BivalTyp

Komi-Permyak

Contributed by Ekaterina Sergeeva (Academia.edu profile) and Galina Nekrasova (Russian Science Citation Index profile).

E.S.'s photo G.N.'s photo

Translations were elicited in 2013, using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Sergeeva, Ekaterina & Galina Nekrasova. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Komi-Permyak. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 15, 2025; last revised on April 19, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Further details can be found in Nekrasova & Sergeeva (2018).

Nekrasova, G.A. & E. N. Sergeeva. 2018. Markirovanie aktantov dvuxmestnyx predikatov v kudymkarsko-in'venskom dialekte komi-permjackogo yazyka [Bivalent verbs' argument coding in the Kudymkar-In'va dialect of the Komi-Permyak language]. In S. S. Say (ed.). Valentnostnye klassy dvuxmestnyx predikatov v raznostrukturnyx jazykax [Bivalent valency classes in structurally diverse languages]. Saint Petersburg: ILS RAN. 354–375.

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain viśni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet’a-i̮s-le̮n viś-e̮ jur-i̮s
pn - p .3- gen ache- prs .3 head- p .3
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a viś-e̮ gripp-e̮n
pn ache- prs .3 flu- ins
‘Petja has the flu.’

3. be afraid povni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pet'a pol-e̮ pon-liś
pn be_afraid- prs .3 dog- abl
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw č́apki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a č́apk-i-s iz
pn throw- pret -3 stone
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮ ti̮rm-e̮ d'eńga-i̮s
pn - dat suffice- prs .3 money- p .3
‘Petja has enough money.’

6. resemble vač́kis'ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a vač́kiś-e̮ Maša-i̮s vi̮l-e̮
pn resemble- prs .3 pn - p .3 upper_surface- ill
‘Petja resembles Masha.’

7. believe veritni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a verit-e̮ Maša-le̮
pn believe- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja believes Masha.’

8. take bośtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a bośt-i-s kńiga
pn take- pret -3 book
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see aʒ́źi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a aʒ́ź-e̮ kerku
pn see- prs .3 house
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence vl'ijajtni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
vozrast vl'ijajt-e̮ pamet' vi̮l-e̮
age influence- prs .3 memory upper_surface- ill
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter pantaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a pantaś-i-s Maša-ke̮t
pn encounter- pret -3 pn - com
‘Petja encountered Masha.’

12. enter pi̮rni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pet'a pi̮r-i-s kerku-e̮
pn enter- pret -3 house- ill
‘Petja entered the house.’

13. win vermi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a verm-i-s Maša-se̮
pn win- pret -3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out petni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a pet-i-s kerku-iś
pn go_out- pret -3 house- ela
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive vaše̮tni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vaše̮t-e̮ me̮s-se̮
pn drive- prs .3 cow- acc . p .3
‘Petja is driving the cow.’

16. bend ke̮sti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ke̮st-i-s uv
pn bend- pret -3 branch
‘Petja bent a branch.’

17. tell šuni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a šu-i-s Maša-le̮
pn tell- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja told Masha.’

18. hold kutni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kut-e̮ kńiga
pn hold- prs .3 book
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up ve̮tni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ve̮t-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn catch_up- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk vi̮śti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vi̮śt-i-s me̮s-se̮
pn milk- pret -3 cow- acc . p .3
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach vokni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_dinez
X: NOM
Y: dinez
Locus: Y
Pet'a vokt-i-s bereg di̮n-e̮ʒ́
pn come- pret -3 bank place_near- term
‘Petja reached the bank.’

22. touch pavke̮tč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_berde
X: NOM
Y: berde
Locus: Y
Pet'a pavke̮tč́-i-s st'ena berd-e̮
pn touch- pret -3 wall place_at- ill
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight ti̮škaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a ti̮škaś-e̮ Maša-ke̮t
pn fight- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is fighting with Masha.’

24. be friends jortaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a jortaś-e̮ Maša-ke̮t
pn make_friends- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is friends with Masha.’

25. think dumajtni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a dumajt-e̮ Maša ji̮l-iś
pn think- prs .3 pn top- ela
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat śojni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a śoj-i-s jablok
pn eat- pret -3 apple
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry žaritni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a žarit-i-s č́eri
pn fry- pret -3 fish
‘Petja fried a fish.’

28. wait viʒ́č́iśni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a viʒ́č́iś-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn wait- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget vune̮tni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a vune̮t-i-s me̮dik tuj ji̮l-i̮ś
pn forget- pret -3 second road top- ela
‘Petja forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zaviśitni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_EGR
X: NOM
Y: EGR
Locus: Y
pamet'-i̮s zaviśit-e̮ vozras-śań
memory- p .3 depend- prs .3 age- egr
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call korni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kor-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn call- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja called Masha.’

