Ukrainian

Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile)

N.Z.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2014 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Zaika, Natalia. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Ukrainian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on July 15, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 49.8, 29.95.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument, in the accusative. The word order is relatively free, the SVO order is unmarked. Even though the accusative form coincides with the nominative form in some declension classes for inanimate nouns, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Thus, both (1) and (2) are examples of the canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of kamin’ 'stone' in (1) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.

(1)  Petr-o        kynu-v                kamin’
     PN(M)-NOM.SG  throw(PFV)-PST[M.SG]  stone(M)[ACC.SG] 
     ‘Petro threw a stone.’

(2)  sobak-a        vkusy-l-a           Petr-a
     dog(F)-NOM.SG  bite(PFV)-PST-F.SG  PN(M)-ACC.SG 
     ‘A dog bit Petro.’

The verb always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person/gender (the choice of agreement features is conditioned by tense). Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. Some prepositions can combine with several different cases (e.g. the preposition v can combine with both accusative and locative). Valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOMvACC (where the preposition *v* combines with a noun phrase in the accusative case) and NOMvLOC (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the locative case) are considered two different valency patterns, etc.

Case system

There are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, and vocative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NOM — nominative; PASS — passive; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain bolity

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM

X: uGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

u	Petr-a	bol-yt’	holov-a
at	pn ( m )- gen . sg	ache( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	head( f )- nom . sg
‘Petro has a headache.’

2. have (illness) xvority

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	xvorij-e	na	hryp
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_ill( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	flu( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro has the flu.’

3. be afraid bojatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	boj-it’-sja	sobak-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_afraid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	dog( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kynuty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	kynu-v	kamin’
pn ( m )- nom . sg	throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro threw a stone.’

5. have enough vystačaty

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Petr-u	vystačaj-e	hroš-ej
pn ( m )- dat . sg	suffice( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	money- gen . pl
‘Petro has enough money.’

6. resemble sxožyj + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	sxož-yj	na	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	similar- nom . m . sg	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro resembles Mariya.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe dovirjaty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dovirjaj-e	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	believe( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro believes Mariya.’

8. take vzjaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vzja-v	knyh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro took a book.’

9. see bačyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	bač-yt’	budynok
pn ( m )- nom . sg	see( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro sees a house.’

10. influence vplyvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

vik	vplyvaj-e	na	pamjat’
age( m )[ nom . sg ]	influence( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	memory( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter zustritysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zustri-v-sja	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro encountered Mariya.’

12. enter zajty

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zajšo-v	do	xat-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	enter( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	to	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro entered the house.’

13. win vyhraty

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN

X: NOM

Y: uGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	vyhra-v	u	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	at	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro beat Mariya.’

14. go out vyjty

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	vyjšo-v	z	dom-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	go_out( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from2	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro went out of the house.’

15. drive hnaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	žen-e	korov-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	drive( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is driving the cow.’

16. bend zihnuty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zihnu-v	hilk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro bent the branch.’

17. tell skazaty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	skaza-v	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro told Mariya: …’

18. hold trymaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	trymaj-e	knyh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hold( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is holding a book.’

19. catch up nazdohnaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	nazdohna-v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	catch_up( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro caught up with Mariya.’

20. milk podojity

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	podoji-v	korov-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro milked the cow.’

21. reach distatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dista-v-sja	bereh-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	reach( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	bank( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro reached the bank.’

22. touch dotorknutysja

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dotorknu-v-sja	do	stin-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	to	wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro touched the wall.’

23. fight bytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	bj-et’-sja	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fight( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro is fighting with Mariya.’

24. be friends tovaryšuvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	tovaryšuj-e	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_friends( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro is friends with Mariya.’

25. think dumaty

Valency pattern: NOM_proACC

X: NOM

Y: proACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dumaj-e	pro	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	think( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	about	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is thinking about Mariya.’

26. eat zjisty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zji-v	jabluk-o
pn ( m )- nom . sg	eat( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	apple( n )- acc . sg
‘Petro ate an apple.’

27. fry zasmažyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zasmažy-v	c’-oho	karasj-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fry( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	this- m . acc . sg	crucian_carp( m )- acc . sg
‘Petro fried this crucian carp.’

28. wait čekaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	čekaj-e	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	wait( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is waiting for Mariya.’

