BivalTyp

Mingrelian

Contributed by Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel (Academia.edu profile)

A.P.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023 from the following consultants: Zurab Apakiʒe (primary), K’onst’ant’ine Nač’q’ebia, Iza Nač’q’ebia, Raisa Pircxelava, Beniamin Ǯobava (all from Čxoroc’q’u). The language of elicitation was English with the primary consultant and Georgian with the rest. Many thanks go to Merab Čuxua (Chukhua) for his invaluable comments on Megrelian lexis.

How to cite

Rostovtsev-Popiel, Alexander. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Mingrelian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 5, 2023; last revised on October 3, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Valency classes of Mingrelian verbs are primarily defined by their case frames. However, all Mingrelian verbs, except for inverted statives, display the so-called “case-shift”: a phenomenon whereby the case marking of the arguments depends on the verb’s TAME form. Mingrelian TAME forms group into four so-called “series”, where Series I comprises present, imperfect, and future TAMEs belonging to various moods; Series II contains aorists, imperatives and optatives; Series III contains perfect and pluperfects of various moods; and Series IV largely replicates Series I, but with additional evidential and aspectual nuances. Simplifying somewhat, case marking in (non-inverted) verbs undergoing case-shift can be represented in Table 1.

Table 1. Verbs with case-shift: case marking in the four series

Subject Direct object Indirect object
Series I NOM DAT DAT
Series II ERG NOM DAT
Series III DAT NOM [ALL]
Series IV NOM DAT DAT

For the purposes of the dataset below, the verb is considered transitive if and only if it displays case-shift (see Rostovtsev-Popiel 2023) so that its X-argument is case-marked as the “Subject”, and its Y-argument is case-marked as the “Direct object” in Table 1. The valency-encoding devices for the two core arguments in transitive constructions are labeled as “ERG” and “NOM” respectively, even if the actual sentence happens not to belong to Series II and the actual forms used are, thus, not ERG and NOM. For example, the equivalent of ‘plough’ (#66) in (2) is allotted to the same class as the equivalent of ‘take’ (#8) in (1), even though the two exemplar sentences display discrepant case frames.

(1)  čelo-Ø  ʔvana-s    Ø-bar-un-s=u
     PN-NOM  field-DAT  DO3-plough-SM-S3SG=EV
     ‘Chelo is ploughing the field.’

(2)  čelo-k  c'ing-i   ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u
     PN-ERG  book-NOM  PFV-PRV-DO3-VER:S-take-S3SG.PST
     ‘Chelo took a book.’

Thus, the labels used in the annotation of transitive verbs correspond to the actual case frame in Series II (ERG, NOM). The same convention applies to case-shifting verbs that do not meet the aforementioned transitivity criterion. For example, the equivalent of ‘think’ (#25) is labeled as an “ERG_ABL” verb, even though the actual questionnaire sentence in (3) belongs to Series I and displays a nominative subject (X argument).

(3)  čelo-Ø  anučia-še(n)  Ø-pirk-en-s
     PN-NOM  PN-ABL        S3-think-SM-S3SG
     ‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’

The case-shift scheme represented in Table 1 above is only a part of the complex system that relates verbs classes, TAME-forms and case frames in Mingrelian. For an overview of further details, see (Rostovtsev-Popiel 2023), especially Table 8.1 there.

Case system

There are ten grammatical cases: nominative, ergative, dative (core cases), genitive, instrumental, adverbial (oblique cases), two ablatives (for the purposes of this study, they are treated as one), allative, and benefactive (secondary cases). Some of these cases are not featured in the dataset below. All four secondary cases are morphologically based on the genitive. Apart from grammatical cases, there are further case-like expressions, such as the sociative, which is featured in several entries below.

