Kumyk

Contributed by Michael Daniel, Tagir Gadzhiakhmedov and Natalia Logvinova (Academia.edu profile, GoogleScholar profile).

M.D.'s photo T.G.'s photo N.L.'s photo

The data come from the Kayakent and Yangikent varieties of the Kaytag dialect of Kumyk, with a bias towards Yangikent data (which is also the native variety of one of the contributors). The data were gathered in 2023. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Daniel, Michael, Tagir Gadzhiakhmedov and Natalia Logvinova. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Kumyk. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 30, 2023; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 43.0, 47.0.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Altaic, genus: Turkic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

In the transitive construction, nominal subjects are used in the unmarked form and direct objects are used either in the unmarked form or in the accusative case depending on their animacy and referentiality (Differential Object Marking).

The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique cases or, rarely, by postpositions. These postpositions are often inflected according to their object's person and number. The genitive case can mark clause-level constituents standing in a possessive relationship with the subject, see examples 1, 5, 38 etc. below. Such clause-level genitive constituents can be freely separated from their (semantic) possessees.

Case system

The case system includes six cases for nouns, viz. the unmarked nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, and ablative. However, the distinction between the genitive case and the accusative case if often neutralized. It is always overt in the so-called possessive declension, where the nouns also bears a possessive suffix.

Verb lemmas

The verbs are shown in the form of the infinitive in -maq.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ADJVZ — adjectivizer; CAR — caritive; CAUS — causative; CIT — citative; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; GEN — genitive; LOC — locative; NEG — negation; NMLZ — nominalization; OBL — oblique; PASS — passive; PF — perfect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PST — past; R — Russian loan; REC — reciprocal; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SUBST — substantivizer; TR — transitive; VBLZ — verbalizer.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain awrumaq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patimat-nɨ	baš-ɨ	awru-j
pn - gen	head-3 sg	ache-3 sg
‘Patimat has a headache.’

2. have (illness) awrumaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

patimat	grip-den	awru-j
pn	influenza- abl	ache-3 sg
‘Patimat has the flu.’

3. be afraid qorqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

patimat	it-den	qorq-a
pn	dog- abl	fear-3 sg
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw atmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	taš-nɨ	at-d-ɨ
pn	stone- acc	throw- pst -3 sg
‘Basir threw the stone.’

5. have enough jetišmek

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ni	aqča-sɨ	jet-iš-e
pn - gen	money-3 sg	arrive- rec -3 sg
‘Basir has enough money.’

6. resemble ošamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	musa-ʁa	oša-j
pn	pn - dat	be.similar-3 sg
‘Basir resembles Musa.’

7. believe inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	inan-a
pn	pn - dat	trust-3 sg
‘Patimat believes Musa.’

8. take almaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	kitap-nɨ	al-d-ɨ	taχča-dan
pn	book- acc	take- pst -3 sg	shelf- abl
‘Basir took the book from the shelf.’

9. see görmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	üj-nü	gör-e
pn	house- acc	see-3 sg
‘Patimat sees the house.’

10. influence etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ömür	es-ge	taʔsir	et-e
life	memory- dat	impact	do-3 sg
‘Life influences memory.’

11. encounter joluqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	musa-ʁa	joluq-d-u
pn	pn - dat	meet- pst -3 sg
‘Basir encountered Musa.’

12. enter girmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

musa	üj-ge	gir-d-i
pn	house- dat	enter- pst -3 sg
‘Musa entered the house.’

13. win utmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	rasul-nu	ut-d-u
pn	pn - acc	win- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

14. go out čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

musa	üj-den	čɨq-d-ɨ
pn	house- abl	leave- pst -3 sg
‘Musa went out of the house.’

15. drive quwalamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	inek-ni	quwala-j
pn	cow- acc	drive-3 sg
‘Patimat is driving the cow.’

16. bend ijeltmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	butaq-nɨ	ijel-t-d-i
pn	branch- acc	bend.down- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Basir bent the branch.’

17. tell ajtmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	ajt-d-ɨ
pn	pn - dat	say- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat told Musa.’

18. hold tutmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	kitap-nɨ	tut-ʁan
pn	book- acc	get.hold- pf
‘Patimat is holding the book.’
Note: Apparently, a resultative verb.

