Yargun Lezgian

Contributed by Ayten Babaliyeva.

A.B.'s photo

The data were collected in 2024 based on the Azerbaijani and Russian versions of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Babaliyeva, Ayten. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Yargun Lezgian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 17, 2024; last revised on October 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.51, 48.25.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tta jen

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-n	qˈil	tta-zva
pn - obl - gen	head	have.pain- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) jen

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NSBJ)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NSBJ)

Locus: Y

Sahib	grip	xha-nva
pn	flu	become. pfv - prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib has the flu.’

3. be afraid kiç’e jen

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL

X: DAT

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	kiçˈ-i-kaa	kiçˈe-zva
pn - obl - dat	dog- obl - sub / postel	be.scared- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw xkkadrin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	qvan	xkkadar-na
pn - erg	stone	throw- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib threw a stone.’

5. have enough bes jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	pul	bes	je-zva
pn - obl - dat	money	enough	become. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib has enough money.’

6. resemble uxşar + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-z	uxșar	ya
pn	pn - obl - dat	like	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib resembles Eldar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe ç’alax + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-l	çˈalax	ya
pn	pn - obl - sup	believing	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib believes Eldar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take qaçun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	kittab	qaçu-na
pn - erg	book	take- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib took a book.’

9. see akkvan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	kˈval	akkva-zva
pn - obl - dat	house	see. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib sees the house.’

10. influence tesirin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yaș-di	yaddaș-di-z	tesir-zva
age- erg	memory- obl - dat	influence- prs
‎‎‎‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter haltin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-l	halt-na
pn	pn - obl - sup	meet- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib encountered Eldar.’

12. enter haxhin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib	kˈval-i-z	haxh-na
pn	house- obl - dat	enter- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib entered the house.’

13. win tuxun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	Eldar	tuxva-na
pn - erg	pn	carry. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib beat Eldar.’

14. go out aqatin

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	kˈval-aa	aqat-na
pn	house- inel	come_out- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib went out of the house.’

15. drive çukkurin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	kkal	çukkur-zva
pn - erg	cow	drive_away- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is driving the cow.’

16. bend kakurin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	ttar-a-n	xel	kaku-r-na
pn - erg	tree- obl - gen	branch	bend. mas - caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib bent the branch.’

17. tell luhun

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-z	laha-na
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	say. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib told Eldar.’

18. hold qan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	kittab	qu-nva
pn - erg	book	take. pfv / mas - prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib is holding a book.’

19. catch up agaʔin

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

Sahib	Samire-di-v	agaʔ-na
pn	pn - obl - ad	arrive- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib caught up with Samira.’

20. milk accan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	kkal	acca-na
pn - erg	cow	milk. pfv / ipfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib milked the cow.’

21. reach agaʔin

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

Sahib	vacˈ-u-n	qerex-di-v	agaʔ-na
pn	river- obl - gen	shore- obl - ad	arrive- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib reached the bank.’

22. touch galuq’in

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POST

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: Y

Sahib	cila-k	galuqˈ-na
pn	wall. obl - sub / post	touch- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib touched the wall.’

23. fight k(i)k’in

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a	galaz	kikˈi-zva
pn	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	fight. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is fighting with Eldar.’

24. be friends dustvalin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a	galaz	dustval-zva
pn - erg	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	have.friendship- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is friends with Eldar.’

25. think fikirin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Samire-d-kaa	fikir-zva
pn - erg	pn - obl - sub / postel	think- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is thinking about Samira.’

26. eat nen

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	iç	tˈü-na
pn - erg	apple	eat. pfv / mas - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib ate the apple.’

27. fry qavurmișin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	ǧed	qavurmiș-na
pn - erg	fish	grill_ vn - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib grilled the fish.’

28. wait güzlemișin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	Eldar	güzlemiș-zva
pn - erg	pn	wait_ vn - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is waiting for Eldar.’

