Zazaki

Contributed by Ugur Sermiyan.

U.S.'s photo

The variety represented in the dataset below comes from the Dêrsim region in Turkey. This is the Northern variety of Zazaki, which corresponds to the Tunceli dialect of Kirmanjki (glottocode kirm1248) in Glottolog. The specific location is Hozat (in Turkish) or Xozat (in Zazaki/Kurdish). The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. Ugur Sermiyan provided the data in his capacity of a native speaker.

How to cite

Sermiyan, Ugur. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Zazaki. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 21, 2024; last revised on June 21, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 39.11, 39.22.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Iranian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

sɛrɛ-je	oxɨr-i	dɛʒ-ɛn-o
head- ez . m	pn - m . obl	hurt. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	hariɡə	ɡirɛwt-a
pn - m . obl	flu	get. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir has a flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	kutɨk=ra	tɛrs-ɛn-o
pn	dog=from	fear. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	kɛmɛr-e	ɛʃt-ə
pn - m . obl	stone- indf	throw. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: re.PSTP_SBJ.INTR

X: re.PSTP

Y: SBJ.INTR

Locus: X

nɨka	pɛrɛ-je	d͡zɨ	d͡zɨ=re	bɛs=e
now	money- ez . m	3 obl	3 obl =for	enough= cop .3 pl
‘Now, he has enough money,’ lit. ‘Now his money is enough for him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ro.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ro.PREP

Locus: Y

oxir	ʃi-jo	ro=kalɨk-e	xo
pn	go. pst -3 sg . m	to=grandfather- ez . m	refl
‘Oxir resembles his grandfather.’

7. believe

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	hɛsɛn-i=ra	bawɛr	k-ɛn-o
pn	pn - m . obl =from	belief	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir believes Hesen.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	kɨtab-e	ɡirɛwt.
pn - m . obl	book- indf	take. pst
‘Oxir took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxir	kɛjɛ-je	vîn-ɛn-o.
oxɨr	house- indf	see. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

sɛrr-i	tɛsir-e	vir-i	k-ɛn-e
year- pl . abs	effect- ez . m	memory- m . obl	do. prs - aug -3 pl
‘Age influences memory,’ lit. ‘Year makes the memory’s effect.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ɛz	rast-e	ajɛ	amɛ-ja
1 sg . abs	encounter- ez . m	3 sg . f . obl	come. pst -1 sg
‘I encountered her.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

12. enter

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_zere.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: zere.PREP

Locus: Y

ɛz	kɛwt-a	zɛrɛ-je	kɛjɛ-ji
1 sg . abs	enter. pst -1 sg	inside- ez . m	house- m . obl
‘I entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

oxɨr-i	zor-e	hɛsɛn-i	bɛrd
pn - m . obl	difficult- ez . m	pn - m . obl	take. pst
‘Oxir beat Hesen.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

14. go out

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	kɛjɛ=ra	bi	tɛbɛr
pn	house=from	become. pst	outside
‘Oxir went out of the house.’
Note: CV

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr	maŋɡa	ram-ɛn-o
pn	cow	drive. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is driving the cow.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨri	ɡɨle	darə	namɨt=dɛ
pn - m . obl	branch- ez . m	tree	bend. pst =down
‘Oxir bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_re.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: re.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr-i	hɛsɛn-i=re	vat
pn - m . obl	pn - m . obl =for	say. pst
‘Oxir told Hesen.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr	kɨtab-e	g-ɛn-o=pe
pn	book- indf	get. prs - aug -3 sg . m =with
‘Oxir is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_GOAL

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: GOAL

Locus: Y

oxɨr	rɛʃt	hɛsɛn-i
pn	catch. pst .3 sg . m	pn - m . obl
‘Oxir caught up with Hesen.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	maŋɡa	dɨt-ə
pn - m . obl	cow	milk. pst - f . abs
‘Oxir milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_GOAL

