Ukrainian
Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2014 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.
How to cite
Zaika, Natalia. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Ukrainian.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on February 1, 2025.)
(Available online at https://bivaltyp.info , Accessed on )
Basic info
Coordinates: 49.8, 29.95 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
DAT_GEN
DAT_NOM
NOM_cerezACC
NOM_DAT
NOM_doGEN
NOM_GEN
NOM_INS
NOM_naACC
NOM_naLOC
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
NOM_proACC
NOM_uGEN
NOM_vACC
NOM_vidGEN
NOM_vLOC
NOM_zaINS
NOM_zGEN
NOM_zINS
TR
uGEN_NOM
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
X: uGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
u
Petr-a
bol-yt’
holov-a
at
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
ache(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Petro has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
xvorij-e
na
hryp
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
be_ill(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
on
flu(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
boj-it’-sja
sobak-y
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
be_afraid(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
dog(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
kynu-v
kamin’
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
throw(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
stone(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
Petr-u
vystačaj-e
hroš-ej
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
suffice(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
money-
gen
.
pl
‘Petro has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
sxož-yj
na
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
similar-
nom
.
m
.
sg
on
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro resembles Mariya.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dovirjaj-e
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
believe(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro believes Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vzja-v
knyh-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
bač-yt’
budynok
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
see(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
vik
vplyvaj-e
na
pamjat’
age(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
influence(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
on
memory(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zustri-v-sja
z
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
meet(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro encountered Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zajšo-v
do
xat-y
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
enter(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
to
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uGEN
X: NOM
Y: uGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
vyhra-v
u
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
win(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
at
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro beat Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
vyjšo-v
z
dom-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
go_out(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from2
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
žen-e
korov-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
drive(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
cow(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zihnu-v
hilk-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
bend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
branch(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
skaza-v
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
tell(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro told Mariya: …’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
trymaj-e
knyh-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
hold(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
nazdohna-v
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
catch_up(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro caught up with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
podoji-v
korov-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
milk(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
cow(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dista-v-sja
bereh-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
reach(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
bank(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dotorknu-v-sja
do
stin-y
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
touch(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
to
wall(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
bj-et’-sja
z
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
fight(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro is fighting with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
tovaryšuj-e
z
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
be_friends(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro is friends with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_proACC
X: NOM
Y: proACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dumaj-e
pro
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
think(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
about
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is thinking about Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zji-v
jabluk-o
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zasmažy-v
c’-oho
karasj-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
fry(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
this-
m
.
acc
.
sg
crucian_carp(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
čekaj-e
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
wait(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is waiting for Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_proACC
X: NOM
Y: proACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zabu-v-sja
pro
inš-u
doroh-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
forget(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
about
other-
f
.
acc
.
sg
road(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vidGEN
X: NOM
Y: vidGEN
Locus: Y
Pamjat’
zalež-yt’
vid
vik-u
memory(
f
)[
nom
.
sg
]
depend(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
from
age(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
poklykav
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
call(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro called Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
poznajomy-v-sja
z
Marij-eju
rik
tomu
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
get_to_know(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
year(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
that.
dat
.
sg
‘Petro got to know Mariya a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
znaje
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
know(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro knows Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
hraj-e
na
hitar-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
play(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
on
guitar(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
‘Petro is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
unykaj-e
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
avoid(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro avoids Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vyhotovy-v
vybuxivk-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
make(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
explosive(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro made an explosive.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
znuščaj-et’-sja
z
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
make_fun(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
above
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro is making fun of Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
X: uGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
u
Petr-a
je
mašyn-a
at
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
car(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Petro has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
šukaj-e
ključ-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
look_for(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Petro is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zafarbuva-v
zahorož-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
paint(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
fence(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
sobaka
vkusy-l-a
Petr-a
dog(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
bite(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘A dog bit Petro.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vtraty-v
dim
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro lost hist house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
lov-yt’
kyc’k-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
try_to_catch(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
cat(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zlama-v
palycj-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
break(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
stick(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
lest-yt’
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
flatter(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro is flattering Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
koxaj-e
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
love(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro loves Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
maxaj-e
xustk-oju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
wave(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
kerchief(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_proACC
X: NOM
Y: proACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
mrij-e
pro
mašyn-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
dream(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
about
car(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vymy-v
čašk-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
cup(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
odjahnu-v
štan-y
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
put_on(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
trousers-
acc
.
