South Levantine Arabic (Nazareth)

Contributed by Marah Deeb (LinkedIn profile).

M.D.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Deeb, Marah. 2025. Bivalent patterns in South Levantine Arabic (Nazareth). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 1, 2025; last revised on January 1, 2025.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 32.7, 35.3.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Afro-Asiatic, genus: Semitic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Shadi	ʿind-o	waǧaʿ	rās
pn	at- poss .3 m . sg	pain( n )	head
‘Shadi has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) COP

Valency pattern: EXT&ind_BARE

X: EXT&ind

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

Shadi	ʿind-o	influwanza
pn	at- poss .3 m . sg	flu
‘Shadi has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid x.ā.f

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	bixāf	min	il-kaleb
pn	be.afraid. pres .3 m . sg	from	def -dog
‘Shadi is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw r.m.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	rama	ḥaǧar
pn	throw. pst .3 m . sg	stone
‘Shadi threw a stone.’

5. have enough kifāy + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Shadi	maʿ-o	kifāy	maṣāre
pn	with- poss .3 m . sg	enough	money
‘Shadi has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble š.b.h

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bišbah	Reem
pn	resemble. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi resembles Reem.’

7. believe ṣ.d.ʾ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	mṣaddiʾ	Reem
pn	believe. ptcp .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi believes Reem.’

8. take ʾ.x.d

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾaxad	ktab
pn	take. pst .3 m . sg	book
‘Shadi took a book.’

9. see š.ā.f

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	šāyef	il-bēt
pn	see. ptcp .3 m . sg	house- def
‘Shadi sees the house.’

10. influence ʾ.t.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

il-ʿumor	biʾatter	ʿala	iz-zakre
def -age	affect. pres .3 m . sg	on	def -memory
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter l.ʾ.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	iltaʾa	bi-Reem
pn	meet. pst .3 m . sg	in- pn
‘Shadi encountered Reem.’

12. enter f.ā.t

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	fāt	ʿala	il-bēt
pn	enter. pst .3 m . sg	on	def -house
‘Shadi entered the house.’

13. win ġ.l.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ġalab	Reem
pn	win. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi beat Reem.’

14. go out ṭ.l.ʿ

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	ṭileʿ	min	il-bēt
pn	go.out. pst .3 m . sg	from	def -house
‘Shadi went out of the house.’

15. drive s.ū.ʾ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿam	bisūʾ	is-sayyara
pn	prg	drive. pres .3 m . sg	def -car
‘Shadi is driving the car.’

16. bend ṭ.ʿ.ǧ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ṭaʿaǧ	il-ġuson
pn	bend. pst .3 m . sg	def -branch
‘Shadi bent the branch.’

17. tell ḥ.k.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Shadi	ḥaka	la-Reem…
pn	tell. pst .3 m . sg	to- pn
‘Shadi told Reem….’

18. hold m.s.k

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	māsek	ktab
pn	hold. ptcp .3 m . sg	book
‘Shadi is holding the book.’

19. catch up l.ḥ.ʾ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	liḥeʾ	Reem
pn	catch.up. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi caught up with Reem.’

20. milk ẖ.l.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ẖalab	il-baʾara
pn	milk. pst .3 m . sg	def -cow
‘Shadi milked the cow.’

21. reach w.ṣ.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	wiṣel	iš-šaṭṭ
pn	reach. pst .3 m . sg	def -shore
‘Shadi reached the beach (shore).’

22. touch d.ʾ.r

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	daʾar	il- ḥēṭ
pn	touch- pst .3 m . sg	def -wall
‘Shadi touched the wall.’

23. fight ġ.w.š

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	bitġāwaš	maʿ	Reem
pn	prog	fight. pres .3 m . sg	with	pn
‘Shadi is fighting with Reem.’

24. be friends ṣḥāb + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Shadi	ṣḥāb	maʿ	Reem
pn	friend. pl	with	r eem
‘Shadi is friends with Reem.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think f.k.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	bifakker	bi-Reem
pn	prog	think. pres .3 m . sg	in- pn
‘Shadi is thinking about Reem.’