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: GOAL

Locus: Y

o	rɛʃt	vɛr-e	t͡ʃɛm-i
3 sg . m . abs	reach. pst	front- ez . m	river- m . obl
‘He reached the bank of the river.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ro.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ro.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ɡɨna	des=ro
3 sg . m . abs	touch. pst -3 sg . m	wall=to
‘He touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	hɛsɛn-i=dɛ	da-n-o	pe=ro
pn	pn - m . obl =at	give. prs - aug -3 sg . m	each.other=to
‘Oxir is fighting with Hesen.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	hɛsɛn-i=dɛ	be-n-o	ɛmbaz
pn	pn - m . obl =at	be- aug -3 sg . m	friend
‘Oxir is friends with Hesen.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: sero.PSTP

Locus: Y

a	lad͡z-e	xo=sɛro	pos-ɛn-a
3 sg . f . abs	son- ez . m	refl =onto	ponder. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘She is pondering about her son.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	sajɛ	wɛrd-ə
pn - m . obl	apple	eat. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

fatə	masɛ	suːr	kɛrd
f ate	fish	red	do. pst
‘Fate fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: sero.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	mɨ=sɛro	vɨnd-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	1 sg . obl =onto	stay. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is waiting for me.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	raj-a	vɛren-ə	xo	vir=ra	kɛrd-a
3 sg . m . obl	road- ez . f	old- f . abs	refl	memory=from	do. pst -3 sg . f
‘He forgot about the old road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

vir	ɡɨredaji-je	sɛrr-an=o
memory	dependant- ez . m	year- pl . obl = cop .3 sg . m
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PREP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PREP

Locus: Y

ɛj	vɛŋɡ	ra=ajɛ	da.
3 sg . m . obl	sound	from=3 sg . f . obl	give. pst
‘He called her.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	ʒulijɛtə	sɛrr-e=ra	vɛr	nas.kɛrd-ə
pn - m . obl	pn	year- indf =from	front	get.to.know. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir got to know Juliette a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	ɛj	zan-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . m . obl	know. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He knows him’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	tɛmbur	d͡zɛn-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	tembur	play. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is playing tembur.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

a	ɛj=ra	xo	nɨmn-ɛn-a
3 sg . f . abs	3 sg . m . obl =from	refl	hide. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘She avoids him.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	dam-a	mɛrrɛ-yan	vɨraʃt-ə
3 sg . m . obl	trap- ez . f	mouse- pl . obl	make. pst -3 sg . f
‘He made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_pe.PREP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: pe.PREP

Locus: Y

hɛsɛn	lɛq-an-e	xo	pe=mɨ	k-ɛn-o
pn	fun- pl . obl - ez . pl	refl	with=1 sg . obl	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Hesen is making fun of me,’ lit. ‘Hesen is doing his funs with me.’

38. have

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

makine-jed-a	oxɨr-i	ɛst=a
car- indf - ez . f	pn - m . obl	exist= cop .3 sg . f
‘Oxir has a car.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

39. look for

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ro.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ro.PREP

Locus: Y

o	ro=kɨlid-an-e	xo	ɡɛr-en-o
3 sg . m . abs	to=key- pl . obl - ez . pl	refl	wander- aug -3 sg . m
‘He is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ajɛ	pɛrd͡ʒin	bojax	kɛrd
3 sg . f . obl	fence	paint	do. pst
‘She painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kutɨk-i	o	dɨrna
dog- m . obl	3 sg . m . abs	tear. pst
‘The dog bit him.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kɛjɛ	dɛst-e	ɛj=ra	ʃi
house	hand- ez . m	3 sg . m . obl =from	go. pst . m
‘He lost his house,’ lit. ‘The house went off his hand.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	pɨsɨnɡɛ	tɛpɨʃ-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	cat	catch. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	darɨk-e	ʃɨkɨt
3 sg . m . obl	stick- indf	break. pst
‘He broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hesen	ajɛ	kɛ-n-o	ʃa
pn	3 sg . f . obl	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m	happy
‘Hesen is flattering her.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

mɛm	zinə=ra	hɛs.k-ɛn-o
pn	pn =from	love.do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Mem loves Zine.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hɛsɛn	dɛsmalə	ʃan-ɛn-o=ra
pn	handkerchief	wave. prs - aug -3 sg . m =from
‘Hesen is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hɛsɛn	makinɛ-jed-a	nɛw-ijɛ	xɛjaɫ	k-ɛn-o
pn	car- indf - ez . f	new- f	dream	make. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Hesen is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hɛsɛn-i	find͡ʒanə	ʃut-ə
pn - m . obl	cup	wash. pst -3 sg . f
‘Hesen washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hɛsɛn-i	pantur-e	xo	kɛrd-i	pa-ji
pn - m . obl	trousers- ez . pl	refl	do. pst -3 pl	foot- m . obl
‘Hesen put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: re.PSTP_BARE