References

Rostovtsev-Popiel, Alexander. 2023. Case-Shift on Megrelian Adverbs, in: Chumakina, Marina, Kaye, Steven, and Oliver Bond (eds.). Agreement beyond the Verb: Unusual Targets, Unexpected Domains. Oxford University Press: 264–305.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in the 3SG form of either Present or Future tense (as indicated in each instance). Future forms are shown in case the Present tense form is not sufficiently informative with respect to the verb’s lexical semantics.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; AFF — affirmative; ALL — allative; AUG — augment; B — base; CAUS — causative; DAT — dative; DEM — demonstrative; DO — direct object; ERG — ergative; EV — euphonic vowel; FACT — factitive; GEN — genitive; INACT — inactive; INS — instrumental; INTR — intransitive; IO — indirect object; LOC — locative; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfectivizer; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; POT — potential; PROGR — progressive; PROX — proximal; PRV — preverb; PST — past; R.EXT — root extension; REFL — reflexive; S — subject marker; SG — singular; SM — series marker; SOC — sociative; VER:N — neutral versionizer; VER:O — objective versionizer; VER:R — relative versionizer; VER:S — subjective versionizer; VER:SUP — superessive versionizer.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain Ø-a-č'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_DAT
X: DAT
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
čelo-s dud-i-s Ø-a-č'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat head- b - dat io 3- ver : r -ache- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has a headache.’

2. have (illness) Ø-u-γ-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s grip'-i Ø-u-γ-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat flu- nom io 3- ver : o -have- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has the flu.’

3. be afraid Ø-o-šk'ur-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ALL
X: DAT
Y: ALL
Locus: XY
čelo-s ǯoγor-(i)ša Ø-o-šk'ur-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat dog- all io 3- ver : sup -fear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw Ø-o-ʔot-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k p'rivel-k Ø-o-ʔot-(u) kua-Ø
pn - erg first- erg do 3- fact -throw-( s 3 sg . pst ) stone- nom
‘Chelo threw a stone first.’

5. have enough Ø-o-baγ-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s para-Ø Ø-o-baγ-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat money- nom io 3- ver : sup -be_enough- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has enough money.’

6. resemble Ø-g-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø bondo-s ko-Ø-g-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3-resemble- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo resembles Bondo.’

7. believe Ø-ǯer-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
čelo-s anučia-ši Ø-ǯer-s
pn - dat pn - gen io 3-believe- s 3 sg
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’

8. take gil-Ø-i-γ-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k c'ing-i ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u
pn - erg book- nom pfv - prv - do 3- ver : s -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The book is either at Chelo's eye level or above.

9. see Ø-o-rc'q'-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø ʔude-s Ø-o-rc'q'-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom house- dat io 3- ver : sup -see- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo sees a house.’

10. influence muš-i-s Ø-o-rt-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
xan-i muš-i-s Ø-o-rt-u(n)-Ø gošina-s
age- nom refl . poss - b - dat do 3- ver : n -do- sm - s 3 sg . inact memory- dat
‘Age affects memory’ (lit. ‘Age does its thing to memory.’)

11. encounter še-Ø-xvad-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s ke-še-Ø-xvad-(u)
pn - erg pn - dat aff - prv - io 3-meet-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo met Anuchia.’

12. enter min-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
čelo-k ʔude-ša min-Ø-i-l-(u)
pn - erg house- all prv - s 3- ver : s -go-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo entered the house.’

13. win Ø-o-rǯg-in-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s Ø-o-rǯg-in-(u) šaxmat'-i-s
pn - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext -( s 3 sg . pst ) chess- b - dat
‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

14. go out gim-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-k ʔude-še(n) gim-Ø-i-l-(u)
pn - erg house- abl prv - s 3- ver : s -go-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo went out of the house.’

15. drive mida-Ø-raʔ-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø čxou-s mindor-(i)ša mid-ma-Ø-raʔ-an-s
pn - nom cow- dat field- all prv - progr - do 3-drive- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend mo-Ø-γirik'-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k noʔvela-Ø mo-Ø-γirik'-(u)
pn - erg branch- nom prv - do 3-bend-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo bent the branch.’

17. tell Ø-u-c'-in-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s Ø-u-c'-u
pn - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : o -tell- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo told Anuchia.’