26. eat ʾ.k.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾakal	tuffaḥa
pn	eat. pst .3 m . sg	apple
‘Shadi ate an apple.’

27. fry ʾ.l.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾala	samake
pn	fry. pst .3 m . sg	fish
‘Shadi fried a fish.’

28. wait s.t.n.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿam	bistanna	Reem
pn	prog	wait. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi is waiting for Reem.’

29. forget n.s.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	nise	it-tarīʾ	it-tanye
pn	forget. pst .3 m . sg	def -road	def -second
‘Shadi forgot the other road.’

30. depend ʿ.l.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

iz-zakre	btitʿallaʾ	bi-l-ʿumor
def -memory	depend. pres .3 m . sg	in- def -age
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call n.d.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	nāda	ʿala	Reem
pn	call. pst .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Shadi called Reem.’

32. get to know ʿ.r.f

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	tʿarraf	ʿala	Reem
pn	be.acquainted. pst .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Petter got to know Reem.’

33. know ʿ.r.f

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biʿref	Reem
pn	know. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi knows Reem.’

34. play (instrument) ʿ.z.f

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	biʿzef	ʿala	il-gitara
pn	prog	play. pres .3 m . sg	on	def -guitar
‘Shadi is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ǧ.n.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bitǧannab	Reem
pn	avoid. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi avoids Reem.’

36. make ʿ.m.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿimel	kaʿke
pn	make. pst .3 m . sg	cake
‘Shadi made a cake.’

37. make fun m.s.x.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	bitmasxar	ʿala	Reem
pn	prog	make.fun. pres .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Shadi is making fun of Reem.’

38. have COP

Valency pattern: EXT&ind_BARE

X: EXT&ind

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

Shadi	ʿind-o	sayyara
pn	at- poss .3 m . sg	car
‘Shadi has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for d.w.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	bidawwer	ʿala	mafatīḥ-o
pn	prog	search. pres .3 m . sg	on	key. pl - poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi is looking for his keys.’

40. paint d.h.n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	dahan	is-syāǧ
pn	paint. pst .3 m . sg	def -fence
‘Shadi painted the fence.’

41. bite ʿ.ḍ.ḍ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

il-kaleb	ʿaḍḍ	Shadi
def -dog	bite. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘The dog bit Shadi.’

42. forfeit x.s.r

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	xiser	bēt-o
pn	lose. pst	.3 m . sg house- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi lost his house.’

43. try to catch m.s.k

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿam	biḥawel	yimsek	bisse
pn	prog	try. pres .3 m . sg	catch. prs .3 m . sg	cat
‘Shadi is trying to catch a cat.’

44. break k.s.r

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	kasar	ʿaṣāy
pn	break. pst .3 m . sg	stick
‘Shadi broke a stick.’

45. flatter ǧ.m.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ǧāmal	Reem
pn	flatter. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi flattered Reem.’

46. love (person) ḥ.b.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biḥeb	Reem
pn	love. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi loves Reem.’

47. wave l.w.ḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿam	bilawweḥ	išarp
pn	prog	wave. pres .3 m . sg	handkerchief
‘Shadi is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ḥ.l.m

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	biḥlam	bi-sayyāra	ǧdīde
pn	prog	dream. pres .3 m . sg	in-car	new
‘Shadi is dreaming of a new a car.’

49. wash ġ.s.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ġasal	il-finǧān
pn	wash. pst .3 m . sg	def -cup
‘Shadi washed the cup.’

50. put on l.b.s

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	libes	bantalōn
pn	wear. pst .3 m . sg	pants
‘Shadi put on pants.’

51. be called usom + COP

Valency pattern: EXT_BARE

X: EXT

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

hāy	il-ʾāle	usom-ha	būṣale
this	def -tool	name- poss .3 f . sg	compass
‘this tool is named a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish ʾ.ṣ.ṣ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾāṣaṣ	ibn-o
pn	punish. pst .3 m . sg	son- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi punished his son.’

53. attack h.ǧ.m

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

id-dob	haǧam	ʿala	iṣ-ṣayyād
def -bear	attack. pst .3 m . sg	on	def -hunter
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) m.l.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

is-saṭel	intala	may
def -bucket	fill. pst . pass .3 m . sg	water
‘The bucket was filled with water.’

