BivalTyp

Gascon

Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile)

N.Z.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2017 using the French version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Zaika, Natalia. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Gascon. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 9, 2025; last revised on August 9, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain a mau

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau a mau de cap
pn have. prs .3 sg pain of head
‘Pau has a headache.’

2. have (illness) a

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a la raca
pn have. prs .3 sg def . sg . f flu
‘Pau has the flu.’

3. be afraid a páur

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau a páur au can
pn have. prs .3 sg fear to. def . sg . m dog
‘Pau is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw a gitat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a gitat ua pèira
pn have. prs .3 sg throw. pst . ptcp indf . sg . f stone
‘Pau threw a stone.’

5. have enough a pro

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
adara Pau a pro sòs
now pn have. prs .3 sg enough money
‘Now Pau has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + NP-internal component).

6. resemble sembla

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau sembla a Maria
pn look_like. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau resembles Maria.’

7. believe crei

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau crei a Maria
pn believe. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau believes Maria.’

8. take a pres

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a pres lo libe sus la tauleta
pn have. prs .3 sg take. pst . ptcp def . sg . m book on def . sg . f shelf
‘Pau took a book from the shelf.’

9. see vei

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau vei l’=ostau
pn see. prs .3 sg def . sg . m =house
‘Pau sees a house.’

10. influence influéncia

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
l’=atge influéncia la memòria
def . sg . m =age influence. prs .3 sg def . sg . f memory
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rencontrè

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau rencontrè a Maria
pn meet. pst .3 sg to pn
‘Pau encountered Maria.’

12. enter entrè

Valency pattern: SBJ_dens
X: SBJ
Y: dens
Locus: Y
Pau entrè dens l’=ostau
pn enter. pst .3 sg inside def . sg . m =house
‘Pau entered the house.’

13. win *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

14. go out (es) sortit

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau es sortit de l’=ostau
pn be. prs .3 sg exit. pst . ptcp of def . sg . m =house
‘Pau went out of the house.’

15. drive mena

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau mena sa vaca au pastenc
pn lead. prs .3 sg one’s. sg . f cow to. def . sg . m pasture
‘Pau is driving his cow to the pasture.’

16. bend pleguè

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau pleguè la branca
pn bend. pst .3 sg def . sg . f branch
‘Pau bent the branch.’

17. tell dishó

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau dishó a Miquèu: “ven a véde’=m”
pn say. pst .3 sg to pn come. imp to see. inf = i . acc
‘Pau told Miquèu: “Come and see me.”’

18. hold ten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau ten lo libe a la man
pn hold. prs .3 sg def . sg . m book to def . sg . f hand
‘Pau is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up a regahat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a regahat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg catch_up. pst . ptcp to pn
‘Pau caught up with Maria.’

20. milk tirat la lèit

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau a tirat la lèit de la vaca
pn have. prs .3 sg tear def . sg . f milk of def . sg . f cow
‘Pau milked the cow.’

21. reach a atenhut

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a atenhut la riba
pn have. prs .3 sg reach. pst . ptcp def . sg . f shore
‘Pau reached the bank.’

22. touch a tocat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a tocat lo mur
pn have. prs .3 sg touch. pst . ptcp def . sg . m wall
‘Pau touched the wall.’

23. fight s'es batut

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pau s’=es batut contra Miquèu
pn refl =be. prs .3 sg fight. pst . ptcp against pn
‘Pau fought with Miquèu.’

24. be friends es un amic

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pau es un amic de Miquèu
pn be. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m friend of pn
‘Pau is friends with Miquèu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think pensa

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau pensa a Maria
pn think. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau is thinking about Maria.’

26. eat mingè

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau mingè la poma
pn eat. pst .3 sg def . sg . f apple
‘Pau ate an apple.’

27. fry a rostit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a rostit lo peish
pn have. prs .3 sg fry. pst . ptcp . m def . sg . m fish
‘Pau fried the fish.’

28. wait espèra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau espèra a Maria
pn wait. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau is waiting for Maria.’

29. forget oblidè

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pau oblidè qu’=existís un aute camin
pn forget. pst .3 sg . m that=exist. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m other. sg . m road
‘Pau forgot that there was another road.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

30. depend depend

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
la memòria d’=ua persona depend de son atge
def . sg . f memory of= indf . sg . f person depend. prs .3 sg of one’s. sg . m age
‘One's memory depends on their age.’

31. call a sonat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a sonat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg call. pst . ptcp . m to pn
‘Pau called Maria.’

32. get to know a hèit conseishança

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hèi un an, Pau a hèit conseishança de Maria
it.has.been one. m . sg year pn have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp knowledge of pn
‘Pau got to know Maria a year ago.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

33. know coneish

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau coneish a Miquèu
pn know_someone. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau knows Miquèu.’

