Gascon
Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2017 using the French version of the questionnaire.
How to cite
Zaika, Natalia. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Gascon.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on August 9, 2025; last revised on June 1, 2026.)
(Available online at https://bivaltyp.info , Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 43.18, -0.14 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Romance.
Macro-area: Europe.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
SBJ_a
SBJ_BARE
SBJ_contra
SBJ_dab
SBJ_de
SBJ_dens
SBJ_en.causa.de
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
SBJ_per
SBJ_shens
SBJ_sus
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
a
mau
de
cap
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
pain
of
head
‘Pau has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
la
raca
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
f
flu
‘Pau has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau
a
páur
au
can
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
fear
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
dog
‘Pau is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
gitat
ua
pèira
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
throw.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
f
stone
‘Pau threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
adara
Pau
a
pro
sòs
now
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
enough
money
‘Now Pau has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + NP-internal component).
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau
sembla
a
Maria
pn
look_like.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau resembles Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
crei
a
Maria
pn
believe.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau believes Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
pres
lo
libe
sus
la
tauleta
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
take.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
book
on
def
.
sg
.
f
shelf
‘Pau took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
vei
l’=ostau
pn
see.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
m
=house
‘Pau sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
l’=atge
influéncia
la
memòria
def
.
sg
.
m
=age
influence.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
f
memory
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
rencontrè
a
Maria
pn
meet.
pst
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau encountered Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dens
X: SBJ
Y: dens
Locus: Y
Pau
entrè
dens
l’=ostau
pn
enter.
pst
.3
sg
inside
def
.
sg
.
m
=house
‘Pau entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
es
sortit
de
l’=ostau
pn
be.
prs
.3
sg
exit.
pst
.
ptcp
of
def
.
sg
.
m
=house
‘Pau went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
mena
sa
vaca
au
pastenc
pn
lead.
prs
.3
sg
one’s.
sg
.
f
cow
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
pasture
‘Pau is driving his cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
pleguè
la
branca
pn
bend.
pst
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
f
branch
‘Pau bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau
dishó
a
Miquèu:
“ven
a
véde’=m”
pn
say.
pst
.3
sg
to
pn
come.
imp
to
see.
inf
=
i
.
acc
‘Pau told Miquèu: “Come and see me.”’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
ten
lo
libe
a
la
man
pn
hold.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
m
book
to
def
.
sg
.
f
hand
‘Pau is holding a book in his hand.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
regahat
a
Maria
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
catch_up.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
‘Pau caught up with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
a
tirat
la
lèit
de
la
vaca
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
tear
def
.
sg
.
f
milk
of
def
.
sg
.
f
cow
‘Pau milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
atenhut
la
riba
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
reach.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
shore
‘Pau reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
tocat
lo
mur
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
touch.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
wall
‘Pau touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=es
batut
contra
Miquèu
pn
refl
=be.
prs
.3
sg
fight.
pst
.
ptcp
against
pn
‘Pau fought with Miquèu.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pau
es
un
amic
de
Miquèu
pn
be.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
m
friend
of
pn
‘Pau is friends with Miquèu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau
pensa
a
Maria
pn
think.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau is thinking about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
mingè
la
poma
pn
eat.
pst
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
f
apple
‘Pau ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
rostit
lo
peish
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
fry.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
def
.
sg
.
m
fish
‘Pau fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
espèra
a
Maria
pn
wait.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau is waiting for Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pau
oblidè
qu’=existís
un
aute
camin
pn
forget.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
that=exist.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
m
other.
sg
.
m
road
‘Pau forgot that there was another road.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
la
memòria
d’=ua
persona
depend
de
son
atge
def
.
sg
.
f
memory
of=
indf
.
sg
.
f
person
depend.
prs
.3
sg
of
one’s.
sg
.
m
age
‘One's memory depends on their age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
sonat
a
Maria
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
call.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
to
pn
‘Pau called Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hèi
un
an,
Pau
a
hèit
conseishança
de
Maria
it.has.been
one.
m
.
sg
year
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
make.
pst
.
ptcp
knowledge
of
pn
‘Pau got to know Maria a year ago.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
coneish
a
Miquèu
pn
know_someone.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau knows Miquèu.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
tòca
de
la
guitara
pn
play.
prs
.3
sg
of
def
.
sg
.