18. hold Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s c'ing-i xe-s Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat book- nom hand- dat io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up gi-Ø-o-č'iš-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s ki-gi-Ø-o-č'iš-u
pn - erg pn - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -catch_up- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo caught up with Anuchia.’

20. milk Ø-č'val-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k čxou-Ø ge-Ø-č'val-(u)
pn - erg cow- nom prv - do 3-milk- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo milked the cow.’

21. reach mi-Ø-o-č'irin-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k c'q'ar-pi[ǯ]-s ki-mi-Ø-o-č'irin-u
pn - erg water_bank- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -reach- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo reached the river bank.’

22. touch Ø-e-x-eb-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k k'idala-s ku-mk'-Ø-a-x-u
pn - erg wall- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -touch- s 3 sg
‘Chelo touched the wall.’

23. fight Ø-o-čxup'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-o-čxup'-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -fight- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is fighting with Anuchia.’

24. be friends Ø-ǯima-k'oč-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC
X: ERG
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-c'k'ǝma Ø-ǯima-k'oč-en-s
pn - nom pn - pstp : soc s 3-brother-man- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is friends with Anuchia.’

25. think Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-še(n) Ø-pirk-en-s
pn - nom pn - abl s 3-think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’

26. eat Ø-č'k'om-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k ušk'ur-(i) o-Ø-č'k'om-u
pn - erg apple- nom pfv - do 3-eat- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo ate an apple.’

27. fry do-Ø-č'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k čxom-(i) do-Ø-č'-u
pn - erg fish- nom prv - do 3-fry- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fried the fish.’

28. wait Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : o -look.at- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is waiting for Anuchia.’

29. forget Ø-o-č'q'or-d-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s šxva šara-k ga-Ø-a-č'q'or-d-(u)
pn - dat other road- erg prv - io 3- ver : sup -forget- intr - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo forgot the other road.’

30. depend Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
šin-i orčinel-iša Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø
memory- nom age- all s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call d-Ø-u-ʒax-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s d-Ø-u-ʒax-(u)
pn - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : o -call- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo called Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

32. get to know g-Ø-i-čin-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
art c'ana-š uk'ul čelo-k anučia-Ø g-Ø-i-čin-eb-ap-u
one year- gen behind pn - erg pn - nom prv - do 3- ver : s -recognize- r . ext - aug - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got to know Anuchia.’

33. know Ø-i-čin-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-i-čin-en-s
pn - nom pn - dat s 3- ver : s -recognize- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo (personally) knows Anuchia.’

34. play (instrument) mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø git'ara-s mi-Ø-o-g-an-s
pn - nom guitar- dat prv - io 3- ver : loc -play- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid dud-s Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s du(d)-s Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s
pn - nom pn - dat refl - dat io 3- ver : o -avoid- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo avoids Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

36. make ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k xunǯ-i ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-u
pn - erg mousetrap- nom prv - do 3- fact -assemble- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun Ø-o-cigan-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-o-cigan-(un)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -kid- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is making fun of Anuchia.’

38. have Ø-[u]-ʔ-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s mašna-Ø Ø-ʔun-s
pn - dat car- nom io 3-have- s 3 sg
‘Chelo has a car.’

39. look for Ø-gor-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø muš k'ila-s Ø-gor-un-s=u
pn - nom refl . poss key- dat do 3-look_for- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘Chelo is looking for his keys.’

40. paint do-Ø-γap-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k γanda-Ø do-Ø-γap-u
pn - erg fence- nom prv - do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo painted the fence.’

41. bite Ø-a-č-am-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-s ǯoγor-k k-Ø-a-č-(u)
pn - dat dog- erg aff - io 3- ver : r -bite- s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Chelo.’

42. forfeit Ø-u-din-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s ʔude-k me-Ø-u-din-(u)
pn - dat house- erg prv - io 3- ver : o -disappear-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo lost (his) house.’

43. try to catch Ø-č'op-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø k'at'u-s Ø-č'op-un-s
pn - nom cat- dat do 3-catch- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break gino-Ø-t'ax-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k č'in-i ge-gno-Ø-t'ax-(u)
pn - erg stick- nom pfv - prv - do 3-break-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo broke a stick.’