29. forget rik’alaa alatin

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-n	rikˈ-a-laa	micci	reqh	alat-nva
pn - obl - gen	heart- obl - supel	other	way	pass- prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib forgot about the other road.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

30. depend asıllı + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

yaddaș	yaș-di-laa	asıllı	ya
memory	age- obl - supel	depending	cop
‎‎‎‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call everin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-z	ever-na
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	call- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib called Eldar.’

32. get to know taniş jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a	galaz	sa	yis	id-laa	vilik	taniș	xhii-d-ya
pn	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	one	year	this. obl - supel	before	known	become. aop - sbst - cop
‎‎‎'Sahib got to know Eldar a year ago.’

33. know ççir jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	Eldar	ççi-zva
pn - obl - dat	pn	know. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib knows Eldar.’

34. play (instrument) yaʕan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	gittara	yaʕa-zva
pn - erg	guitar	play. pfv / ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid gahatiz eqven

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTEL

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-kaa	gahat-iz	eqve-zva
pn	pn - obl - sub / postel	run_away- imc	walk. pfv / ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib avoids Eldar.’

36. make arasin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	qˈif-er	qa-din	djile	aras-na
pn - erg	mouse- pl	catch. ipfv - evtprt	trap	make- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun qhaçin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-kaa	qhaç-zva
pn - erg	pn - obl - sub / postel	mock- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is making fun of Eldar.’

38. have ava = locative copula

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	mașin	ava
pn - obl - dat	car	be.in
‎‎‎‘Sahib has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for eqven

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POST

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: Y

Sahib	açaari-k	eqve-zva
pn	key. pl . obl - sub / post	search. pfv / ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is looking for his keys.’

40. paint șir yaʕan

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	çapar-di-z	șir	yaʕa-na
pn - erg	fence- obl - dat	paint	apply. pfv / ipfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib painted the wall.’

41. bite k’asin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

kiçˈ-i	Sahib	kˈas-na
dog- erg	pn	bite- aor
‎‎‎‘The dog bit Sahib.’

42. forfeit jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTEL

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	kˈval-i-kaa	xha-na
pn	house- obl - sub / postel	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib lost his house.’

43. try to catch qan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	kkaç	qa-zva
pn - erg	cat	take. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break xan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	tˈval	xa-na
pn - erg	stick	break. ipfv / pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib broke a stick.’

45. flatter yaltaxlamiș jen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib	Samire-di-z	yaltaxlamiș	je-zva
pn	pn - obl - dat	flatter_ vn	become. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is flattering Samira.’

46. love (person) kkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	Lale	kkan-zva
pn - obl - dat	pn	love- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib loves Lale.’

47. wave uzurin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	yaylux	uzu-r-zva
pn - erg	handkerchief	shake. mas - caus - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream arzulamișin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	cˈii	mașin	arzulamiș-zva
pn - erg	new	car	wish_ vn - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash çüxün

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	çașkka	çüxve-na
pn - erg	cup	wash. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib washed the cup.’

50. put on aluq’in

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	șalvar	aluqˈ-na
pn - erg	trousers	dress- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib put on his trousers.’

51. be called luhun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NSBJ)

X: DAT

Y: NOM(NSBJ)

Locus: XY

ida-z	kompas	luhu-da
this. obl - dat	compass	say. ipfv / mas - evt
‎‎‎‘This is called a compass.’

52. punish djeza gun

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	viç-i-n	xççi-z	djeza	ga-na
pn - erg	self- obl - gen	son. obl - dat	punishment	give. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib punished his son.’

53. attack hüdjumin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

sev-re	ǧetter	qa-zaa-d-a-l	hüdjum-na
bear- erg	fish. pl	catch. ipfv - prsprt - sbst - obl - sup	attack- aor
‎‎‎‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ac’un

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

vidre	ççi-v	acˈa-na
pail	water. obl - ad	fill. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find ççeǧin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	açar-ar	ççaǧa-na
pn - obl - dat	key- pl	find. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib found his keys.’

56. be short agaʔin + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	sa	dollar	agaʔ-za-ș
pn - obl - dat	one	dollar	reach- prs - neg
‎‎‎‘Sahib is one dollar short.’