55. find l.ʾ.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	lāʾa	mafatīḥ-o
pn	find- pst .3 m . sg	key. pl - poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi found his keys.’

56. be short n.ʾ.s

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	nāʾṣ-o	dolar
pn	lack. ptcp - poss .3 m . sg	dollar
‘Shadi lacks one dollar.’

57. hate k.r.h

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bikrah	Reem
pn	hate. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi hates Reem.’

58. like ḥ.b.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ḥābeb	hād	il-ʾamīṣ
pn	love. ptcp .3 m . sg	this	def -shirt
‘Shadi likes this shirt.’

59. need bi-ḥāǧe + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Shadi	bi-ḥāǧe	la-maṣāre
pn	in-need	to-money
‘Shadi needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate

60. surround ḥ.ā.ṭ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

is-swār	bitḥīṭ	il-balad
def -wall. pl	surround. pres .3 f . sg	def -city
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain ḍ.l.l

Valency pattern: ma_SBJ

X: ma

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

ḍal	maʿ	Bader	ʿašra	dolar
remain. pst .3 m . sg	with	pn	ten	dollar
‘Bader has 10 dollars left.’

62. answer ǧ.w.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ǧāwab	il-mʿallem
pn	answer. pst .3 m . sg	def -teacher. m
‘Shadi answered the teacher.’

63. open f.t.ḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	fataḥ	il-ʿilbe
pn	open. pst .3 m . sg	def -box
‘Shadi opened the box.’

64. be different ġēr + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_an

X: SBJ

Y: an

Locus: Y

ʾamīṣ-e	ġēr	ʿan	ʾamīṣ-ak
shirt- poss .1 sg	other	about	shirt- poss .2 sgm
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind s.b.ʾ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Reem	sabbaʾat	ʿala	Shadi
pn	precede. pst .3 f . sg	on	pn
‘Reem beat/outran Shadi.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

66. plough ḥ.r.t

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	buḥrot	bi-l-ḥaʾel
pn	prog	plough. pres .3 m . sg	in- def -field
‘Shadi is ploughing the field.’

67. smell rīḥ- + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rīḥ-et	idayy	zayy	il-banzīn
smell- f . cs	hand. pl . poss .1 sg	like	def -gasoline
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ʾ.ṭ.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾaṭaʿ	iš-šareʿ
pn	cross. pst .3 m . sg	def -street
‘Shadi crosses the road.’

69. sing ġ.n.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ġanna	ġunnawiyye	ḥilwe
pn	sing. pst .3 m . sg	song	pretty
‘Shadi sang a beautiful song.’

70. write k.t.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	katab	maktūb
pn	write. pst .3 m . sg	letter
‘Shadi wrote a letter.’

71. drink š.r.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	šireb	il-ḥalīb
pn	drink. pst .3 m . sg	def -milk
‘Shadi drank the milk.’

72. melt d.w.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	dawwab	šaʾfet	rṣās
pn	melt. pst .3 m . sg	piece	lead
‘Shadi melted a piece of lead.’

73. match l.b.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

il-ʾšāṭ	bilbaʾ	la-fustān-e
def -belt	match. pres .3 m . sg	to-dress- poss .1 sg
‘The belt matches my dress.’

74. leave t.r.k

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	tarak	balad-o
pn	leave. pst .3 m . sg	city- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi left his city.’

75. cover ġ.ṭ.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

il-suǧǧade	bitġaṭṭe	koll	il-ʾareḍ
def -carpet	cover. pres .3 f . sg	all	def -ground
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember z.k.r

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bitzakkar	il-bēt	mnīḥ
pn	recall. pres .3 m . sg	def -house	good
‘Shadi remembers the house well.’

77. help s.ʿ.d

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	sāʿad	Reem
pn	help. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi helped Reem.’

78. understand (language) f.h.m

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bifham	fransāwe
pn	understand. pres .3 m . sg	f rench
‘Shadi understands French.’