45. flatter Ø-o-kut-ol-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-o-kut-ol-un-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -flatter- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is flattering Anuchia.’

46. love (person) Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-u-ʔor-s
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Chelo loves Anuchia.’

47. wave Ø-i-rk-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø xeškosal-s Ø-i-rk-en-s
pn - nom handkerchief- dat do 3- ver : s -wave- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is waiving a handkerchief.’

48. dream Ø-i-orc-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø axal mašna-še(n) Ø-i-orc-en-s
pn - nom new car- abl do 3- ver : s -dream- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash go-Ø-rčx-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k č'irka-Ø go-Ø-rčx-u
pn - erg glass- nom prv - do 3-wash- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo washed the cup.’

50. put on m-Ø-i-dv-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k ʒikva-Ø ki-mi-Ø-i-d-u
pn - erg trousers- nom aff - prv - do 3- ver : s -put- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo put on his trousers.’

51. be called Ø-ǯox-on-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
te mudgaren-s k'omp'as-(i) Ø-ǯox-o(n)-Ø
dem . prox something- dat compass-( nom ) io 3-be.called- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘This thing (lit. something) is called a compass.’

52. punish k'in-Ø-a-nčkol-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
čelo-k sk'ua-Ø ku-k'n-Ø-a-nčkol-(u)
pn - erg child- nom aff - prv - do 3- fact -place-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo put (his) son in the corner.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack dud-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tunt-i-k mečxome-s du(d)-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-u
bear- b - erg fisherman- dat refl - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ge-Ø-i-pš-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
vedra-k c'q'ar-it ge-Ø-i-pš-(u)
bucket- erg water- ins prv - s 3- ver : s -fill- s 3 sg . pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find Ø-ʒir-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k muš-(i) k'ila-Ø ko-Ø-ʒir-(u)
pn - erg refl . poss -( nom ) key- nom aff - do 3-find- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo found his keys.’

56. be short Ø-o-rk'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s art lar-i Ø-o-rk'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat one l ari- nom io 3- ver : sup -be_short- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is one Lari short.’

57. hate va-Ø-(a)-ʒir-u-ap-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø va-Ø-(a)-ʒir-u-ap-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom neg - io 3-( pot )-see- r . ext - aug - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo hates Anuchia.’

58. like mo-Ø-c'on-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s te osare-Ø mo-Ø-c'on-s
pn - dat dem . prox shirt- nom prv - io 3-like- s 3 sg
‘Chelo likes this shirt.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

59. need Ø-o-sač'ir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s para-Ø Ø-o-sač'ir-(un)-Ø
pn - dat money- nom io 3- ver : sup -need- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo needs money.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

60. surround go-Ø-ʔ-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
noγa-s zγuder-i go-Ø-ʔ-un-s=u
town- dat town.wall- nom prv - io 3-accompany- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘The wall surrounds the town.’

61. remain d-Ø-a-sk'id-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s ku-d-Ø-a-sk'id-(u) xvale vit lar-k
pn - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -remain-( s 3 sg . pst ) only ten l ari- erg
‘Chelo has only ten Laris left.’

62. answer Ø-u-gam-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k magurale-s Ø-u-gam-(u)
pn - erg teacher- dat io 3- ver : o -answer-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo answered the teacher.’

63. open go-Ø-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k bank'a-Ø go-Ø-nc'q'-u
pn - erg jar- nom prv - do 3-open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo opened a jar.’

64. be different gino-Ø-rt-al-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čkim osare-Ø gino-Ø-rt-al-an-s sk'an osare-še(n)
my shirt- nom prv - s 3-divide- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg your. sg shirt- abl
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’

65. fall behind ek'-Ø-a-sk'id-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s k-ek'-Ø-a-sk'id-u
pn - erg pn - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -stay- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fell behind Anuchia.’

