed the road.’ (lit. ‘Aslan emerged on the other side of the road.’)
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

69. sing q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a sa bat’ar meʕni q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) one beautiful song do. pf - aor
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write lik’.i-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a k’eǯ lik’.i-ne
pn ( erg ) letter write. pf - aor
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink uχ.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a nekː uχ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) milk drink. pf - aor
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt uc’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a qːurqːušum uc’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) lead melt. pf - aor
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’
Note: Labile verb.

73. match düx.e-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
me č’il ze berʜem.i-s düx.e-a
demm belt i : gen shirt- dat match. ipf - prs
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave at.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a uč.i-n ruχ.u šahar at.u-ne
pn ( erg ) self- gen be.born. pf town leave. pf - aor
‘Aslan left his native city.’

75. cover fac.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
q’adilq’ʷan.di k’ildi ǯil fac.a-a
carpet( erg ) fully graound grasp. ipf - prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember jurk’.ura-l alme-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a-n jurk’.ura-l alme-a χal
pn - gen heart- super { super }remains- prs house
‘Aslan remembers the house well.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

77. help kümek q’.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-s kümek q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn - dat help do. pf - aor
‘Aslan helped Muhammad’

78. understand (language) ʁawur.di arx.a-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan ʡurus č’al.a-n ʁawur.di arx.a-a
pn russian speech- gen understanding( in ) { in }get. ipf - prs
‘Aslan understands Russian.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

79. hit (target) jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
c’ajlapan χul.a-s jarʜ.u-ne
lightning house- dat strike. pf - aor
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself at’.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a uč.i-n muʔul at’.u-ne lezwi-l-di
pn ( erg ) self- gen lip cut. pf - aor blade- super - lat
‘Aslan cut himself with the (razor’s) blade.’

81. get stuck küqː.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUBCONT
X: ABS
Y: SUBCONT
Locus: Y
istːikan ustːul.i-k küqː.u-ne
glass table- sub / cont { sub / cont }get.stuck. pf - aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) aq x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-l-as aq x.u-ne
pn pn - super - elat down become. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost to Muhammad.’

83. be glad šad-x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan k’eǯ.ü-s šad-x.u-ne
pn letter- dat glad-become. pf - aor
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’

84. speak raχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-qaj raχ.a-a
pn pn - com speak. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’

85. give birth ruχ.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fat’im.i-s gada ruχ.u-ne
pn - dat son be.born. pf - aor
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’

86. drop fatːarx.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-f-as istːik’an fatːarx.u-ne
pn - apud - elat glass { apud . elat }get. pf - aor
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern aʜa-f + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan če ʜür.i-n aʜa-f e
pn we: gen village- gen big- nmlz cop
‘Aslan runs our town’ (lit. ‘Aslan is our town’s chief’).
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss dariχ x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
aslan dariχ x.u-naa baw.a-q-tːi
pn miss become. pf - prf mother- post - lat
‘Aslan misses his mother.’

89. follow ʕʷ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_GENxupaqas
X: ABS
Y: GENxupaqas
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-n χupːaq-as ʕʷ.a-a
pn pn - gen behind- elat go. ipf - prs
‘Aslan follows Muhammad.’

90. dismount alajč’.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan ʜajwan.di-l-as alajč’.u-ne
pn horse- super - elat { super }emerge. pf - aor
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ubur qix.i-

Valency pattern: ERG_POST
X: ERG
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan.a radi-q ubur qix.i-naa
pn ( erg ) radi- post ear { post }put. pf - prf
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ubur lix.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan.a baw.a-l ubur lix.a-a
pn ( erg ) mother- super ear { super }put. ipf - prs
‘Aslan listens to his mother.’

93. hear un-x.a-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s muq’am-ar un-x.a-a
pn - dat tune- pl sound-become. ipf - prs
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix uc’.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ütː uc’.u-ne nekː.di-ʕ
honey melt. pf - aor milk- inter
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’ (lit. ‘The honey dissolved in the milk.’)

95. look χutːurf.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan dif-ar.i-s χutːurf.a-a
pn fog- pl - dat look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off latːaq.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a berʜem latːaq.u-ne
pn ( erg ) shirt take_off. pf - aor
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) agʷ.a- ʡemk’.e-k-as

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed agʷ.a-a ʡemk’.e-k-as
pn - dat pn see. ipf - prs dream- sub / cont - elat
‘Aslan dreams about Muhammad.’

98. agree rezi x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan rezi x.u-ne baw.a-qaj
pn content become. pf - aor mother- com
‘Aslan agreed with his mother.’