32. get to know te̮dsaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a te̮dsaś-i-s Maša-ke̮t me̮jmu
pn get_to_know- pret -3 pn - com last_year
‘Petja got to know Masha last year.’

33. know te̮dni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a te̮d-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn know- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) orsni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a ors-e̮ gitara-e̮n
pn play- prs .3 guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid pi̮ššavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_shogja
X: NOM
Y: shogja
Locus: Y
Pet'a pi̮ššal-e̮ Maša šogja
pn avoid- prs .3 pn from
‘Petja avoids Masha.’

36. make kerni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ker-i-s bomba
pn make- pret -3 bomb
‘Petja made a bomb.’

37. make fun izd'evajtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vilin
X: NOM
Y: vilin
Locus: Y
Pet'a izd'evajtč́-e̮ Maša vi̮l-i̮n
pn make_fun- prs .3 pn upper_surface- ine
‘Petja is making fun of Masha.’

38. have ve̮vni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮n em mašina
pn - gen be. prs .3 sg car
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for košši̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a košš-e̮ kl'uč́č́-ez
pn look_for- prs .3 key- pl
‘Petja is looking for the keys.’

40. paint kraśitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kraśit-e̮ zabor
pn paint- prs .3 fence
‘Petja painted the fence.’

41. bite kurč́č́e̮vtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pon kurč́č́e̮vt-i-s Pet'a-e̮s
dog bite- pret -3 pn - acc
‘A dog bit Petja.’

42. forfeit kol'č́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABE
X: NOM
Y: ABE
Locus: Y
Pet'a kol'č́č́-i-s kerku-te̮g
pn leave- pret -3 house- abe
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch kutni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kut-e̮ kań-e̮s
pn try_to_catch- prs .3 cat- acc
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break č́egni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a č́eg-i-s bed'
pn break- pret -3 stick
‘Petja broke a stick.’

45. flatter l'еst'itč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_dine
X: NOM
Y: dine
Locus: Y
Pet'a l'еst'itč́-e̮ Maša di̮n-e̮
pn flatter- prs .3 pn place_near- ill
‘Petja is flattering Masha.’

46. love (person) l'ubitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a l'ubit-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn love- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja loves Masha.’

47. wave e̮vtni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a e̮vt-e̮ č́i̮šjan-e̮n
pn wave- prs .3 handkerchief- ins
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream dumajtni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a dumajt-e̮ vil' mašina ji̮l-iś
pn think- prs .3 new car top- ela
‘Petja is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash miśkavni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a miśkal-i-s beke̮r
pn wash- pret -3 cup
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on paśtavni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a paśtal-i-s vešjan
pn put_on- pret -3 trousers
‘Petja put on the trousers.’

51. be called šuśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
eta instrument-i̮s šuś-e̮ kompas
this instrument- p .3 be_called- prs .3 compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish nakažitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a nakažit-i-s as-śi-s zon-se̮
pn punish- pret -3 one’s- abl - p .3 son- acc . p .3
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack uśke̮tč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
oš uśke̮tč́-i-s č́eriki̮jiś vi̮l-e̮
bear attack- pret -3 fisherman upper_surface- ill
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ti̮rni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
vedra-i̮s ti̮r-i-s va-e̮n
bucket- p .3 fill- pret -3 water- ins
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find aʒ́źi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a aʒ́ź-i-s kl'uč́č́-ez
pn find- pret -3 key- pl
‘Petja found the keys.’

56. be short NEG + ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮ o-z ti̮rmi̮ e̮tik rub
pn - dat neg . prs -3 suffice one rouble
‘Petja is one rouble short.’

57. hate NEG + aʒ́zi̮ni̮ śinnas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a śin-na-s o-z aʒ́zi̮ Maša-se̮
pn eye- ins - p .3 neg . prs -3 see pn - acc . p .3
‘Petja hates Masha.’

58. like gl'eńitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮ gl'eńitč́-e̮ eta je̮rne̮s-i̮s
pn - dat like- prs .3 this shirt- p .3
‘Petja likes this shirt.’

59. need kovni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮ kol-e̮ d'eńga
pn - dat be_necessary- prs .3 money
‘Petja needs money.’

60. surround sulavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_geger
X: NOM
Y: geger
Locus: Y
gorod ge̮ge̮r sulal-e̮ st'ena
city around stand- prs .3 wall
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain kol'ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮n kol'-i-s e̮tik ti̮śač́a
pn - gen remain- pret -3 one thousand
‘Petja has one thousand roubles left.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

62. answer otvet'itni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a otvet'it-i-s vele̮tiś-le̮
pn answer- pret -3 teacher- dat
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open ośti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ośt-i-s banka
pn open- pret -3 can
‘Petja opened a can.’