pl
‘Petro put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
cej
predmet
nazyvaj-et’-sja
kompas
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
object(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
call(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
compass(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
‘This object is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
pokara-v
svoho
syn-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
punish(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
one’s.
m
.
acc
.
sg
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
vedmid’
nakynu-v-sja
na
rybak-a
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
throw(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
on
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
vidr-o
napovny-l-o-sja
vod-oju
bucket(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
fill(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
-
refl
water(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
znajšo-v
ključ-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
find(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Petro found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
Petr-u
ne
vystačaj-e
odn-oho
dolar-a
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
not
suffice(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
one-
m
.
gen
.
sg
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro is one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
nenavyd-yt’
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
hate(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro hates Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
podobaj-et’-sja
cj-a
soročk-a
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
please(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
this-
f
.
nom
.
sg
shirt(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Petro likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
neobxidn-i
hroš-i
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
necessary-
nom
.
pl
money-
nom
.
pl
‘Petro needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mist-o
otočuj-ut’
stin-y
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
surround(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
pl
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
‘Walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
X: uGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
u
Petr-a
zalyšy-l-o-sja
desjat’
dolar-iv
at
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
remain(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
-
refl
ten[
nom
]
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
‘Petro has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
vidpovi-v
učytelj-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
answer(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
teacher(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vidkry-v
bank-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
open(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
can(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vidGEN
X: NOM
Y: vidGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a
soročk-a
vidriznjaj-et’-sja
vid
tvoj-eji
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
shirt(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
differentiate(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
from
your-
f
.
gen
.
sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vidGEN
X: NOM
Y: vidGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
vidsta-v
vid
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
fall_behind(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro fell behind Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
or-e
pol-e
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
plough(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
field(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
moj-i
ruk-y
paxn-ut’
benzyn-om
my-
nom
.
pl
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
smell(
pfv
)-
prs
.3
pl
gasoline(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
peresik
doroh-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
cross(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
road(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zaspiva-v
harn-u
pisnj-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
sing(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
song(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
napysa-v
knyh-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
write(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
book(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro wrote a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vypy-v
cej
stakan
molok-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
drink(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
this.
m
.
acc
.
sg
glass(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
milk(
n
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro drank this glass of milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
rozplavy-v
šmatok
svyncj-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
melt(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
piece(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
lead(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
cej
pojas
pidxod-yt’
do
moho
plattj-a
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
belt(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
match(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
to
my.
n
.
gen
.
sg
dress(
n
)-
gen
.
sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
pokynu-v
ridn-e
mist-o
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
leave(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
native-
n
.
acc
.
sg
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kylym
pokryvaj-e
vsj-u
pidloh-u
carpet(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
cover(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
all-
f
.
acc
.
sg
floor(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
harno
pamjataj-e
dim
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
well
remember(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dopomih
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
help(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro helped Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
rozumij-e
francuz’k-u
mov-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
understand(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
f
rench-
f
.
acc
.
sg
language(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro understands French.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
blyskavk-a
potrapy-l-a
u
dim
lightning(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
in
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
poriza-v-sja
brytv-oju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
cut(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
razor(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
stakan
prylyp
do
stol-u
glass(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
stick(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
to
table(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
prohra-v
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro lost to Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zradi-v
lyst-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
gladden(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
letter(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
rozmovljaj-e
z
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
speak(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro is speaking with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Marij-a
narody-l-a
syn-a
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Mariya gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vpusty-v
skljank-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
drop(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
glass(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
keruj-e
naš-ym
selyšč-em
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
govern(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
our-
n
.
ins
.