19. catch up jetišmek

Valency pattern: NOM_GENartPOSS.ABL

X: NOM

Y: GENartPOSS.ABL

Locus: Y

basir	patimat-nɨ	art-ɨn-dan	jet-iš-d-i
pn	pn - gen	back-3 sg - abl	arrive- rec - pst -3 sg
‘Basir caught up with Patimat.’

20. milk sawmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	sɨjɨr-nɨ	saw-d-u
pn	cow- acc	milk- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

21. reach jetmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mahammat	özen-ni	boj-ɨn-a	et-d-i
pn	river- gen	shore-3 sg - dat	go- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad reached the bank of the river.’

22. touch tijmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

musa	tam-ʁa	tij-d-i
pn	wall- dat	touch- pst -3 sg
‘Musa touched the wall.’

23. fight tutušmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

rasul	mahammat	bulan	tut-uš-a
pn	pn	with	fight- rec -3 sg
‘Rasul is fighting with Muhammad.’

24. be friends qurdaš bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

basir	musa	bulan	qurdaš	bol-ʁan
pn	pn	with	friend	be- pf
‘Basir is friends with Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think ojlamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqinda

X: NOM

Y: GENhaqinda

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-nɨ	haqɨnda	oj-la-j
pn	pn - gen	about	thought- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is thinking about Musa.’

26. eat ašamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	alma	aša-d-ɨ
pn	apple	eat- pst -3 sg
‘Basir ate an apple.’

27. fry qɨzarmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	balɨq-nɨ	qɨzar-t-d-ɨ
pn	fish- acc	fry- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Patimat fried the fish.’

28. wait gözlemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	musa-nɨ	göz-le-j
pn	pn - acc	eye- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is waiting for Musa.’

29. forget unutmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	birisi	jol-nu	unut-ʁan
pn	other	road- acc	forget- pf
‘Basir forgot the other road.’

30. depend taʔsirli

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

es	ömür-den	taʔsir-li
memory	life- abl	impact- adjvz
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call čaqɨrmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	musa-nɨ	čaqɨr-d-ɨ
pn	pn - acc	invite- pst -3 sg
‘Basir invited Musa.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

32. get to know tanɨš bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

basir	musa	bulan	bir	jɨl	al-da	tanɨ-š	bol-ʁan
pn	pn	with	one	year	front- loc	(known)- rec	be- pf
‘Basir got to know Musa a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know tanɨmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	rasul-nu	tanɨ-j
pn	pn - acc	know-3 sg
‘Muhammad knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) ojnamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

patimat	gitara	bulan	ojna-j
pn	guitar	with	play-3 sg
‘Patimat is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid baš qačɨrmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

basir	musa-dan	baš	qač-ɨr-a
pn	pn - abl	head	flee- caus -3 sg
‘Basir avoids Musa.’

36. make etmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	čɨčqan	tuzaq	et-gen
pn	mouse	trap	do- pf
‘Basir made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun mɨsʁɨllamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

musa	patimat-nɨ	mɨsʁɨl-la-j
pn	pn - acc	mock- vblz -3 sg
‘Musa is making fun of Patimat.’

38. have bar

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patimat-nɨ	mašin-i	bar
pn - gen	car-3 sg	cop
‘Patimat has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for izlemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	ačqɨč-la-nɨ	izle-j
pn	key- pl - acc	search-3 sg
‘Patimat is looking for the keys.’

40. paint bojamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	zabor-nu	boja-d-ɨ
pn	fence- acc	paint- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

41. bite χapmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

it	rasul-nu	χap-d-ɨ
dog	pn - acc	bite- pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit Rasul.’

42. forfeit qalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

mahammat	üj-süz	qal-d-ɨ
pn	house- car	remain- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad lost his house.’

43. try to catch tutmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	mišik-ni	tut-a
pn	cat- acc	get.hold-3 sg
‘Patimat is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break sɨndɨrmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

rasul	tajaq-nɨ	sɨndɨr-d-ɨ
pn	stick- acc	break- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul broke the stick.’

45. flatter jarewkelik etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	jarewke-lik	et-e
pn	pn - dat	flatterer- nmlz	do-3 sg
‘Patimat is flattering Musa.’

46. love (person) süjmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	musa-nɨ	süj-e
pn	pn - acc	want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves Musa.’