34. play (instrument) tòca

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau tòca de la guitara
pn play. prs .3 sg of def . sg . f guitar
‘Pau is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid escantís

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau escantís a Maria
pn avoid. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau avoids Maria.’

36. make a fabricat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a fabricat la bomba
pn have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp def . sg . f bomb
‘Pau made a bomb.’

37. make fun se trufa

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau se trufa de Miquèu
pn refl mock. prs .3 sg of pn
‘Pau is making fun of Miquèu.’

38. have a

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a ua veitura
pn have. prs .3 sg indf . sg . f car
‘Pau has a car.’

39. look for cerca

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau cerca las clau-s
pn look_for. prs .3 sg def . pl . f key- pl
‘Pau is looking for the keys.’

40. paint a pintrat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a pintrat la barralha
pn have. prs .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp def . sg . f fence
‘Pau painted the fence.’

41. bite a nhacat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lo can a nhacat a Pau
def . sg . m dog have. prs .3 sg bite. pst . ptcp to pn
‘The dog bit Pau.’

42. forfeit a perdut

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a perdut son ostau
pn have. prs .3 sg lose. pst . ptcp one’s. sg . m house
‘Pau lost his house.’

43. try to catch gaha

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau gaha son gat
pn catch. prs .3 sg one’s. sg . m cat
‘Pau is trying to catch his cat.’

44. break a rot

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a rot lo pau
pn have. prs .3 sg break. pst . ptcp def . sg . m stick
‘Pau broke the stick.’

45. flatter flateja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau flateja a Maria
pn flatter. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) aima

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
pau aima a Maria
pn love. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau loves Maria.’

47. wave agita

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau agita son mocador
pn stir. prs .3 sg one’s. sg . m handkerchief
‘Pau is waving his handkerchief.’

48. dream sauneja

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Paula sauneja ad ua navèra veitura
pn dream. prs .3 sg to indf . sg . f new. sg . f car( f )
‘Pau is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash a lavat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a lavat la tassa
pn have. prs .3 sg wash. pst . ptcp def . sg . f cup( f )
‘Pau washed the cup.’

50. put on a mes

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a mes son pantalon
pn have. prs .3 sg put. pst . ptcp one’s. sg . m trousers
‘Pau put on his trousers.’

51. be called se ditz

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
aqueth instrument se ditz ua bossòla
this. sg . m instrument refl say. prs .3 sg indf . sg . f compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish castigat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau castigat a son hilh
pn punish. pst .3 sg to one’s. sg . m son
‘Pau punished his son.’

53. attack s'arroncè

Valency pattern: SBJ_sus
X: SBJ
Y: sus
Locus: Y
l’=ors s’=arroncè suu pescaire
def . sg . m =bear refl =attack. pst .3 sg on. def . sg . m fisherman
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) s 'es plenhada

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
la selha s’=es plenhada d’=aiga
def . sg . f bucket refl be. prs .3 sg fill. pst . ptcp of=water
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find trobè

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau trobè las clau-s
pn find. pst .3 sg def . pl . f key- pl
‘Pau found the keys.’

56. be short manca

Valency pattern: NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
manca un euro a Pau
be_missing. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m euro to pn
‘Pau is one euro short.’

57. hate a en hasti

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a Maria l’=a en hasti
pn to pn she. acc =have. prs .3 sg in hatred
‘Pau hates Maria.’

58. like aima

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau aima aquera camisa
pn like this. sg . f shirt
‘Pau likes this shirt.’

59. need a besonh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a besonh sòs
pn have. prs .3 sg need money
‘Pau needs money.’

60. surround enròdan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
las murralha-s enròdan la vila
def . pl . f wall- pl surround. prs .3 pl def . sg . f city
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain demòran

Valency pattern: NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
demòran dètz dòlar-s a Pau
remain. prs .3 pl ten dollar- pl to pn
‘Pau has ten dollars left.’

62. answer responut

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau a responut au professor
pn have. prs .3 sg answer. pst . ptcp to. def . sg . m teacher
‘Pau answered the teacher.’

63. open a obèrt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a obèrt lo bocau
pn have. prs .3 sg open. pst . ptcp def . sg . m can
‘Pau opened a can.’

64. be different se distinguís

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
ma camisa se distinguís de la toa
my. sg . f shirt( f ) refl distinguish. prs .3 sg of def . sg . f your. sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind s'a hèit enlà

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau s’=a hèit enlà de Miren
pn refl =have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp beyond of pn
‘Pau fell behind Miren.’

66. plough boja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau boja lo camp
pn plough. prs .3 sg def . sg . m field
‘Pau is ploughing the field.’

67. smell senten

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
mas man-s senten a l’=essença
my. pl . f hand- pl smell. prs .3 pl to def . sg . f =gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross a traversat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a traversat la rota
pn have. prs .3 sg cross. pst . ptcp def . sg . f road
‘Pau crossed the road.’