sg
village(
n
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
sumuj-e
za
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
miss(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
after
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro misses Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
jd-e
za
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
go(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
after
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro follows Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zliz
iz
konj-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
dismount(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from2
horse(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
sluxaj-e
radio
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
listen(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
radio(
n
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
sluxaj-e
mam-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
listen(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
mum(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
čuj-e
muzyk-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
hear(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
music(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
med
zmiša-v-sja
z
molok-om
honey(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
mix(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
with
milk(
n
)-
ins
.
sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dyv-yt’-sja
na
xmar-y
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
look(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
on
cloud(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
znja-v
soročk-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
put_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
shirt(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Marij-i
sn-yt’-sja
Petr-o
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
see_in_a_dream(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Mariya dreams about Petro.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zhody-v-sja
z
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
agree(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro agreed with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
posvary-v-sja
z
Marij-eju
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
cause_to_quarrel(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro had a quarrel with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
cj-a
čašk-a
koštuj-e
odyn
dolar
this-
f
.
nom
.
sg
cup(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
cost(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
one[
m
.
acc
.
sg
]
dollar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
vystrily-v
u
ptax-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
shoot(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
in
bird(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
nasypa-v
cukor
u
čašk-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
pour(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
sugar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
in
cup(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro poured the sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
zahuby-v
ključ-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Petro lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vLOC
X: NOM
Y: vLOC
Locus: Y
Polino
potonu-l-o
u
vod-i
log(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
drown(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
in
water(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vby-v
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
kill(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro killed Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
vdary-v
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro hit Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
pociluva-v
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro kissed Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
pročyta-v
cikav-u
knyh-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
read(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
povorušy-v
pal’c-em
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
stir(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
finger(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
považaj-e
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
respect(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro respects Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
hyduj-e
brudn-ym
posud-om
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
be_squeamish(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
dirty-
m
.
ins
.
sg
dishes(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zadovolen-yj
syn-om
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
content-
nom
.
m
.
sg
son(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zakoxa-v-sja
v
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
fall_in_love(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
in
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro fell in love with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
dovirjaj-e
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
trust(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro trusts Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
žalij-e
svoju
matir
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
sympathise(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
one’s.
f
.
acc
.
sg
mother(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zazdr-yt’
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
envy(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro envies Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zl-yt’-sja
na
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
make_angry(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
on
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is angry with Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zdyvovan-yj
c-ym
podarunk-om
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
surprise(
pfv
).
ptcp
.
pst
.
pass
-
m
.
nom
.
sg
this-
m
.
ins
.
sg
gift(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
ljub-yt’
čaj
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
love(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
tea(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Petro loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o
nasolodžuj-et’-sja
harjač-ym
čaj-em
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
enjoy(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
hot-
m
.
ins
.
sg
tea(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Petro enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
xoč-e
nov-yj
mobil’n-yj
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
want(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
new-
m
.
acc
.
sg
cellphone(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
serd-yt’-sja
na
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
vex(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
on
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro holds a grudge against Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
obrazy-v-sja
na
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
offend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
on
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro took offence at Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
duže
zasmuty-v
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
very
upset(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro greatly upset Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petr-a
vrazy-l-o
ce
mist-o
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
amaze(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
this.
n
.
nom
.
sg
city(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
‘This town impressed Petro.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o
znevažaj-e
Marij-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
despise(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro despises Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_cerezACC
X: NOM
Y: cerezACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
zasmuty-v-sja
čerez
syn-a
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
upset(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
through
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o
rozdratovan-yj
na
svoju
don’k-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
irritate(
pfv
)
ptcp
.
pst
.
pass
-
m
.
nom
.
sg
on
one’s.
f
.
acc
.
sg
daughter(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Petro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o
sympatyzuj-e
Marij-i
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
be_fond(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Petro is fond of Mariya.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o
sorom-yt’-sja
svoho
rost-u
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
shame(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
one’s.
m
.
gen
.
sg
height(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Petro is embarrassed about his height.’