66. plough Ø-bar-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø ʔvana-s Ø-bar-un-s=u
pn - nom field- dat do 3-plough- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘Chelo is ploughing the field.’

67. smell šur-i Ø-u-ntx-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
čkim xe-s benʒil-iš šur-(i) Ø-u-ntx-an-s
my hand- dat gasoline- gen smell- nom io 3- ver : o -smell- sm - s 3 sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k šara-Ø gin-Ø-i-l-u
pn - erg road- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo crossed the road.’

69. sing Ø-i-bir-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k sk'vam-(i) obireše-Ø k-Ø-i-bir-(u)
pn - erg beautiful-( nom ) song- nom aff - s 3- ver : s -sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo sang a beautiful song.’

70. write do-Ø-č'ar-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k kart'an-(i) do-Ø-č'ar-(u)
pn - erg letter-( nom ) prv - do 3-write- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo wrote a letter.’

71. drink Ø-š-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k bža-Ø ge-Ø-š-u
pn - erg milk- nom prv - do 3-drink- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo drank the milk.’

72. melt d-Ø-a-ndγul-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k t'q'vir-iš noč'k'er-(i) d-Ø-a-ndγul-u
pn - erg lead- gen piece-( nom ) prv - do 3- fact -melt- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo melted a piece of lead.’

73. match Ø-o-sk'v-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
te ort'q'apu-Ø mangaro(t) Ø-o-sk'v-an-s čkim k'aba-s
dem . prox belt- nom greatly do 3- fact -beautify- sm - s 3 sg my gown- dat
‘This belt suits my gown well.’

74. leave ki-mi-Ø-o-t'-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k muš-(i) noγa-Ø ki-mi-Ø-o-t'u-u
pn - erg refl . poss -( nom ) town- nom aff - prv - do 3- fact -leave- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo left his (native) town for good.’

75. cover Ø-por-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
nox-(i) tel šuxona-s Ø-por-un-s
carpet- nom entire floor- dat do 3-cover- sm - s 3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember Ø-š-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s muš-(i) ʔude-Ø Ø-š-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat refl . poss -( nom ) house- nom io 3-remember- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo remembers his house.’

77. help Ø-o-xvar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s m-Ø-e-xvar-(u)
pn - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -help- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo helped Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

78. understand (language) Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s šonur-(i) Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - dat s van-( nom ) io 3- pot -hear- pot - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo understands Svan.’
Note: The verb is the lexicalized potential form of ‘to hear’.

79. hit (target) gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
val-k ʔude-s ki-gi-Ø-a-ntx-u
lightning- erg house- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself g-Ø-i-č'k'ir-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
čelo-k oxok'al-it g-Ø-i-č'k'ir-u
pn - erg razor- ins prv - do 3- ver : s -cut- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck gi-Ø-a-č'ab-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
č'irka-k st'ol-s ki-gi-Ø-a-č'ab-u
glass- erg table- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -glue- s 3 sg . pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) c'a-Ø-a-g-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC
X: ERG
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-c'k'uma c'a-Ø-a-g-u
pn - erg pn - pstp : soc prv - do 3- ver : sup -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost to Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

83. be glad Ø-o-xiol-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s nač'ara-k mangaro(t) Ø-a-xiol-(u)
pn - dat letter- erg greatly io 3- ver : r -be_glad- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got very pleased by the letter.’

84. speak Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’

85. give birth Ø-o-rčkin-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
anučia-k boš-(i) g-Ø-a-rčkin-(u)
pn - erg boy-( nom ) prv - do 3- fact -beget- s 3 sg . pst
‘Anuchia gave birth to a son.’

86. drop do-Ø-u-ol-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s č'irka-k ku-d-Ø-u-ol-(u)
pn - dat glass- erg aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo dropped the glass.’

87. govern Ø-nǯγver-un-s

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø čkin oput'e-s Ø-nǯγver-un-s
pn - nom our village- dat do 3-drive- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo runs our town.’