X: re.PSTP

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

najɛ=re	va-n-e	pusula
this. f . obl =for	say. prs - aug -3 pl	compass
‘This is called a compass,’ lit. ‘They say “compass” to this (thing)’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_GOAL

X: SBJ.TR

Y: GOAL

Locus: Y

ɛj	d͡zɛza	da-jɛ	lad͡z-e	xo
3 sg . m . obl	punishment	give. pst - f . abs	son- ez . m	refl
‘He punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hɛs-i	ɡalɨm-e	masɛɡɨr-i	kɛrd
bear- m . obl	attack- ez . m	fisherman- m . obl	do. pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

bɛroʃ	awɛ=ra	bi	pɨr
bucket	water=from	be. pst . m	full
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	kɨlid-e	xo	di-ji
3 sg . m . obl	key- ez . pl	refl	see. pst -3 pl
‘He found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʒu	juro-je	mɨ	kemi=jo
one	euro- ez . m	1 sg . obl	lacking= cop .3 sg . m
‘I am one Euro short,’ lit. ‘My one Euro is missing.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

57. hate

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ikrah-a	mɨ	ɛj=ra	jɛ-n-a
hatred- ez . f	1 sg . obl	3 sg . m . obl =from	come. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘I hate him.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

58. like

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	na	iʃlɨɡə=ra	hɛs	kɛ-n-o
pn	this. f . abs	shirt=from	love	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ihtijad͡ʒi-ja	ɛj	bɨ=pɛrɛ-yan	ɛst=a
need- ez . f	3 sg . m . obl	by=money- pl . obl	exist= cop .3 sg . f
‘He needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

60. surround

Valency pattern: ra.PSTP_SBJ.INTR

X: ra.PSTP

Y: SBJ.INTR

Locus: X

ʃarɨstan	bɛdɛn-an=a	t͡ʃewɛrnaji=jo
city	wall- pl . obl =from	surrounded= cop .3 sg . m
‘The city is surrounded by the walls.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

dɛs	juroj-e	oxɨr-i	mɛnd-e
ten	euro- ez . pl	pn - m . obl	remain. pst -3 pl
‘Oxir has ten Euros left.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

62. answer

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

oxɨr-i	d͡ʒɛwab-e	mamostaj-i	da
pn - m . obl	answer- ez . m	teacher- m . obl	give. pst
‘Oxir answered the teacher.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	qutij-e	kɛrd-ə=ra
pn - m . obl	can- indf	make. pst -3 sg . f =from
‘Oxir opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

nɛj	iʃliɡ-a	mɨ	je	to=ra	d͡ʒija=ja
no	shirt- ez . f	1 sg . obl	ez . m	2 sg . obl =from	different=3 sg . f
‘No, my shirt is different than yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	waj-a	xo=ra	tɛpija	mɛnd
pn	sister- ez . f	refl =from	behind	stay. pst
‘Oxir fell behind his sister.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxir	hega	ram-ɛn-o.
pn	field	plough. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

boj-a	ɡaz-i	jɛ-n-a	dɛst-an-e	mɨ=ra
smell- ez . f	gas- m . obl	come. prs - aug -3 sg . f	hand- pl . obl - ez . pl	1 sg . obl =from
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_bover.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: bover.PREP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	vɨsija	bovɛr-e	rajɛ	uː	kɛwt	zɛrɛ-je	dɨkan-i
pn	snap. pst	across- ez . m	road	and	enter. pst	inside- ez . m	shop- m . obl
‘Oxir went across the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	kɨlam-ed-a	wɛʃ-ə	vat-ə
pn - m . obl	song- indf - ez . f	beautiful- f	say. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	mɛktub-e	nuʃt-ə
pn - m . obl	letter- indf	write. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	ʃɨt	ʃɨmɨt
pn - m . obl	milk	drink. pst
‘Oxir drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	qɛrʃunə	vɨloʃna-jɛ=ra
pn - m . obl	lead	melt. pst -3 sg . f =from
‘Oxir melted the lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ro.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ro.PREP