69. sing a cantat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a cantat la beròia canta
pn have. prs .3 sg sing. pst . ptcp def . sg . f beautiful. sg . f song
‘Pau sang the beautiful song.’

70. write a escriut

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a escriut la letra
pn have. prs .3 sg write. pst . ptcp def . sg . f letter
‘Pau wrote the letter.’

71. drink a begut

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a begut la lèit
pn have. prs .3 sg drink. pst . ptcp def . sg . f milk
‘Pau drank the milk.’

72. melt a hèit hóner

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a hèit hóner un tròç de plom
pn have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp melt. inf indf . sg . m piece of lead
‘Pau melted a piece of lead.’

73. match va

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
aquera cinta va a ma rauba
this. sg . f belt go. prs .3 sg to my. sg . f dress
‘This belt go well with my dress.’

74. leave a deishat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a deishat sa vila nadau
pn have. prs .3 sg leave. pst . ptcp one’s. sg . f city native. sg . f
‘Pau left his native city.’

75. cover còbre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lo tapís còbre tot lo taulat
def . sg . m carpet cover. prs .3 sg all. sg . m def . sg . m floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember se soven

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau se soven hòrt ben de l’=ostau
pn refl remember. prs .3 sg very well of def . sg . m =house
‘Pau remembers the house very well.’

77. help a ajudat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a ajudat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg help. pst . ptcp to pn
‘Pau helped Maria.’

78. understand (language) compren

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau compren lo francés
pn understand. prs .3 sg def . sg . m f rench
‘Pau understands French.’

79. hit (target) es tombat

Valency pattern: SBJ_sus
X: SBJ
Y: sus
Locus: Y
lo hrugle es tombat sus l’=ostau
def . sg . f lightning be. prs .3 sg fall. pst . ptcp on def . sg . m =house
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself s 'es picat

Valency pattern: SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pau s’=es picat dab un rasèr
pn refl =be. prs .3 sg cut. pst . ptcp with indf . sg . m razor
‘Pau cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck s 'es gahat

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
lo veire s’=es gahat a la taula
def . sg . m glass( m ) refl =be. prs .3 sg stick. pst . ptcp to def . sg . f table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) a perdut

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

83. be glad s'a regaudit

Valency pattern: SBJ_en.causa.de
X: SBJ
Y: en.causa.de
Locus: Y
Pau s’=a regaudit en causa de la letra
pn refl =have. prs .3 sg gladden. pst . ptcp in reason of def . sg . f letter
‘Pau was glad because of the letter.’

84. speak parla

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau parla a Maria
pn talk. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau is speaking to Maria.’

85. give birth s'es acochada

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Maria s’=es acochada d’=un còisho
pn refl =be. prs .3 sg give_birth. pst . ptcp . f of= indf . sg . m boy
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop a deishat càder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a deishat càder un veire
pn have. prs .3 sg let. pst . ptcp fall. inf indf . sg . m glass
‘Pau dropped the glass.’

87. govern govèrna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau govèrna nòste borg
pn rule. prs .3 sg our. sg town
‘Pau runs our town.’

88. miss s'anuja

Valency pattern: SBJ_shens
X: SBJ
Y: shens
Locus: Y
Pau s’=anuja shens Maria
pn refl =bore. prs .3 sg without pn
‘Pau misses Maria.’

89. follow sec

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau sèc a Maria
pn follow. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau follows Maria.’

90. dismount a devarat

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pau a devarat de chivau
pn have. prs .3 sg dismount. pst . ptcp of horse
‘Pau got down from the horse.’

91. listen escota

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau escota la radio
pn listen. prs .3 sg def . sg . f radio
‘Pau is listening to radio.’

92. obey aubedís

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pau aubedís a sa mair
pn obey. prs .3 sg to one’s. sg . f mother
‘Pau obeys his mother.’

93. hear audís

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau audís la musica
pn hear. prs .3 sg def . sg . f music
‘Pau hears the music.’

94. mix s'es barrejada

Valency pattern: SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
lo mèu s’=es barrejada dab la lèit
def . sg . m honey( m ) refl =be. prs .3 sg mix. pst . ptcp with def . sg . f milk
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look espia

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau espia las nua-s
pn look_at. prs .3 sg def . pl . f cloud- pl
‘Pau is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off s'a tirat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau s’=a tirat la camisa
pn refl =have. prs .3 sg tear. pst . ptcp def . sg . f shirt
‘Pau took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sauneja

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau sauneja a Maria
pn dream. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau dreams about Maria.’

98. agree estó d'acòrd

Valency pattern: SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pau estó d’=acòrd dab Maria
pn be. pst .3 sg of=agreement with pn
‘Pau agreed with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel s'a cascanhat

Valency pattern: SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pau s’=a cascanhat dab Maria
pn refl =have. prs .3 sg argue. pst . ptcp with pn
‘Pau had an argument with Maria.’