88. miss Ø-o-nart'-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-o-nart'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -miss- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo misses Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

89. follow ge-Ø-ʔ-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s ge-Ø-ʔ-un-s
pn - nom pn - dat prv - io 3-follow- r . ext - s 3 sg
‘Chelo follows Anuchia.’

90. dismount gim-Ø-ur-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-k cxen-(i)še(n) gim-Ø-e-l-(u)
pn - erg horse- abl prv - s 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got down from the horse.’

91. listen Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø radio-s Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom radio- dat io 3- ver : o -hear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is listening to radio.’

92. obey Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø dia-muš-i-s iro(t) Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom mother- refl . poss - dat always io 3- ver : o -hear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo obeys his mother.’

93. hear Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s musik'a-Ø Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - dat music- nom io 3- pot -hear- pot - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo hears the music.’

94. mix miš-Ø-e-c’q’or-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
topur-k bža-s ki-mš-Ø-e-c’q’or-u
honey- erg milk- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : s -mix- s 3 sg . pst
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look Ø-u-ǯin-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø munapa-s Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom cloud- dat io 3- ver : o -look_at- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is looking at the cloud.’

96. take off mik'-Ø-i-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k osare-Ø ga-mk'-Ø-i-nc'q'-u
pn - erg shirt- nom pfv - prv - do 3- ver : s -take_off- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took off (his) shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom prv - io 3- ver : r -see- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo dreams about Anuchia.’

98. agree d-Ø-a-Ɂ-un-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s ku-d-Ø-a-Ɂ-un-u
pn - erg pn - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -accompany- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo agreed with Anuchia.’

99. have a quarrel c'-Ø-e-k'ind-eb-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s c'-Ø-e-k'ind-u
pn - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -quarrel- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo had a quarrel with Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

100. cost Ø-γir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
te č'irka-Ø art lar-(i) Ø-γir-u(n)-Ø
dem . prox glass- nom one l ari-( nom ) s 3-cost-( sm )- s 3 sg . inact
‘This cup cost one Lari.’
Note: This verb phrase is likely to be a recent borrowing from Georgian.

101. shoot at Ø-o-ʔot-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k čit'-i-s k-Ø-a-ʔot-u
pn - erg bird- b - dat aff - io 3- ver : sup -throw- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo shot at the bird.’

102. pour in-Ø-i-rγv-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k č'irka-ša šankar-(i) k-in-Ø-i-rγ-u
pn - erg glass- all sugar-( nom ) aff - prv - do 3- ver : s -scatter- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k muš-(i) k'ila-Ø mi-Ø-o-din-(u)
pn - erg refl . poss -( nom ) key- nom prv - do 3- fact -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost his keys.’

104. sink Ø-i-nc'q'-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ǯik'-i-k c'q'ar-s di-Ø-i-nc'q'-u
log- b - erg water- dat prv - s 3- ver : s -sink- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill do-Ø-ʔvil-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k anučia-Ø do-Ø-ʔvil-u
pn - erg pn - nom prv - do 3-kill- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo killed Anuchia.’

106. hit xe-s mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s xe-Ø mi-Ø-o-g-u
pn - erg pn - dat hand- nom prv - io 3- ver : sup -hit- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo hit Anuchia.’

107. kiss Ø-o-ǯun-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s k-Ø-a-ǯun-u
pn - erg pn - dat aff - io 3- ver : r -kiss- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo kissed Anuchia.’

108. read Ø-k'itx-ul-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k saint'ereso c'ing-i c'-Ø-e-k'itx-(u)
pn - erg interesting book- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -read- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo read an interesting book.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

109. move (bodypart) Ø-u-kanc-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k k'it-i-s ku-d-Ø-u-kanc-u
pn - erg finger- b - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -move- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo moved his finger.’