47. wave sillemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	jawluʁ-un	sil-le-j
pn	kerchief-3 sg . acc	(wave)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is waving her handkerchief.’

48. dream umut etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	jangɨ	mašin-ge	umut	et-e
pn	new	car- dat	hope	do-3 sg
‘Patimat is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash žuwmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	čaška-nɨ	žuw-d-u
pn	cup- acc	wash- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat washed the cup.’

50. put on gijmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

musa	šalbar-ɨn	gij-gen
pn	trousers-3 sg . acc	put.on- pf
‘Musa put on his trousers.’

51. be called ajtmaq

Valency pattern: DAT_dep

X: DAT

Y: dep

Locus: XY

šu	zat-ʁa	kompas	dep	ajt-ɨl-a
this	thing- dat	compass	cit	say- pass -3 sg
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish taqsɨrlamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mahammat	jaš-in-a	taqsɨr-la-ʁan
pn	child-3 sg - dat	guilt- vblz - pf
‘Muhammad punished his son.’

53. attack atɨlmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ajuw	balɨqčɨ-ʁa	at-ɨl-d-ɨ
bear	fisherman- dat	throw- pass - pst -3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) tolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

bedra	suw-dan	tol-d-u
bucket	water- abl	fill- pst -3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find tapmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	ačʁɨč-la-nɨ	tap-d-ɨ
pn	key- pl - acc	find- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad found the keys.’

56. be short jetišmek

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ni	bir	dollar	aqča-sɨ	et-iš-me-j
pn - gen	one	dollar	money-3 sg	arrive- rec - neg -3 sg
‘Basir is one dollar short.’

57. hate görüp bolmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	rasul-nu	gör-üp	bol-ma-j
pn	pn - acc	see- cvb	be- neg -3 sg
‘Muhammad hates Rasul.’

58. like ušatmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	šu	gölek-ni	ušat-a
pn	that	shirt- acc	like-3 sg
‘Patimat likes this shirt.’

59. need tarɨq

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-ʁa	aqča	tarɨq
pn - dat	money	necessary
‘Rasul needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ajlanɨp almaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

tam-lar	šahar-nɨ	ajlan-ɨp	al-ʁan
wall- pl	town- acc	turn- cvb	take- pf
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain qalmaq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mahammat-nɨ	on	manat-ɨ	qal-d-ɨ
pn - gen	ten	roubles-3 sg	remain- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad has ten roubles left.’

62. answer žawap bermek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	mualim-ge	žawap	ber-d-i
pn	teacher- dat	answer	give- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat answered the teacher.’

63. open ačmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	banka-nɨ	ač-d-ɨ
pn	jar( r )- acc	open- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat opened the can.’

64. be different bašʁa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

men-i	göleg-im	sen-i-ki-n-den	bašʁa
i - gen	shirt-1 sg	you- gen - nmlz - obl - abl	different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind artda qalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

basir	musa-dan	art-da	qal-d-ɨ
pn	pn - abl	back- loc	remain- pst -3 sg
‘Basir fell behind Musa.’

66. plough qazmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	awlaq-nɨ	qaz-a
pn	field- acc	dig-3 sg
‘Patimat is digging the field.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

67. smell ijis gelmek

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

qol-lar-ɨm-dan	ot	ijis	gel-e
hand- pl -1 sg - abl	grass	smell	come-3 sg
‘My hands smell of grass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

basir	jol-dan	čɨq-d-ɨ
pn	road- abl	go- pst -3 sg
‘Basir crossed the road.’

69. sing jɨrlamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	ariw	sarɨn	jɨrla-d-ɨ
pn	beautiful	song	sing- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat sang a beautiful song.’

70. write jazmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	kaʁɨz	jaz-d-ɨ
pn	paper	write- pst -3 sg
‘Basir wrote a letter.’

71. drink ičmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	süt	ič-d-i
pn	milk	drink- pst -3 sg
‘Basir drank milk.’

72. melt iritmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

rasul	jaw	gesek-ni	irit-d-i
pn	butter	piece- acc	melt- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul melted a piece of butter.’

73. match qɨjɨšmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

šu	pojas	men-i	kapot-um-a	qɨj-ɨš-a
that	belt( r )	i - gen	dress-1 sg - dat	(adapt)- rec -3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave getmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mahammat	tuw-ʁan	šaʁarɨn-dan	get-d-i
pn	be.born- pf	town- abl	go- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad left his native city.’