Locus: Y

na	mijɛ	ʃɨki-jɛn-a	ro=fistan-e	mɨ
this. f . abs	belt	match. prs - aug -3 sg . f	to=dress- ez . m	1 sg . obl
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	mɛlmɛkɛt-e	xo	tɛrk.kɛrd
pn - m . obl	hometown- ez . m	refl	leave. pst
‘Oxir left his home city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

xalijɛ	hɛrd	pɛrunə	ɡe-n-a
carpet	floor	whole. obl	take. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: ra.PREP_SBJ.INTR

X: ra.PREP

Y: SBJ.INTR

Locus: X

kɛjɛ	rɨnd	jɛ-n-o	ra=hɛsɛn-i	vir-i
house	well	come. prs - aug -3 sg . m	to= pn - obl	memory- m . obl
‘He remembers the house well.’

77. help

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr-i	ajɛ=də	ardɨm.kɛrd
pn - m . obl	3 sg . f . obl =at	help.do. pst
‘Oxir helped her.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr	franski	fam	kɛ-n-o
pn	f rench	understanding	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ro.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ro.PSTP

Locus: Y

bɨlusk-i	da	kɛjɛj-i=ro
lightning- m . obl	hit. pst	house- m . obl =to
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_pe.PREP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: pe.PREP

Locus: Y

oxɨr-i	pe=iʃtiri	xo	bɨrna
pn - m . obl	with=razor	refl	cut. pst
‘Oxir cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

bardaɣə	zɛlɛqija-jɛ	masa=ra
glass	stick. pst -3 sg . f	table=from
‘The glass stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_vera.PSTP.de.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: vera.PSTP.de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr-i	vɛra=ajɛ=də	vindi	kɛrd
pn - m . obl	front.from=3 sg . f . obl =at	lost	do. pst
‘Oxir lost to her.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_pe.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: pe.PREP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	pe=mɛktubə	kɛjfwɛʃ	bi
pn	with=letter	glad	be. pst
‘Oxir was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	ajɛ=də	qɨsɛj	kɛ-n-o
oxɨr	3 sg . f . obl =at	speech	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is speaking with her.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

d͡zenɨkə	kut-ə=ra	lad͡zɛk-e	ard
woman	lay. pst -3 sg . f . abs =from	son- indef	bring. pst
‘She gave birth to a son.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a combination of two clauses.

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ajɛ	bardaɣə	da-jɛ	war=ro
3 sg . f . obl	glass	give. pst -3 sg . f	down=towards
‘She dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ʃarɨstan-e	ma	a	idarə	kɛ-n-a
city- ez . m	1 pl . obl	3 sg . f . abs	administration	do. pres - aug -3 sg . f
‘She runs our city.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

oxɨr	bɨri-ja	wɛlat-e	xo	kɛ-n-o
pn	longing- ez . f	homeland- ez . m	refl	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir misses his homeland.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

89. follow

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	mɨ	tɛqib	kɛ-n-o
3 sg . m . abs	1 sg . obl	follow	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He follows me.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	ɛstor=ra	amɛ	war
pn	horse=from	come. pst	down
‘Oxir got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ser.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ser.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	ɡoʃ	da-n-o	radon-i=sɛr
pn	ear	give. prs - aug -3 sg . m	radio- m . obl =on
‘Oxir listens to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

oxɨr	tɨm	vatɛn-a	maj-a	xo	kɛ-n-o
pn	always	word- ez . f	mother- ez . f	refl	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir always listens to/obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr	muzɨk-i	hɛʃi-n-o=pe
pn	music- obl	notice. prs - aug -3 sg . m =with
‘Oxir hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_bi.PREP.ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: be.PREP.ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

hɛŋmen	bɨ=ʃɨt=a	bi	temijan
honey	by=milk=from	be. pst	mixed
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	hɛwr-an=dɛ	ser	kɛ-n-o
pn	cloud- pl . obl =at	watch	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	iʃlɨɡ-a	xo	vɛt-ə
pn - m . obl	shirt- ez . f	refl	take.off-3 sg . f
‘Oxir took his shirt off.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr	hɛwn-e	xo=dɛ	dɛw-a	xo	vin-ɛn-o
pn	dream- ez . m	refl = loc	village- ez . f	refl	see. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir dreams about his village.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	a	ɛ	kɛrd-ə
pn - m . obl	3 sg . f . abs	yes	do. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir agreed with her.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr-i	inan=dɛ	nɨza	kɛrd
pn - obl . m	3 pl . obl =with	quarrel	do. pst
‘Oxir had a quarrel with them.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

na	bardaɣə	ʒu	juro	kɛ-n-a
this. f . abs	glass	one	euro	make. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘This glass costs one Euro.’