110. respect Ø-a-pas-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-a-pas-en-s
pn - nom pn - dat do 3- val -value- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo holds Anuchia in high esteem.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

111. be squeamish Ø-o-c'ic'k'-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s c'ik'vil-i č'k'ud-i Ø-o-c'ic'k'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat dirty- nom dishes- nom io 3- ver : sup -be_squeamish- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content šurirʒγel-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø šurirʒγel-(i) Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø muš sk'ua-t(i)
pn - nom satisfied-( nom ) s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact refl . poss child- ins
‘Chelo is content with his child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). The verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

113. fall in love Ø-e-ʔor-op-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-k k-Ø-e-ʔor-op-u
pn - dat pn - erg aff - io 3- ver : r -love- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fell in love with Anuchia.’

114. trust Ø-o-nd-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-o-nd-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -trust- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo trusts Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque from Georgian.

115. sympathise Ø-e-cod-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s dia-muš-(i) Ø-o-cod-(un)-Ø
pn - dat mother- refl . poss -( nom ) io 3- ver : sup -pity- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo sympathizes with his mother.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque from Georgian.

116. envy Ø-o-nǯar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
čelo-s anučia-ši Ø-o-nǯar-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - gen io 3- ver : sup -envy- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo envies Anuchia.’

117. be angry Ø-a-nč'q'or-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-a-nč'q'or-u-ap-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -be_angry- r . ext - caus - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is angry with Anuchia.’

118. be surprised Ø-e-Ɂ-on-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_INS
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s te nač'q'olopu-t(i) Ø-e-Ɂ-on-(u)
pn - dat dem . prox gift- ins io 3- ver : r -follow- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo got surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s čai-Ø Ø-u-ʔor-s
pn - dat tea- nom io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Chelo loves tea.’

120. enjoy Ø-i-t'kab-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø čxe čai-t Ø-i-t'k'ab-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom hot tea- ins s 3- ver : s -delight- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo enjoys hot tea.’

121. want Ø-o-k'-on-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s Ø-o-k'-o(n)-Ø axal-(i) t'elepon-i
pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -want- sm - s 3 sg . inact new-( nom ) telephone- nom
‘Chelo want a new phone.’

122. have a grudge gurmulir-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-še(n) Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø gur-mulir-(i)
pn - nom pn - abl s 3-( ver : sup )-be- sm - s 3 sg . inact heart-come-( nom )
‘Chelo has a grudge against Anuchia.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

123. take offence Ø-a-nč'q'or-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s ga-Ø-a-nč'q'or-(u)
pn - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -take_offence- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took offence at Anuchia.’

124. upset Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s mangaro(t) Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-ap-u
pn - erg pn - dat greatly io 3- caus -upset- r . ext - caus - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo greatly upset Anuchia.’

125. marvel č'k'ua-še(n) gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
čelo-k č'k'ua-še(n) gin-Ø-i-l-u te noγa-t(i)
pn - erg wit- abl prv - s 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst dem . prox town- ins
‘Chelo got crazy about this town.’

126. despise Ø-ǯog-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-ǯog-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom io 3-despise- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo despises Anuchia.’

127. get upset gonč'q'orel-i Ø-sk'id-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-k mangar gorč'q'orel-k ku-do-Ø-sk'id-(u) muš sk'ua-še(n)
pn - erg great upset- erg aff - prv - s 3-remain- s 3 sg . pst refl . poss child- abl
‘Chelo got greatly upset with his child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). Y is part of an adjunct and its expression can vary.

128. get irritated Ø-γviz-on-d-u(n)-Ø

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø Ø-γviz-on-d-u(n)-Ø muš osursk'ua-še(n)
pn - nom s 3-annoy- r . ext - inch - sm - s 3 sg . inact refl . poss daughter- abl
‘Chelo is getting irritatated with his daughter.’

129. be fond gur-s gi-Ø-o-xant’-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø gur-s gi-Ø-o-xant’-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom heart- dat prv - io 3- ver : sup -paint- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is fond of Anuchia.’
Note: Lit. ‘Chelo has Anuchia painted on his heart.’

130. be shy Ø-o-onǯγor-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ALL
X: DAT
Y: ALL
Locus: XY
čelo-s muš-i sirγin-iša Ø-o-onǯγor-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat refl . poss - b height- all io 3- ver : sup -be_ashamed- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is shy about his height.’