75. cover japmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

χali	sawlaj	pol-nu	jap-ʁan
carpet	complete	floor( r )- acc	cover- pf
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember esPOSS.LOC turmaq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

mahammat-nɨ	öz-ü	ös-gen	üj-ü	es-in-de
pn - gen	self-3 sg	grow- pf	house-3 sg	memory-3 sg - loc
‘Muhammad remembers the house where he grew up.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kömek etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

musa	patimat-ʁa	kömek	et-d-i
pn	pn - dat	help	do- pst -3 sg
‘Musa helped Patimat.’

78. understand (language) anglamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	francuz	til-ni	ang-la-j
pn	f rench	language- acc	conscious- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat understands French.’

79. hit (target) tijmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

jašmɨn	üj-ge	tij-gen
lightning	house- dat	touch- pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself gesmek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

basir	dellek	bulan	ges-d-i
pn	razor	with	cut- pst -3 sg
‘Basir cut himself with a razor.’
Note: The verb is not specialized in the middle meaning ‘cut oneself’.

81. get stuck jabušmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

stakan	stol-ʁa	jab-uš-t-u
glass	table- dat	(stick)- rec - pst -3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) utulmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	musa-ʁa	ut-ul-d-u
pn	pn - dat	win- pass - pst -3 sg
‘Basir lost to Musa.’

83. be glad süjünmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul	kaʁɨz-ʁa	süün-d-ü
pn	letter- dat	rejoice- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul was glad about the letter.’

84. speak söjlemek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

patimat	musa	bulan	söj-le-j
pn	pn	with	(talk)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is speaking with Musa.’

85. give birth tapmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	ulan	tap-d-ɨ
pn	son	find- pst -3 sg
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop tüšürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

rasul	stakan-nɨ	tüšür-d-ü
pn	glass- acc	drop- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul dropped the glass.’

87. govern bašlɨq etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

mahammat	gent-biz-de	baš-lɨq	et-e
pn	village-1 pl - loc	head- subst	do-3 sg
‘Muhammad runs our village.’

88. miss saʁɨnmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul	patimat-qa	saʁɨn-d-ɨ
pn	pn - dat	miss- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul misses Patimat.’

89. follow barmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GENartPOSS.bulan

X: NOM

Y: GENartPOSS.bulan

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-nɨ	art-ɨ	bulan	bar-a
pn	pn - gen	back-3 sg	with	leave-3 sg
‘Patimat follows Musa.’

90. dismount tümek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

basir	at-dan	tüš-d-ü
pn	horse- abl	go.down- pst -3 sg
‘Basir got down from the horse.’

91. listen tɨnglamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	radio-ʁa	tɨng-la-j
pn	radio- dat	(listen)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is listening to radio.’

92. obey tɨnglamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	ana-sɨn-a	tɨng-la-j
pn	mother-3 sg - dat	(listen)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir always listens to his mother.’

93. hear ešitmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	muzɨka-nɨ	ešit-e
pn	music- acc	hear-3 sg
‘Patimat hears the music.’

94. mix bulʁanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

bal	süt	bulan	bulʁa-n-ʁan
honey	milk	with	mix( tr )- refl - pf
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look qaramaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	bulut-la-ʁa	qara-j
pn	cloud- pl - dat	look-3 sg
‘Patimat is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off čečmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

musa	göleg-in	čeč-d-i
pn	shirt-3 sg . acc	untie- pst -3 sg
‘Musa took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) tüšünde görmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	musa-nɨ	tüš-ün-de	gör-e
pn	pn - acc	dream-3 sg - loc	see-3 sg
‘Patimat dreams about Musa.’

98. agree razi bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

rasul	mahammat	bulan	razi	bol-d-u
pn	pn	with	satisfied	become- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul agreed with Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel erišmek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

musa	patimat	bulan	er-iš-d-i
pn	pn	with	(quarrel)- rec - pst -3 sg
‘Musa had a quarrel with Patimat.’

100. cost toqtamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

bu	čaška	bir	dollar	toqta-j
bu	cup( r )	one	dollar( r )	stop-3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at atɨšmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	žɨmčɨq-ʁa	at-ɨš-d-ɨ
pn	sparrow- dat	throw- rec - pst -3 sg
‘Basir shot at the sparrow.’