f
guitar
‘Pau is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
escantís
a
Maria
pn
avoid.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau avoids Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
fabricat
la
bomba
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
make.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
bomb
‘Pau made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
se
trufa
de
Miquèu
pn
refl
mock.
prs
.3
sg
of
pn
‘Pau is making fun of Miquèu.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
ua
veitura
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
f
car
‘Pau has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
cerca
las
clau-s
pn
look_for.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
pl
.
f
key-
pl
‘Pau is looking for the keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
pintrat
la
barralha
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
paint.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
fence
‘Pau painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lo
can
a
nhacat
a
Pau
def
.
sg
.
m
dog
have.
prs
.3
sg
bite.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
‘The dog bit Pau.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
perdut
son
ostau
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
one’s.
sg
.
m
house
‘Pau lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
gaha
son
gat
pn
catch.
prs
.3
sg
one’s.
sg
.
m
cat
‘Pau is trying to catch his cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
rot
lo
pau
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
break.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
stick
‘Pau broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
flateja
a
Maria
pn
flatter.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau is flattering Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
pau
aima
a
Maria
pn
love.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau loves Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
agita
son
mocador
pn
stir.
prs
.3
sg
one’s.
sg
.
m
handkerchief
‘Pau is waving his handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Paula
sauneja
ad
ua
navèra
veitura
pn
dream.
prs
.3
sg
to
indf
.
sg
.
f
new.
sg
.
f
car(
f
)
‘Pau is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
lavat
la
tassa
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
wash.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
cup(
f
)
‘Pau washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
mes
son
pantalon
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
put.
pst
.
ptcp
one’s.
sg
.
m
trousers
‘Pau put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
aqueth
instrument
se
ditz
ua
bossòla
this.
sg
.
m
instrument
refl
say.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
f
compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
castigat
a
son
hilh
pn
punish.
pst
.3
sg
to
one’s.
sg
.
m
son
‘Pau punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_sus
X: SBJ
Y: sus
Locus: Y
l’=ors
s’=arroncè
suu
pescaire
def
.
sg
.
m
=bear
refl
=attack.
pst
.3
sg
on.
def
.
sg
.
m
fisherman
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
la
selha
s’=es
plenhada
d’=aiga
def
.
sg
.
f
bucket
refl
be.
prs
.3
sg
fill.
pst
.
ptcp
of=water
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
trobè
las
clau-s
pn
find.
pst
.3
sg
def
.
pl
.
f
key-
pl
‘Pau found the keys.’
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
manca
un
euro
a
Pau
be_missing.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
m
euro
to
pn
‘Pau is one euro short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
Maria
l’=a
en
hasti
pn
to
pn
she.
acc
=have.
prs
.3
sg
in
hatred
‘Pau hates Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
aima
aquera
camisa
pn
like
this.
sg
.
f
shirt
‘Pau likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
besonh
sòs
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
need
money
‘Pau needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
las
murralha-s
enròdan
la
vila
def
.
pl
.
f
wall-
pl
surround.
prs
.3
pl
def
.
sg
.
f
city
‘The walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
demòran
dètz
dòlar-s
a
Pau
remain.
prs
.3
pl
ten
dollar-
pl
to
pn
‘Pau has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau
a
responut
au
professor
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
answer.
pst
.
ptcp
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
teacher
‘Pau answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
obèrt
lo
bocau
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
open.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
can
‘Pau opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
ma
camisa
se
distinguís
de
la
toa
my.
sg
.
f
shirt(
f
)
refl
distinguish.
prs
.3
sg
of
def
.
sg
.
f
your.
sg
.
f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=a
hèit
enlà
de
Miren
pn
refl
=have.
prs
.3
sg
make.
pst
.
ptcp
beyond
of
pn
‘Pau fell behind Miren.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
boja
lo
camp
pn
plough.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
m
field
‘Pau is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
mas
man-s
senten
a
l’=essença
my.
pl
.
f
hand-
pl
smell.
prs
.3
pl
to
def
.
sg
.
f
=gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
traversat
la
rota
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
cross.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
road
‘Pau crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
cantat
la
beròia
canta
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
sing.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
beautiful.
sg
.
f
song
‘Pau sang the beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
escriut
la
letra
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
write.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
letter
‘Pau wrote the letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
begut
la
lèit
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
drink.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
milk
‘Pau drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
hèit
hóner
un
tròç
de
plom
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
make.