79. hit (target) ḍ.r.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ir-raʿed	ḍarab	il-bēt
def -lightning	strike. pst .3 m . sg	def -house
‘The lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself ǧ.r.ḥ ḥāl-

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	ǧaraḥ	ḥāl-o	bi-š-šafra
pn	cut. pst .3 m . sg	self- poss .3 m . sg	in- def -razor
‘Shadi cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck l.z.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

il-kubbāy	lazzaʾat	bi-t-ṭawle
def -cup	stuck. pst .3 m . sg	in- def -table
‘The cup got stuck on the table.’

82. lose (game) x.s.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Shadi	xiser	la-Reem
pn	lose. pst .3 m . sg	to- pn
‘Shadi lost to Reem.’

83. be glad b.s.ṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	inbasaṭ	ʿa-l-maktūb
pn	be.glad. pst .3 m . sg	on- def -letter
‘Petter was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ḥ.k.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	biḥke	maʿ	Reem
pn	prog	speak. pres .3 m . sg	with	pn
‘Shadi is speaking with Reem.’

85. give birth x.l.f

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Reem	xallafat	walad
pn	birth. pst .3 m . sg	boy
‘Reem gave birth to a boy.’

86. drop w.ʾ.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	waʾʾaʿ	il-kubbay
pn	drop. pst .3 m . sg	def -glass
‘Shadi dropped the glass.’

87. govern d.ī.r

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	mudīr	il-balad
pn	manage. ptcp .3 m . sg	def -town
‘Shadi runs the town.’

88. miss š.ʾ.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Shadi	mištāʾ	la-Reem
pn	miss. ptcp .3 m . sg	to- pn
‘Shadi misses Reem.’

89. follow t.b.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	mtābeʿ	Reem
pn	follow. ptcp .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi follows Reem.’

90. dismount n.z.l

Valency pattern: SBJ_an

X: SBJ

Y: an

Locus: Y

Shadi	nizel	ʿan	li-ḥṣān
pn	get.down. pst .3 m . sg	about	def -house
‘Shadi got down from the horse.’

91. listen s.m.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿam	bismaʿ	ir-radyo
pn	prog	listen. pres .3 m . sg	def -radio
‘Shadi is listening to the radio.’

92. obey r.d.d

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	birodd	ʿala	imm-o
pn	listen. pres .3 m . sg	on	mother- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi obeys his mother.’

93. hear s.m.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʿam	bismaʿ	musīqa
pn	prog	listen. pres .3 m . sg	music
‘Shadi hears music.’

94. mix x.l.ṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

il-ʿasal	ṭxallaṭ	maʿ	il-ḥalīb
def -honey	mix. pst .3 m . sg	with	def -milk
‘The honey mixed with the milk.’

95. look ṭ.l.ʿ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	biṭṭallaʿ	ʿa-l-ġyūm
pn	prog	look. pres .3 m . sg	on- def -cloud. pl
‘Shadi is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off š.l.ḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	šileḥ	il-ʾamīṣ
pn	take.off. pst .3 m . sg	def -shirt
‘Shadi took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ḥ.l.m

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	biḥlam	bi-Reem
pn	dream. pres .3 m . sg	in- pn
‘Shadi dreams about Reem.’

98. agree w.f.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Shadi	ittafaʾ	maʿ	Reem
pn	agree. pst .3 m . sg	with	pn
‘Shadi agreed with Reem.’

99. have a quarrel ġ.w.š

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Shadi	tġāwaš	maʿ	Reem
pn	fight. pst	with	pn
‘Shadi quarreled with Reem.’

100. cost k.l.f

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hād	il-finǧān	bikallef	dolar
this	def -cup	cost. pres .3 m . sg	dollar
‘this cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at ṭ.x.x

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Shadi	ṭax	il-ʿaṣfūr
pn	shoot. pst .3 m . sg	def -bird
‘Shadi shot the bird.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

102. pour ḥ.ṭ.ṭ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ḥaṭ	sukkar	bi-l-finǧān
pn	put. pst .3 m . sg	sugar	in- def -cup
‘Shadi put sugar in the cup.’

103. lose ḍ.y.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ḍayyaʿ	mafatīḥ-o
pn	lose. pst .3 m . sg	key. pl - poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi lost his keys.’