102. pour tökmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	šeker-ni	tök-d-ü	čaška-ʁa
pn	sugar- acc	pour- pst -3 sg	cup- dat ( r )
‘Basir poured the sugar in the cup.’

103. lose tas etmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	ačqɨč-la-nɨ	tas	et-gen
pn	key- pl - acc	lost	do- pf
‘Basir lost the keys.’

104. sink batmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aʁač	suw-ʁa	bat-d-ɨ
wood	water- dat	drown- pst -3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill öltürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	musa-nɨ	öl-tür-d-ü
pn	pn - acc	die- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Basir killed Musa.’

106. hit urmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	musa-ʁa	ur-d-u
pn	pn - dat	hit- pst -3 sg
‘Basir hit Musa.’

107. kiss upaj etmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	musa-nɨ	upaj	et-d-i
pn	pn - acc	kiss	do- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’

108. read oχumaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	qužurlu	kitap	oχu-d-u
pn	interesting	book	read- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) terbetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	barmaʁ-ɨn	terbet-d-i
pn	toe-3 sg . acc	move- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad moved his toe.’

110. respect hürmetlek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	musa-nɨ	hürmet-le-j
pn	pn - acc	respect- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat respects Musa.’

111. be squeamish žirgenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

patimat	nas	sawut-lar-dan	žirgen-e
pn	dirty	dish- pl - abl	despise-3 sg
‘Patimat is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content razi

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

mahammat	ulan-ɨ	bulan	razi
pn	son-3 sg	with	satisfied
‘Muhammad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love süjmek

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

musa	patimat-nɨ	süj-e
pn	pn - acc	want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves Musa.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

114. trust inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	inan-a
pn	pn - dat	trust-3 sg
‘Patimat trusts Musa.’

115. sympathise jazɨq gilmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	anas-ɨn-a	jazɨq	gil-e
pn	mother-3 sg - dat	compassionate	come-3 sg
‘Patimat sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy güllemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	musa-nɨ	gül-le-j
pn	pn - acc	(envy)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir envies Musa.’

117. be angry ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	musa-ʁa	ačuw-la-n-a
pn	pn - dat	anger- vblz - refl -3 sg
‘Basir is angry with Musa.’

118. be surprised tamaša bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

musa	bu	sawʁat-ʁa	tamaša	bol-d-u
pn	this	present- dat	strange	be- pst -3 sg
‘Musa was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) süjmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	čaj	süj-e
pn	tea	want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves tea.’

120. enjoy kep almaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

patimat	issi	čaj-dan	kep	al-a
pn	hot	tea- abl	mood	take-3 sg
‘Patimat enjoys hot tea.’

121. want süjmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	jangɨ	mobilnik	süj-e
pn	new	handy	want-3 sg
‘Patimat wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	ačuw-la-n-a
pn	pn - dat	anger- vblz - refl -3 sg
‘Patimat holds a grudge against Musa.’

123. take offence ačuwlanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

musa	patimat-ʁa	ačuw-la-n-d-ɨ
pn	pn - dat	anger- vblz - refl - pst -3 sg
‘Musa took offence at Patimat.’

124. upset göngün buzmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

musa	patimat-nɨ	göng-ün	buz-d-u
pn	pn - gen	soul-3 sg . acc	spoil- pst -3 sg
‘Musa greatly upset Patimat.’

125. marvel tamaša bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	bu	šahar-ʁa	tamaša	bol-d-u
pn	this	town- dat	strange	be- pst -3 sg
‘Basir was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset göngü čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: GEN_ABL

X: GEN

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

musa-nɨ	ulan-ɨn-dan	göng-ü	čɨq-d-ɨ
pn - gen	child-3 sg - abl	soul-3 sg	go- pst -3 sg
‘Musa got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated assi bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	qɨz-ɨn-a	assi	bol-d-u
pn	daughter-3 sg - dat	irritable	become- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat got irritated with her daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond ušatmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	rasul-nu	ušat-a
pn	pn - acc	like-3 sg
‘Patimat is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy ujalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

basir	öz-ün-ü	bojun-dan	ujal-a
pn	self-3 sg - gen	neck- abl	be.shy-3 sg
‘Basir is embarrased about his height.’
Note: It is not quite clear why ‘neck’ is used.