29. forget zabutysja

Valency pattern: NOM_proACC

X: NOM

Y: proACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zabu-v-sja	pro	inš-u	doroh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	forget( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	about	other- f . acc . sg	road( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zaležaty

Valency pattern: NOM_vidGEN

X: NOM

Y: vidGEN

Locus: Y

Pamjat’	zalež-yt’	vid	vik-u
memory( f )[ nom . sg ]	depend( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	from1	age( m )- gen . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call poklykaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	poklyka-v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	call( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro called Mariya.’

32. get to know poznajomytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	poznajomy-v-sja	z	Marij-eju	rik	t-omu
pn ( m )- nom . sg	get_to_know( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg	year( m )[ acc . sg ]	that- n . dat . sg
‘Petro got to know Mariya a year ago.’

33. know znaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	znaj-e	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	know( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro knows Mariya.’

34. play (instrument) hraty

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC

X: NOM

Y: naLOC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	hraj-e	na	hitar-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	play( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	on	guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Petro is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid unykaty

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	unykaj-e	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	avoid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro avoids Mariya.’

36. make vyhotovyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vyhotovy-v	vybuxivk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	explosive( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro made an explosive.’

37. make fun znuščatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	znuščaj-et’-sja	z	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	above	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro is making fun of Mariya.’

38. have buty

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM

X: uGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

u	Petr-a	je	mašyn-a
at	pn ( m )- gen . sg	be. prs .3	car( f )- nom . sg
‘Petro has a car.’

39. look for šukaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	šukaj-e	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	look_for( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petro is looking for his keys.’

40. paint zafarbuvaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zafarbuva-v	zahorož-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fence( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro painted the fence.’

41. bite vkusyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

sobak-a	vkusy-l-a	Petr-a
dog( f )- nom . sg	bite( pfv )- pst - f . sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petro.’

42. forfeit vtratyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vtraty-v	dim
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro lost hist house.’

43. try to catch lovyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	lov-yt’	kyc’k-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	try_to_catch( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	cat( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break zlamaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zlama-v	palycj-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro broke a stick.’

45. flatter lestyty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	lest-yt’	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	flatter( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro is flattering Mariya.’

46. love (person) koxaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	koxaj-e	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	love( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro loves Mariya.’

47. wave maxaty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	maxaj-e	xustk-oju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	wave( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	handkerchief( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream mrijaty

Valency pattern: NOM_proACC

X: NOM

Y: proACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	mrij-e	pro	mašyn-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	about	car( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash vymyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vymy-v	čašk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	cup( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro washed the cup.’

50. put on odjahnuty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	odjahnu-v	štan-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	put_on( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	trousers- acc . pl
‘Petro put on his trousers.’

51. be called nazyvatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

c-ej	predmet	nazyvaj-et’-sja	kompas
this- m . nom . sg	object( m )[ nom . sg ]	call( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	compass( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘This object is called a compass.’

52. punish pokaraty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	pokara-v	svoho	syn-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	punish( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one’s. m . acc . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Petro punished his son.’

53. attack nakynutysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

vedmid’	nakynu-v-sja	na	rybak-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	on	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) napovnytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vidr-o	napovny-l-o-sja	vod-oju
bucket( n )- nom . sg	fill( pfv )- pst - n . sg - refl	water( f )- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find znajty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	znajšo-v	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	find( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petro found his keys.’

56. be short vystačaty + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Petr-u	ne	vystačaj-e	odn-oho	dolar-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg	not	suffice( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	one- m . gen . sg	dollar( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro is one dollar short.’

57. hate nenavydity

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	nenavyd-yt’	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro hates Mariya.’

58. like podobatysja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-u	podobaj-et’-sja	c’-a	soročk-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg	please( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	this- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg
‘Petro likes this shirt.’

59. need neobxidnyj + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-u	neobxidn-i	hroš-i
pn ( m )- dat . sg	necessary- nom . pl	money- nom . pl
‘Petro needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround otočuvaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

mist-o	otočuj-ut’	stin-y
city( n )- acc . sg	surround( ipfv )- prs .3 pl	wall( f )- nom . pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain zalyšytysja

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM

X: uGEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

u	Petr-a	zalyšy-l-o-sja	desjat’	dolar-iv
at	pn ( m )- gen . sg	remain( pfv )- pst - n . sg - refl	ten[ nom ]	dollar( m )- gen . pl
‘Petro has ten dollars left.’

62. answer vidpovisty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	vidpovi-v	učytelj-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	answer( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	teacher( m )- dat . sg
‘Petro answered the teacher.’