99. have a quarrel qel aq’.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-qaj qel aq’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn - com resentment do. pf - aor
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Muhammad.’

100. cost q’imat + COP

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: GEN
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
me qːab.u-n q’imat ic’u manat e
demm dishes- gen price 10 ruble cop
‘This cup costs ten rubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at tufang.i-as jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a tufang.i-as jarʜ.u-ne ǯaq’ʷ.ala-s
pn ( erg ) gun-( in ) elat strike. pf - aor sparrow- dat
‘Aslan shot at the sparrow.’

102. pour aq.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a pusuk’ aq.u-ne kuruškː.i-ʔ
pn ( erg ) sugar { in }pour. pf - aor mug- in
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the mug.’

103. lose gul.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-f-as güleg-ar gul.u-ne
pn - apud - elat key- pl disappear. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
c’aχun xitː.a-ʕ ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-ne
log water- inter { inter }get. pf - conv sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill k’.i-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a meʜemed k’.i-ne
pn ( erg ) pn kill. pf - aor
‘Aslan killed Muhammad.’

106. hit ačarx.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-ʔ ačarx.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn - in { in . lat }get. pf - aor
‘Aslan hit Muhammad.’

107. kiss p’ac ik’.i-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a šünükː.i-s p’ac ik’.i-ne
pn ( erg ) child- dat kiss { in }poke. pf - aor
‘Aslan kissed the child.’

108. read ruχ.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a sa iǯe kitab ruχ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) one good book read. pf - aor
‘Aslan read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) t’ušar-q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a t’ub-ar t’ušar-q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) finger- pl move-do. pf - aor
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect uwažat q’.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a meʜemed uwažat q’.a-a
pn ( erg ) pn <respect> do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan respects Muhammad.’

111. be squeamish karih-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s kur.u qːab-ar karih-tːi a
pn - dat get_dirty. pf ( ptcp ) dishes- pl disgusting- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content rezi-di + ‘be’

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan uč.i-n gada.ji-l rezi-di a
pn self- gen son- super content- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love kːan-x.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s fat’ima kːan-x.u-ne
pn - dat pn love-become. pf - aor
‘Aslan fell in love with Fatima.’

114. trust quχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan uč.i-n čːučːu-q quχ.a-a
pn self- gen brother- post believe. ipf - prs
‘Aslan trusts his brother.’

115. sympathise ʜajif-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s uč.i-n baw ʜajif-tːi a
pn - dat self- gen mother pitiful- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

117. be angry qel ke-

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s meʜemed.i-k-as qel ke-a
pn - dat pn - sub / cont - elat resentment { sub / cont }be- prs
‘Aslan is angry with Muhammad.’

118. be surprised ʡalamat x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan ʡalamat x.u-ne [uč.i-s aq’.u peškeš.i-l]
pn amazing become. pf - aor self- dat do. pf ( ptcp ) gift- super
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift that he received.’

119. love (tea) kːan-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s čaj kːan-e-f-e
pn - dat tea love- ptcp - nmlz - cop
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a ʡašqː.una-l-di čaj uχ.a-a
pn ( erg ) passion- super - lat tea drink. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is drinking tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination.

121. want kːande-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s c’aje tilifun kːande-a
pn - dat new phone want- prs
‘Aslan wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge qel ke-

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s meʜemed.i-k-as qel ke-a
pn - dat pn - sub / cont - elat resentment { sub / cont }be- prs
‘Aslan has a grudge against Muhammad.’

123. take offence qel aq’.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-k-as qel aq’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn - sub / cont - elat resentment do. pf - aor
‘Aslan took offence at Muhammad.’

124. upset pašman q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a meʜemed pašman q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn sad do. pf - aor
‘Aslan greatly upset Muhammad.’

125. marvel ʡalamat x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan ʡalamat x.u-ne me šahar.di-l
pn amazing become. pf - aor demm town- super
‘Aslan was struck by this town.’

126. despise alčaq-tːi fac.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a uč.i-n ču alčaq-tːi fac.u-naa
pn ( erg ) self- gen brother despicable- adv hold. pf - prf
‘Aslan despises his brother.’

127. get upset kːan- + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBCONT
X: DAT
Y: SUBCONT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s uč.i-n gada.ji-k-as da-kːan-x.u-ne
pn - dat self- gen son- sub / cont - elat neg -love-become. pf - aor
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond begemiš-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed begemiš-tːi a
pn - dat pn <like>- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan is fond of Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy neč-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s uč.i-n ǯiqːe-ʕʷel.i-k-as neč-tːi a
pn - dat self- gen short- abstr - sub / cont - elat shame- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan is shy about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.