pst
.
ptcp
melt.
inf
indf
.
sg
.
m
piece
of
lead
‘Pau melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
aquera
cinta
va
a
ma
rauba
this.
sg
.
f
belt
go.
prs
.3
sg
to
my.
sg
.
f
dress
‘This belt go well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
deishat
sa
vila
nadau
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
leave.
pst
.
ptcp
one’s.
sg
.
f
city
native.
sg
.
f
‘Pau left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lo
tapís
còbre
tot
lo
taulat
def
.
sg
.
m
carpet
cover.
prs
.3
sg
all.
sg
.
m
def
.
sg
.
m
floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
se
soven
hòrt
ben
de
l’=ostau
pn
refl
remember.
prs
.3
sg
very
well
of
def
.
sg
.
m
=house
‘Pau remembers the house very well.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
ajudat
a
Maria
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
help.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
‘Pau helped Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
compren
lo
francés
pn
understand.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
m
f
rench
‘Pau understands French.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_sus
X: SBJ
Y: sus
Locus: Y
lo
hrugle
es
tombat
sus
l’=ostau
def
.
sg
.
f
lightning
be.
prs
.3
sg
fall.
pst
.
ptcp
on
def
.
sg
.
m
=house
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=es
picat
dab
un
rasèr
pn
refl
=be.
prs
.3
sg
cut.
pst
.
ptcp
with
indf
.
sg
.
m
razor
‘Pau cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
lo
veire
s’=es
gahat
a
la
taula
def
.
sg
.
m
glass(
m
)
refl
=be.
prs
.3
sg
stick.
pst
.
ptcp
to
def
.
sg
.
f
table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en.causa.de
X: SBJ
Y: en.causa.de
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=a
regaudit
en
causa
de
la
letra
pn
refl
=have.
prs
.3
sg
gladden.
pst
.
ptcp
in
reason
of
def
.
sg
.
f
letter
‘Pau was glad because of the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau
parla
a
Maria
pn
talk.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau is speaking to Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Maria
s’=es
acochada
d’=un
còisho
pn
refl
=be.
prs
.3
sg
give_birth.
pst
.
ptcp
.
f
of=
indf
.
sg
.
m
boy
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
deishat
càder
un
veire
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
let.
pst
.
ptcp
fall.
inf
indf
.
sg
.
m
glass
‘Pau dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
govèrna
nòste
borg
pn
rule.
prs
.3
sg
our.
sg
town
‘Pau runs our town.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_shens
X: SBJ
Y: shens
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=anuja
shens
Maria
pn
refl
=bore.
prs
.3
sg
without
pn
‘Pau misses Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
sèc
a
Maria
pn
follow.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau follows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau
a
devarat
de
chivau
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
dismount.
pst
.
ptcp
of
horse
‘Pau got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
escota
la
radio
pn
listen.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
f
radio
‘Pau is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau
aubedís
a
sa
mair
pn
obey.
prs
.3
sg
to
one’s.
sg
.
f
mother
‘Pau obeys his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
audís
la
musica
pn
hear.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
f
music
‘Pau hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
lo
mèu
s’=es
barrejada
dab
la
lèit
def
.
sg
.
m
honey(
m
)
refl
=be.
prs
.3
sg
mix.
pst
.
ptcp
with
def
.
sg
.
f
milk
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
espia
las
nua-s
pn
look_at.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
pl
.
f
cloud-
pl
‘Pau is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
s’=a
tirat
la
camisa
pn
refl
=have.
prs
.3
sg
tear.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
f
shirt
‘Pau took off the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau
sauneja
a
Maria
pn
dream.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pau dreams about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pau
estó
d’=acòrd
dab
Maria
pn
be.
pst
.3
sg
of=agreement
with
pn
‘Pau agreed with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=a
cascanhat
dab
Maria
pn
refl
=have.
prs
.3
sg
argue.
pst
.
ptcp
with
pn
‘Pau had an argument with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
aquera
tassa
còsta
un
dòlar
def
.
sg
.
f
cup
cost.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
m
dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_sus
X: SBJ
Y: sus
Locus: Y
Pau
a
tirat
sus
un
ausèth
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
shoot.
pst
.
ptcp
on
indf
.