63. open vidkryty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vidkry-v	bank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro opened a can.’

64. be different vidriznjatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_vidGEN

X: NOM

Y: vidGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	soročk-a	vidriznjaj-et’-sja	vid	tvoj-eji
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	differentiate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	from1	your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind vidstaty

Valency pattern: NOM_vidGEN

X: NOM

Y: vidGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	vidsta-v	vid	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from1	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro fell behind Mariya.’

66. plough oraty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	or-e	pol-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	plough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	field( n )- acc . sg
‘Petro is ploughing the field.’

67. smell paxnuty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

moj-i	ruk-y	paxn-ut’	benzyn-om
my- nom . pl	hand( f )- nom . pl	smell( pfv )- prs .3 pl	gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross perejty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	perejšo-v	doroh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	road( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro crossed the road.’

69. sing zaspivaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zaspiva-v	harn-u	pisnj-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napysaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	napysa-v	knyh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	write( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( n )- acc . sg
‘Petro wrote a book.’

71. drink vypyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vypy-v	c-ej	stakan	molok-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	drink( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	this- m . acc . sg	glass( m )[ acc . sg ]	milk( n )- gen . sg
‘Petro drank this glass of milk.’

72. melt rozplavyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	rozplavy-v	šmatok	svyncj-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	piece( m )[ acc . sg ]	lead( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro melted a piece of lead.’

73. match pidxodyty

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

c-ej	pojas	pidxod-yt’	do	moho	plattj-a
this- m . nom . sg	belt( m )[ nom . sg ]	match( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	to	my. n . gen . sg	dress( n )- gen . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave pokynuty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	pokynu-v	ridn-e	mist-o
pn ( m )- nom . sg	leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	native- n . acc . sg	city( n )- acc . sg
‘Petro left (his) native city.’

75. cover pokryvaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

kylym	pokryvaj-e	vsj-u	pidloh-u
carpet( m )[ nom . sg ]	cover( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	all- f . acc . sg	floor( f )- acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pamjataty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	harno	pamjataj-e	dim
pn ( m )- nom . sg	well	remember( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro remembers the house well.’

77. help dopomohty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dopomih	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	help( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro helped Mariya.’

78. understand (language) rozumity

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	rozumij-e	francuz’k-u	mov-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	understand( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	f rench- f . acc . sg	language( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro understands French.’

79. hit (target) potrapyty

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

blyskavk-a	potrapy-l-a	u	dim
lightning( f )- nom . sg	hit( pfv )- pst - f . sg	in	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself porizatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	poriza-v-sja	brytv-oju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cut( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	razor( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck prylypnuty

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

stakan	prylyp	do	stol-u
glass( m )[ nom . sg ]	stick( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	to	table( m )- gen . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) prohraty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	prohra-v	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro lost to Mariya.’

83. be glad zradity

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zradi-v	lyst-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	gladden( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	letter( m )- dat . sg
‘Petro was glad about the letter.’

84. speak rozmovljaty

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	rozmovljaj-e	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro is speaking with Mariya.’

85. give birth narodyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marij-a	narody-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Mariya gave birth to a son.’

86. drop vpustyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vpusty-v	skljank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	glass( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro dropped the glass.’

87. govern keruvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	keruj-e	naš-ym	selyšč-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg	govern( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	our- n . ins . sg	village( n )- ins . sg
‘Petro runs our village.’

88. miss sumuvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	sumuj-e	za	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	miss( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	after	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro misses Mariya.’

89. follow jty

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	jd-e	za	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	go( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	after	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro follows Mariya.’

90. dismount zlizty

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zliz	iz	konj-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	dismount( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	from2	horse( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro got down from the horse.’

91. listen sluxaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	sluxaj-e	radio
pn ( m )- nom . sg	listen( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	radio( n )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro is listening to radio.’

92. obey sluxaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	sluxaj-e	mam-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	listen( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	mum( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro listens to his mother.’

93. hear čuty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	čuj-e	muzyk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hear( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	music( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro hears the music.’

94. mix zmišatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

med	zmiša-v-sja	z	molok-om
honey( m )[ nom . sg ]	mix( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	milk( n )- ins . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look dyvytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dyv-yt’-sja	na	xmar-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg	look( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	cloud( f )- acc . pl
‘Petro is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off znjaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	znja-v	soročk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	put_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	shirt( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) snytysja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Marij-i	sn-yt’-sja	Petr-o
pn ( f )- dat . sg	see_in_a_dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	pn ( m )- nom . sg
‘Mariya dreams about Petro.’