57. hate ttakkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	Eldar	tta-kkan-zva
pn - obl - dat	pn	neg -love- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib hates Eldar.’

58. like xuş qven

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL

X: DAT

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	in	pperem-di-kaa	xuș	qve-zva
pn - obl - dat	this	shirt- obl - sub / postel	pleasant	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib likes this shirt.’

59. need lazim + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	pul	lazim	ya
pn - obl - dat	money	needful	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ava = locative copula

Valency pattern: GENyuqva_NOM

X: GENyuqva

Y: NOM

Locus: X

șeher	cilar-i-n	yuqˈv-a	ava
town	wall. pl - obl - gen	middle- in	be.in
‎‎‎‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain ama = locative copula

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	cˈıd	dollar	ama
pn - obl - dat	ten	dollar	be.still
‎‎‎‘Sahib has ten dollars left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer djavab gun

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	maʕlim-di-z	djavab	ga-na
pn - erg	teacher- obl - dat	answer	give. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib answered the teacher.’

63. open aqhayin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	bankka	aqhay-na
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib opened a can.’

64. be different ferqli + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

zu	pperem	vi-d-laa	ferqli	ya
1 sg . gen	shirt	2 sg . gen - sbst - supel	different	cop
‎‎‎‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ccüǧvena amuqˈin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-laa	ccüǧvena	amuqˈ-na
pn	pn - obl - supel	behind. in	remain- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib fell behind Eldar.’

66. plough ccan ccan

Valency pattern: ERG_IN

X: ERG

Y: IN

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	nikka	ccan	cca-zva
pn - erg	field. in	plowing	plough. ipfv / pfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is ploughing the field.’

67. smell ni qven

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

zu	ǧil-er-i-kaa	benzin-di-n	ni	qve-zva
1 sg . gen	hand- pl - obl - sub / postel	gasoline- obl - gen	smell	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross alatin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	reqe-laa	alat-na
pn	way. obl - supel	pass- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib crossed the road.’

69. sing luhun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	sa	ayar	sa	maʕni	laha-na
pn - erg	one	beautiful	one	song	say. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kxhin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	mixhttub	kxha-na
pn - erg	letter	write. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib wrote a letter.’

71. drink qhvan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	nek	qhva-na
pn - erg	milk	drink. pfv / ipfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib drank the milk.’

72. melt cˈurcˈurrin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	qˈurqˈușum-di-n	sa	kˈus	cˈurcˈu-r-ar-na
pn - erg	lead- obl - gen	one	piece	melt. pfv / mas - caus - caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib melted a piece of lead.’

73. match qan

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

in	çˈül-üni	zu	bulușa-d	galaz	qa-zva
this	belt- erg	1 sg . gen	dress- obl ( sub / post )	with	take. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave aqatna fin

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	viç-i-n	xii	șeher-d-aa	aqat-na	fe-na
pn	self- obl - gen	native	town- obl - inel	come_out- seq	go. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib left his native city.’

75. cover qan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xaliça-di	ççil	viri	qu-nva
carpet- erg	earth	all	take. pfv / mas - prf
‎‎‎‎‎'The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rik’al alama (alama = locative copula)

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

viç	çˈexi	xhii	kˈval	Sahib-a-n	rikˈ-a-l	qhsan	ala-ma
self	big	become. aop	house	pn - obl - gen	heart- obl - sup	well	be.on- cont
‎‎‎‘Sahib vividly remembers the house where he grew up.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

77. help kümekin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-z	kümek-na
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	help- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib helped Eldar.’

78. understand (language) ʕavurda aqˈan

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Sahib	fransuz	çˈal-a-n	ʕavur-d-a	aqˈa-zva
pn	f rench	language- obl - gen	understanding- obl - in	bump. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib understands French.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

79. hit (target) avatin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

cˈaalapan	kˈval-a-l	avat-na
lightning	house- obl - sup	fall- aor
‎‎‎‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself at’un

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sahib-a-n	ççin	lezvi-di	atˈa-na
pn - obl - gen	face	blade- erg	cut. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘The razor cut Sahib’s face.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck elkˈin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

isttikan	sttul-da-l	alkˈa-na
glass	table- obl - sup	stick. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) meǧlub jen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-z	meǧlub	xha-na
pn	pn - obl - dat	defeated	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib lost to Eldar.’