100. cost còsta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
aquera tassa còsta un dòlar
def . sg . f cup cost. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at tirat

Valency pattern: SBJ_sus
X: SBJ
Y: sus
Locus: Y
Pau a tirat sus un ausèth
pn have. prs .3 sg shoot. pst . ptcp on indf . sg . m bird
‘Pau shot at the bird.’

102. pour metó

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau metó sucre
pn put. pst .3 sg sugar
‘Pau poured sugar.’

103. lose perdó

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau perdó sas clau-s
pn lose. pst .3 sg one’s. pl . f key- pl
‘Pau lost his keys.’

104. sink s'en honsè

Valency pattern: SBJ_dens
X: SBJ
Y: dens
Locus: Y
lo trap s’=en honsè dens l’=aiga
def . sg . m log refl =in dive. pst .3 sg inside def . sg . f =water
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill a tuat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a tuat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg kill. pst . ptcp to pn
‘Pau killed Maria.’

106. hit a tustat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a tustat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg hit. pst . ptcp to pn
‘Pau hit Maria.’

107. kiss a abraçat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a abraçat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg kiss. pst . ptcp to pn
‘Pau kissed Maria.’

108. read a legit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a legit un libe interessant
pn have. prs .3 sg read. pst . ptcp indf . sg . m book interesting. sg . m
‘Pau read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) a remudat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a remudat lo dit
pn have. prs .3 sg move. pst . ptcp def . sg . m finger
‘Pau moved the finger.’

110. respect respecta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir respecta a Maria
pn respect. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish hèn narri

Valency pattern: NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
los plat-s sales hèn narri a Pèir
def . pl . m dish- pl dirty. pl . m pn make. prs .3 pl disgust to pn
‘Pèir is disgusted by dirty dishes.’

112. be content es content

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir es content de son hilh
pn be. prs .3 sg pleased. sg . m of one’s. sg . m son
‘Pèir is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love es tombat amorós

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir es tombat amorós de Maria
pn be. prs .3 sg fall. pst . ptcp enamoured. sg . m of pn
‘Pèir fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust hida

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pèir se hida a Maria
pn refl trust. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise planh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir planh a sa mair
pn sympathise. prs .3 sg to one’s. sg . f mother
‘Pèir sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy enveja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir enveja a Maria
pn envy. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir envies Maria.’

117. be angry s'enmalís

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=enmalís contra Maria
pn refl =make_angry. prs .3 sg against pn
‘Pèir is angry with Maria.’

118. be surprised s'estonè

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=estonè d’=aqueth cadèu
pn refl =surprise. pst .3 sg of=this. sg . m gift
‘Pèir was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) aima

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir aima lo
pn like. prs .3 sg def . sg . m tea
‘Pèir loves tea.’

120. enjoy se regala

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir se regala deu caud
pn refl enjoy. prs .3 sg of. def . sg . m tea hot. sg . m
‘Pèir enjoys hot tea.’

121. want vòu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir vòu un portable navèth
pn want. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m mobile_phone new. sg . m
‘Pèir wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge s'enmalís

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=enmalís contra Maria
pn refl =make_angry. prs .3 sg against pn
‘Pèir is angry with Maria.’

123. take offence s'aufensè

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pau s’=aufensè contra Maria
pn refl =offend. pst .3 sg against pn
‘Pau got offended at Maria.’

124. upset empenat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir hòrt empenat a Maria.
pn very push. pst .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir greatly upset Maria.’

125. marvel s'estonè

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=estonè hòrt d’=aquera vila
pn refl =surprise. pst .3 sg very of=this. sg . f city
‘Pèir was strongly surprised by this town.’

126. despise mespresa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir mespresa a Maria
pn despise. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir despises Maria.’

127. get upset s'a tartucat

Valency pattern: SBJ_per
X: SBJ
Y: per
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=a tartucat per son hilh
pn refl =have. prs .3 sg make_sad. pst . ptcp by one’s. sg . m son
‘Pèir was upset by his son.’

128. get irritated s'esmalís

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=esmalís contra soa hilha
pn refl =irritate. prs .3 sg against one’s. sg . f daughter
‘Pèir is irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond se'n aven

Valency pattern: SBJ_dab
X: SBJ
Y: dab
Locus: Y
Pèir se’n aven dab Maria
pn refl =of.it have. prs .3 pl with pn
‘Pèir gets on well with Maria.’

130. be shy a honta

Valency pattern: SBJ_en.causa.de
X: SBJ
Y: en.causa.de
Locus: Y
Pèir a honta en causa de sa talha
pn have. prs .3 sg shame in reason of one’s. sg . f height
‘Pèir is ashamed of his small height.’