sg
.
m
bird
‘Pau shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
metó
sucre
pn
put.
pst
.3
sg
sugar
‘Pau poured sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
perdó
sas
clau-s
pn
lose.
pst
.3
sg
one’s.
pl
.
f
key-
pl
‘Pau lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dens
X: SBJ
Y: dens
Locus: Y
lo
trap
s’=en.honsè
dens
l’=aiga
def
.
sg
.
m
log
refl
=in#dive.
pst
.3
sg
inside
def
.
sg
.
f
=water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
tuat
a
Maria
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
kill.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
‘Pau killed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
tustat
a
Maria
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
hit.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
‘Pau hit Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
abraçat
a
Maria
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
kiss.
pst
.
ptcp
to
pn
‘Pau kissed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
legit
un
libe
interessant
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
read.
pst
.
ptcp
indf
.
sg
.
m
book
interesting.
sg
.
m
‘Pau read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau
a
remudat
lo
dit
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
move.
pst
.
ptcp
def
.
sg
.
m
finger
‘Pau moved the finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
respecta
a
Maria
pn
respect.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pèir respects Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
los
plat-s
sales
hèn
narri
a
Pèir
def
.
pl
.
m
dish-
pl
dirty.
pl
.
m
pn
make.
prs
.3
pl
disgust
to
pn
‘Pèir is disgusted by dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir
es
content
de
son
hilh
pn
be.
prs
.3
sg
pleased.
sg
.
m
of
one’s.
sg
.
m
son
‘Pèir is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir
es
tombat
amorós
de
Maria
pn
be.
prs
.3
sg
fall.
pst
.
ptcp
enamoured.
sg
.
m
of
pn
‘Pèir fell in love with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pèir
se
hida
a
Maria
pn
refl
trust.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pèir trusts Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
planh
a
sa
mair
pn
sympathise.
prs
.3
sg
to
one’s.
sg
.
f
mother
‘Pèir sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
enveja
a
Maria
pn
envy.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pèir envies Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pèir
s’=enmalís
contra
Maria
pn
refl
=make_angry.
prs
.3
sg
against
pn
‘Pèir is angry with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir
s’=estonè
d’=aqueth
cadèu
pn
refl
=surprise.
pst
.3
sg
of=this.
sg
.
m
gift
‘Pèir was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
aima
lo
tè
pn
like.
prs
.3
sg
def
.
sg
.
m
tea
‘Pèir loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir
se
regala
deu
tè
caud
pn
refl
enjoy.
prs
.3
sg
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
tea
hot.
sg
.
m
‘Pèir enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
vòu
un
portable
navèth
pn
want.
prs
.3
sg
indf
.
sg
.
m
mobile_phone
new.
sg
.
m
‘Pèir wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pèir
s’=enmalís
contra
Maria
pn
refl
=make_angry.
prs
.3
sg
against
pn
‘Pèir is angry with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pau
s’=aufensè
contra
Maria
pn
refl
=offend.
pst
.3
sg
against
pn
‘Pau got offended at Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
hòrt
empenat
a
Maria.
pn
very
push.
pst
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pèir greatly upset Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir
s’=estonè
hòrt
d’=aquera
vila
pn
refl
=surprise.
pst
.3
sg
very
of=this.
sg
.
f
city
‘Pèir was strongly surprised by this town.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir
mespresa
a
Maria
pn
despise.
prs
.3
sg
to
pn
‘Pèir despises Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
X: SBJ
Y: per
Locus: Y
Pèir
s’=a
tartucat
per
son
hilh
pn
refl
=have.
prs
.3
sg
make_sad.
pst
.
ptcp
by
one’s.
sg
.
m
son
‘Pèir was upset by his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pèir
s’=esmalís
contra
soa
hilha
pn
refl
=irritate.
prs
.3
sg
against
one’s.
sg
.
f
daughter
‘Pèir is irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pèir
se’n
aven
dab
Maria
pn
refl
=of.it
have.
prs
.3
pl
with
pn
‘Pèir gets on well with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en.causa.de
X: SBJ
Y: en.causa.de
Locus: Y
Pèir
a
honta
en
causa
de
sa
talha
pn
have.
prs
.3
sg
shame
in
reason
of
one’s.
sg
.
f
height
‘Pèir is ashamed of his small height.’