83. be glad şad jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	mixhttub-da-l	şad	xha-na
pn	letter- obl - sup	glad	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib was glad about the letter.’

84. speak lükˈvenin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a	galaz	lükˈven-zva
pn	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	speak- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is speaking with Eldar.’

85. give birth jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Lale-di-z	sa	gada	xha-na
pn - obl - dat	one	son	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Lale gave birth to a son.’

86. drop avatin

Valency pattern: ADEL_NOM

X: ADEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-vaa	isttikan	avat-na
pn - obl - adel	glass	fall- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib dropped the glass.’

87. govern çˈexivalin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	ji	xür-ü-z	çˈexival-zva
pn - erg	1 pl . gen	village- obl - dat	reign- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib runs our village.’

88. miss vil gala (gala = locative copula)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUB/POST

X: GEN

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-n	Lale-di-k	vil	gala
pn - obl - gen	pn - obl - sub / post	eye	be.behind
‎‎‎‘Sahib misses Lale.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow avaz fin

Valency pattern: NOM_GENccugvena

X: NOM

Y: GENccugvena

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-n	ccüǧvena	ava-z	fi-zva
pn	pn - obl - gen	behind. in	be.in- imc	go. ipfv / mas - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib follows Eldar.’
Note: The combination "avaz fin" yields the relevant meaning only in combination with the postposition "ccüǧvena".

90. dismount ivic’in

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	ppalkkan-d-laa	ivicˈ-na
pn	horse- obl - supel	descend- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib got down from the horse.’

91. listen yob akalin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POST

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	raduva-di-k	yob	akal-zva
pn - erg	radio- obl - sub / post	ear	join- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is listening to radio.’

92. obey yob alazin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	dide-da-l	yob	alaa-zva
pn - erg	mother- obl - sup	ear	plonk- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib obeys his mother.’

93. hear van qven

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	sa	maʕni-di-n	van	qve-zva
pn - obl - dat	one	song- obl - gen	noise	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib hears the song.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

94. mix akaxhin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POST

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: Y

virt	nikkedi-k	akaxh-na
honey	milk. obl - sub / post	mix- aor
‎‎‎‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look kiligin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	çuf-ar-i-z	kilig-zva
pn - erg	cloud- pl - obl - dat	look- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off xttunin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	pperem	xttun-na
pn - erg	shirt	take_off- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) axvaraa akkvan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	Lale	akkva-zva	axvar-aa
pn - obl - dat	pn	see. ipfv - prs	sleep- inel
‎‎‎‘Sahib dreams about Lale.’

98. agree razi jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

Sahib	Lale-d	galaz	razi	xha-na
pn	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	agreeing	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib agreed with Lale.’

99. have a quarrel qal jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POST

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: Y

Sahib	Lale-d	galaz	qal	xha-na
pn	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	dispute	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib had a quarrel with Lale.’

100. cost ya = COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POST

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POST

Locus: Y

in	çașkka	sa	dollar-di-k	ya
this	cup	one	dollar- obl - sub / post	cop
‎‎‎‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at gülle aqhayin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	quș-ra-z	gülle	aqhaa-na
pn - erg	bird- obl - dat	bullet	open- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib shot at the bird.’

102. pour vihin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	çașkka-di-z	ppasuk	vehe-na
pn - erg	cup- obl - dat	caster_sugar	throw. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose kvadrin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	açar-ar	kvadar-na
pn - erg	key- pl	lose. caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib lost his keys.’

104. sink batmiș jen

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

kˈançˈ	vac’-a	batmiș	xha-na
stump	river- in	sink_ vn	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘The stump sank in the river.’