98. agree zhodytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zhody-v-sja	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	agree( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro agreed with Mariya.’

99. have a quarrel posvarytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	posvary-v-sja	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	cause_to_quarrel( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro had a quarrel with Mariya.’

100. cost koštuvaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

c’-a	čašk-a	koštuj-e	odyn	dolar
this- f . nom . sg	cup( f )- nom . sg	cost( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	one[ m . acc . sg ]	dollar( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at vystrilyty

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	vystrily-v	u	ptax-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	shoot( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	bird( m )- acc . sg
‘Petro shot at the bird.’

102. pour nasypaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	nasypa-v	cukor	u	čašk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	pour( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	sugar( m )[ acc . sg ]	in	cup( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose zahubyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zahuby-v	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petro lost his keys.’

104. sink potonuty

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC

X: NOM

Y: vLOC

Locus: Y

Polin-o	potonu-l-o	u	vod-i
log( n )- nom . sg	drown( pfv )- pst - n . sg	in	water( f )- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill vbyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vby-v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro killed Mariya.’

106. hit vdaryty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vdary-v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro hit Mariya.’

107. kiss pociluvaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	pociluva-v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro kissed Mariya.’

108. read pročytaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	pročyta-v	cikav-u	knyh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	interesting- f . acc . sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) povorušyty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	povorušy-v	pal’c-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg	stir( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	finger( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro moved his finger.’

110. respect považaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	považaj-e	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	respect( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro respects Mariya.’

111. be squeamish hyduvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	hyduj-e	brudn-ym	posud-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_squeamish( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	dirty- m . ins . sg	dishes( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content zadovolenyj + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zadovolen-yj	syn-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	content- nom . m . sg	son( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love zakoxatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC

X: NOM

Y: vACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zakoxa-v-sja	v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	in	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro fell in love with Mariya.’

114. trust dovirjaty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	dovirjaj-e	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	trust( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro trusts Mariya.’

115. sympathise žality

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	žalij-e	svoju	matir
pn ( m )- nom . sg	sympathise( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	one’s. f . acc . sg	mother( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy zazdryty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zazdr-yt’	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro envies Mariya.’

117. be angry zlytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zl-yt’-sja	na	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make_angry( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is angry with Mariya.’

118. be surprised zdyvovanyj + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zdyvovan-yj	c-ym	podarunk-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	surprise( pfv ). ptcp . pst . pass - m . nom . sg	this- m . ins . sg	gift( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).

119. love (tea) ljubyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	ljub-yt’	čaj
pn ( m )- nom . sg	love( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petro loves tea.’

120. enjoy nasolodžuvatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	nasolodžuj-et’-sja	harjač-ym	čaj-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg	enjoy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	hot- m . ins . sg	tea( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro enjoys hot tea.’

121. want xotity

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	xoč-e	nov-yj	mobil’n-yj
pn ( m )- nom . sg	want( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	new- m . acc . sg	cellphone( m )- acc . sg
‘Petro wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge serdytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	serd-yt’-sja	na	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	vex( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro holds a grudge against Mariya.’

123. take offence obrazytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	obrazy-v-sja	na	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	offend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	on	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro took offence at Mariya.’

124. upset zasmutyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	duže	zasmuty-v	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	very	upset( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro greatly upset Mariya.’

125. marvel vrazyty

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-a	vrazy-l-o	c-e	mist-o
pn ( m )- acc . sg	amaze( pfv )- pst - n . sg	this- n . nom . sg	city( n )- nom . sg
‘This town impressed Petro.’

126. despise znevažaty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	znevažaj-e	Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	despise( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro despises Mariya.’

127. get upset zasmutytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_cerezACC

X: NOM

Y: cerezACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zasmuty-v-sja	čerez	syn-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	upset( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	through	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Petro got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated rozdratovanyj + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petr-o	rozdratovan-yj	na	svoju	don’k-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	irritate( pfv ) ptcp . pst . pass - m . nom . sg	on	one’s. f . acc . sg	daughter( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).

129. be fond sympatyzuvaty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	sympatyzuj-e	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_fond( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro is fond of Mariya.’

130. be shy soromytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	sorom-yt’-sja	svoho	rost-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	shame( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	one’s. m . gen . sg	height( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro is embarrassed about his height.’