64. be different torjaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
menam je̮rne̮s-i̮s torjaś-e̮ tenat-śa
i . gen shirt- p .3 be_different- prs .3 you. gen - comp
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind kol'č́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_seris
X: NOM
Y: seris
Locus: Y
Pet'a kovjč́č́-i-s Maša śe̮r-iś
pn remain- pret -3 pn back- ela
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough ge̮rni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ge̮r-e̮ i̮b
pn plough- prs .3 field
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell ki̮vni̮

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
me-nam ki-ez-śań ki̮l-e̮ benźin duk
i - gen hand- pl - egr hear- prs .3 gasoline smell
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross vuǯni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vuǯ-i-s tuj
pn cross- pret -3 road
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing śi̮vni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a śi̮l-i-s bi̮če̮m śi̮vanki̮v
pn sing- pret -3 good song
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write gižni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a giž-i-s piśmo
pn write- pret -3 letter
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink juni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ju-i-s je̮v
pn drink- pret -3 milk
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt si̮le̮tni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a si̮le̮t-i-s svińeč́ tor
pn melt- pret -3 lead piece
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

73. match le̮śavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_dine
X: NOM
Y: dine
Locus: Y
eta pojas le̮śal-e̮ menam plat'je di̮n-e̮
this belt match- prs .3 i . gen dress place_near- ill
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave munni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a mun-i-s aslas gorod-iś
pn go- pret -3 self. gen .3 sg city- ela
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover vevtt'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kovjor-i̮s vevtt'-e̮ bi̮de̮s ǯoǯ-se̮
carpet- p .3 cover- prs .3 all floor- acc . p .3
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pomńitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a bura pomńit-e̮ as-śi-s kerku-se̮
pn well remember- prs .3 one’s- abl - p .3 house- acc . p .3
‘Petja remembers the house well.’

77. help otsavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a otsal-i-s Maša-le̮
pn help- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) veže̮rtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a veže̮rt-e̮ francuske̮j ki̮v
pn understand- prs .3 f rench language
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) inmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
č́arńe̮v inm-i-s kerku-e̮
lightning get- pret -3 house- ill
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself vundaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a vundaś-i-s britva-e̮n
pn cut- pret -3 razor- ins
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck l'akaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_berde
X: NOM
Y: berde
Locus: Y
stokan-i̮s l'akaś-i-s kraśit-e̮m pi̮zan berd-e̮
glass- p .3 stick- pret -3 paint- pc . pret table place_at- ill
‘The glass got stuck to the painted table.’

82. lose (game) proigrajtni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a proigrajt-i-s Maša-le̮
pn lose- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja lost to Masha.’

83. be glad loni̮ rad

Valency pattern: NOM_ponda
X: NOM
Y: ponda
Locus: Y
Pet'a lo-i-s rad piśmo-i̮s ponda
pn be- pret -3 glad letter- p .3 because_of
‘Petja was glad because of the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak baitni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a bait-e̮ Maša-ke̮t
pn speak- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth vajni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maša vaj-i-s zon-e̮s
pn give_birth- pret -3 son- acc
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uśke̮tni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a uśke̮t-i-s stokan
pn drop- pret -3 glass
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern juravni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a jural-e̮ mijan kar-e̮n
pn govern- prs .3 we. gen city- ins
‘Petja runs our town.’
Note: The Y argument can also be marked by the INE form.

88. miss gažte̮mtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ponda
X: NOM
Y: ponda
Locus: Y
Pet'a gažte̮mtč́-e̮ Maša ponda
pn miss- prs .3 pn because_of
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow munni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_bersan
X: NOM
Y: bersan
Locus: Y
Pet'a mun-e̮ Maša be̮r-śań
pn go- prs .3 pn back- egr
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount leʒ́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vilis
X: NOM
Y: vilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a leʒ́č́-i-s ve̮v vi̮l-iś
pn get_down- pret -3 horse upper_surface- ela
‘Petja got down from the horse.’

91. listen ki̮vzi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ki̮vz-e̮ rad'io
pn listen- prs .3 radio
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

92. obey ki̮vziśni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ki̮vziś-e̮ mam-se̮
pn listen- prs .3 mother- acc . p .3
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear ki̮vni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ki̮l-e̮ muzi̮ka-se̮
pn hear- prs .3 music- acc . p .3
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix sorlaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ma sorlaś-i-s je̮v-e̮n
honey mix- pret -3 milk- ins
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look viʒ́e̮tni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a viʒ́e̮t-e̮ ki̮me̮r-ez vi̮l-e̮
pn look- prs .3 cloud- pl upper_surface- ill
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off č́e̮vti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a č́e̮vt-i-s je̮rne̮s-se̮
pn take_off- pret -3 shirt- acc . p .3
‘Petja took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ve̮taśni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maša ve̮taś-e̮ Pet'a-se̮
pn see_in_dream- prs .3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Petja dreams about Masha.’