105. kill req’in

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	murdar	qˈe-na
pn - erg	snake	kill. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib killed the snake.’

106. hit yaʕan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	Eldar	yaʕa-na
pn - erg	pn	hit. pfv / ipfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib hit Eldar.’

107. kiss siv gun

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Lale-di-z	siv	ga-na
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	mouth	give. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib kissed Lale.’

108. read k’elin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	sa	maraǧlı	kittab	kˈel-na
pn - erg	one	interesting	book	read- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) uzurin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	tˈub	uzu-r-na
pn - erg	finger	shake. mas - caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib moved his finger.’

110. respect hürmetin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-z	hürmet-zva
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	respect- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib respects Eldar.’

111. be squeamish ttakkan qven

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	qˈacˈaa	qappar	tta-kkan	qve-zva
pn - obl - dat	dirty	container. pl	neg -want	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content razi + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	viç-i-n	xiçça-laa	razi	ya
pn	self- obl - gen	son. obl - supel	satisfied	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love kkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	Lale	kkan	xha-na
pn - obl - dat	pn	love	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib fell in love with Lale.’

114. trust ixtibarin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Lale-da-l	ixtibar-zva
pn - erg	pn - obl - sup	trust- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib trusts Lale.’

115. sympathise yuzux qven

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	viç-i-n	dide-di-n	yuzux	qve-zva
pn - obl - dat	self- obl - gen	mother- obl - gen	poor	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

116. envy ppaxil + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-l	ppaxil	ya
pn	pn - obl - sup	envious	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib envies Eldar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry qhel qven

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL

X: DAT

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	Eldar-a-kaa	qhel	qve-zva
pn - obl - dat	pn - obl - sub / postel	anger	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is angry with Eldar.’

118. be surprised mehttel jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	in	ppadarkka-da-l	mehttel	xha-na
pn	this	gift- obl - sup	surprised	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) kkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	çay	ppara	kkan-da
pn - obl - dat	tea	much	want- evt
‎‎‎‘Sahib loves tea.’

120. enjoy lezzet qaçun

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	qaynar	çay-ini-kaa	lezzet	qaçu-zva
pn - erg	hot	tea- obl - sub / postel	pleasure	take- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib enjoys hot tea.’

121. want kkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Sahib-a-z	cˈii	ttilifun	kkan-zva
pn - obl - dat	new	telephone	want- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhelin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-kaa	qhel-nva
pn - erg	pn - obl - sub / postel	sulk- prf
‘Sahib holds a grudge against Eldar.’

123. take offence beykef jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTEL

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-kaa	beykef	xha-nva
pn	pn - obl - sub / postel	offended	become. pfv - prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib took offence at Eldar.’

124. upset ppașmanrin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	Eldar	ppara	ppașman-ar-na
pn - erg	pn	much	sad- caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib greatly upset Eldar.’

125. marvel mehttel jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	in	șeher-da-l	mehttel	xha-na
pn	this	town- obl - sup	surprised	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib was impressed by this town.’

126. despise nehin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	Eldar	neh-nva
pn - erg	pn	ignore- prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib despises Eldar.’

127. get upset hayifar jen

Valency pattern: DAT_DATgure

X: DAT

Y: DATgure

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	viç-i-n	gada-di-z	güre	hayif-ar	xha-na
pn - obl - dat	self- obl - gen	son- obl - dat	because_of	regret- pl	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated giji jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTEL

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib	viç-i-n	ruș-a-kaa	giji	je-zva
pn	self- obl - gen	daughter- obl - sub / postel	irritated	become. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond xuş qven

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL

X: DAT

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: XY

Sahib-a-z	Lale-d-kaa	xuș	qve-zva
pn - obl - dat	pn - obl - sub / postel	pleasant	come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is fond of Lale.’

130. be shy reǧü jen

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL

X: DAT

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: XY

Samire-di-z	viç-i-n	boy-di-kaa	reǧü-zva
pn - obl - dat	self- obl - gen	height- obl - sub / postel	be_shy- prs
‎‎‎‘Samira is embarrased about her height.’