104. sink ġ.r.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

il-xašabe	ġirʾat	bi-l-may
def -log	sink. pst .3 f . sg	in- def -water
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ʾ.t.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾatal	Reem
pn	kill. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi killed Reem.’

106. hit ḍ.r.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ḍarab	Reem
pn	hit. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi hit Reem.’

107. kiss b.ū.s

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bās	Reem
pn	kiss. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi kissed Reem.’

108. read ʾ.r.a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ʾara	ktāb	ḥilo
pn	read. pst .3 m . sg	book	nice
‘Shadi read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ḥ.r.k

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ḥarrak	uṣbaʿ-o
pn	move. pst .3 m . sg	finger- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadie moved his finger.’

110. respect ḥ.r.m

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biḥtrem	Reem
pn	respect. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi respects Reem.’

111. be squeamish ʾ.r.f

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Reem	btiʾraf	min	iṣ-ṣḥūn	il-wisxa
pn	be.disgusted. pres .3 f . sg	from	def -dish. pl	def -dirty
‘Reem is disgusted at the dishes.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

112. be content b.s.ṭ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	mabṣūṭ	bi-ʾibn-o
pn	happy. ptcp .3 m . sg	in-son- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi is happy with his son.’

113. fall in love w.ʾ.ʿ bi-ḥob

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Shadi	wiʾeʿ	bi-ḥob	Reem
pn	fall. pst .3 m . sg	in-love	r eem
‘Shadi fell in love with Reem.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust w.ṯ.q

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Reem	btiwṯaq	bi-Shadi
pn	trust. pres .3 f . sg	in- s hadi
‘Reem trusts Shadi.’

115. sympathise š.f.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	bišfaʾ	ʿala	imm-o
pn	sympathize. pres .3 m . sg	on	mother- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi feels bad for his mother.’

116. envy ḥ.s.d

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biḥsed	Reem
pn	envy. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi envies Reem.’

117. be angry ṭ.f.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ṭafrān	ʿala	Reem
pn	be.angry. ptcp .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Shadi is angry at Reem.’

118. be surprised f.ǧ.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	tfāǧaʾ	min	il-hadiyye
pn	be.surprised. pst .3 m . sg	from	def -gift
‘Shadi was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea) ḥ.b.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biḥeb	iš-šāy
pn	love. pres .3 m . sg	def -tea
‘Shadi loves tea.’

120. enjoy m.t.ʿ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Shadi	bistamteʿ	bi-š-šāy	is-suxon
pn	enjoy. pres .3 m . sg	in- def -tea	def -hot
‘Shadi enjoys hot tea.’

121. want b.d.d

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biddo	talifōn	ǧdīd
pn	want. pres .3 m . sg	phone	new
‘Shadi wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge ḥ.q.d

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ḥāqed	ʿala	Reem
pn	grudge. ptcp .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Shadi has a grudge on Reem.’

123. take offence z.ʿ.l

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	ziʿel	min	Reem
pn	get_upset. pst .3 m . sg	from	pn
‘Shadi took offence at Reem.’

124. upset z.ʿ.l

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	zaʿʿal	Reem
pn	upset. pst .3 sg	pn
‘Shadi upset Reem.’

125. marvel ʿ.ǧ.b

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	tʿaǧǧab	min	hāy	il-balad
pn	marvel. pst .3 m . sg	from	this	def -city
‘Shadi was impressed by this city.’

126. despise ḥ.q.r

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biḥtqer	Reem
pn	despise. pres .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi despises Reem.’

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

128. get irritated z.ʿ.ǧ

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	inzaʿaǧ	min	bint-o
pn	annoy. pass . pst .3 m . sg	from	daughter- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi is irritated by his daughter.’

129. be fond ʿ.ǧ.b

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

Reem	muʿǧabe	bi-Shadi
pn	fond. ptcp .3 f . sg	in- pn
‘Reem is fond of Shadi.’

130. be shy ḥ.y.y

Valency pattern: SBJ_min

X: SBJ

Y: min

Locus: Y

Shadi	bistḥe	min	ṭūl-o
pn	shy. pres .3 m . sg	from	height- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi is shy about his height.’