98. agree soglaśitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a soglaśitč́-i-s Maša-ke̮t
pn agree- pret -3 pn - com
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel vidč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a vidč́-i-s Maša-ke̮t
pn quarrell- pret -3 pn - com
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost sulavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
eta beke̮r-i̮s sulal-e̮ e̮tik dollar
this cup- p .3 cost- prs .3 one dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at li̮jni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a li̮j-i-s kaj-le̮
pn shoot- pret -3 bird- dat
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour pukti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a pukt-i-s saχar
pn put- pret -3 sugar
‘Petja poured the sugar.’

103. lose e̮šti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a e̮št-i-s kl'uč́č́-ez
pn lose- pret -3 key- pl
‘Petja lost the keys.’

104. sink ve̮jni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
pes ve̮j-i-s va-as
log sink- pret -3 water- ill . p .3
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill vijni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vij-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn beat- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja killed Masha.’

106. hit vač́ki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a vač́k-i-s Maša-le̮
pn hit- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja hit Masha.’

107. kiss oki̮štni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a oki̮št-i-s Maša-se̮
pn kiss- pret -3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read li̮dd'e̮tni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a li̮dd'e̮t-i-s int'eresne̮j kńiga
pn read- pret -3 interesting book
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ve̮rźe̮tni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a ve̮rźe̮t-i-s č́uńń-ez-na-s
pn move- pret -3 finger- pl - ins - p .3
‘Petja moved his fingers.’

110. respect uvažajtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a uvažajt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn respect- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja respects Masha.’

111. be squeamish brezgujtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a brezgujt-e̮ greź-e̮ś posuda-se̮
pn be_squeamish- prs .3 dirt-stained dishes- acc . p .3
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content loni̮ rad

Valency pattern: NOM_ponda
X: NOM
Y: ponda
Locus: Y
Pet'a rad aslas zon ponda
pn glad self. gen . p .3 son because_of
‘Petja is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vl'ubitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a vl'ubitč́-i-s Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn fall_in_love- pret -3 pn upper_surface- ill
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust veritni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a verit-e̮ Maša-le̮
pn trust- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise žal'ejtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a žal'ejt-e̮ as-śi-s mam-se̮
pn sympathise- prs .3 self- abl - p .3 mother- acc . p .3
‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy zavidujti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a zavidujt-e̮ Maša-le̮
pn envy- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry le̮gavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a ve̮gav-e̮ Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn be_angry- prs .3 pn upper_surface- ill
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’

118. be surprised d'ivujtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a d'ivujtč́-e̮ eta podarok vi̮l-e̮
pn be_surprised- prs .3 this gift upper_surface- ill
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) l'ubitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a l'ubit-e̮ č́aj
pn love- prs .3 tea
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy naslaždajtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a naslaždajtč́-e̮ pi̮m č́aj-e̮n
pn enjoy- prs .3 hot tea- ins
‘Petja enjoys hot tea.’

121. want kovni̮

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pet'a-le̮ kol-e̮ vil' mobil'ńik
pn - dat be_necessary- prs .3 new mobile_phone
‘Petja needs a new mobile phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

122. have a grudge le̮gavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a le̮gal-e̮ Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn hold_a_grudge- prs .3 pn upper_surface- ill
‘Petja holds a grudge against Masha.’

123. take offence obid'itč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a obid'itč́-i-s Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn take_offence- pret -3 pn upper_surface- ill
‘Petja took offence at Masha.’

124. upset rasstroitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a e̮dd'e̮n rasstroit-i-s Maša-se̮
pn very upset- pret -3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Petja greatly upset Miriam.’

125. marvel d'ivujtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a d'ivujtč́-e̮ eta gorod vi̮l-as
pn be_impressed- prs .3 this city upper_surface- ill . p .3
‘Petja was impressed by this town.’

126. despise preźirajtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a preźirajt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn despise- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja despises Masha.’

127. get upset rastroitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ponda
X: NOM
Y: ponda
Locus: Y
Pet'a rastroitč́-i-s aslas zon ponda
pn get_upset- pret -3 self. gen . p .3 son because_of
‘Petja got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated le̮gaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a ve̮gaś-e̮ aslas ni̮v vi̮l-as
pn get_irritated- prs .3 self. gen . p .3 daughter upper_surface- ill . p .3
‘Petja is irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond gl'eńitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮ gl'eńitč́-e̮ Maša
pn - dat be_fond- prs .3 pn
‘Petja is fond of Masha.’

130. be shy st'esńajtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a st'esńajtč́-e̮ aslas rost-iś
pn be_embarrassed- prs .3 one’s. gen . p .3 height- ela
‘Petja is embarrassed about his height.’