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

ɛj	na	terə=ra
3 sg . m . obl	hit. pst	bird=from
‘He shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ajɛ	ʃɛkɛr	kɛrd	d͡zɨ
3 sg . f . obl	sugar	make. pst	3 obl
‘She poured sugar there.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	kɨlid-e	xo	vindi	kɛrd-i
3 sg . m . obl	key- ez . pl	refl	lost	make. pst - pl . abs
‘He lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_bine.PREP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: bine.PREP

Locus: Y

kurrə	ʃi-jɛ	bɨn-e	awə
log	go. pst -3 sg . f	bottom- ez . m	water
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	o	kɨʃt
3 sg . m . obl	3 sg . m . abs	kill. pst
‘He killed him.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	o	kut
3 sg . m . obl	3 sg . m . abs	hit. pst
‘He hit him.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	a	pʼat͡ʃ	kɛrd-ə
3 sg . m . obl	3 sg . f . abs	kiss	make. pst -3 sg . f
‘He kissed her.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	kɨtab-ed-o	balkeʃ	wɛnd
3 sg . m . obl	book- indf - ez . m	interesting	read. pst
‘He read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	bet͡ʃɨk-a	xo	lɛwna-jɛ
3 sg . m . obl	finger- ez . f	refl	move. pst - f . abs
‘He moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_re.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: re.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ajɛ=re	hurmɛt	kɛ-n-o
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . f . obl =for	respect	make. prs -3 sg . m
‘He respects her.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: sero.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	fɨraq-an-e	qɨlerɨn-an=sɛro	bari=jo
3 sg . m . abs	dish- pl . obl - ez . pl	dirty- pl . obl =onto	thin= cop .3 sg . m
‘He is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

a	lad͡z-e	xo=ra	wɛʃ=a
3 sg . f . abs	son- ez . m	refl =from	fine= cop .3 sg . f
‘She is content with her son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

zɛrri-ja	ɛj	kɛwt-ə	ajɛ
heart- ez . f	3 sg . m . obl	fall. pst -3 sg . f	3 sg . f . obl
‘He fell in love with her.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

itibar-e	ɛj	bɨ=ajɛ	ɛst=o
trust- ez . m	3 sg . m . obl	by=3 sg . f . obl	exist= cop .3 sg . m
‘He trusts her.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ver.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ver.PSTP

Locus: Y

a	kɛw-ɛn-a	maj-a	xo	vɛr
3 sg . f . abs	fall. prs - aug -3 sg . f	mother- ez . f	refl	front
‘She sympathises with her mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

o	hɛsuːdi-ja	ajɛ	kɛ-n-o
3 sg . m . abs	jealousy- ez . f	3 sg . f . obl	make. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He envies her.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ajɛ=ra	hers	bɨ-jo
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . f . obl =from	anger	be. pst -3 sg . m
‘He is angry with her.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ver.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ver.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	na	xɛlate=vɛr	ʃaʃ	mɛnd
3 sg . m . abs	this. f . abs	gift=front	surprised	stay. pst
‘He was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

a	t͡ʃaj=ra	hɛs	kɛ-n-a
3 sg . f . abs	tea=from	love	make. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘She loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kɛjf-e	ɛj	bi=t͡ʃaj-a	ɡɛrmɨn-ə	jɛn-o
joy- ez . m	3 sg . m . obl	with=tea- ez . f	hot- f . obl	come. prs -3 sg . m
‘He enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

121. want

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	tɛlɛfon-ed-o	nɛwɛ	waz-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	telephone- indf - ez . m	new	want. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He wants a new telephone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ajɛ=ra	xulli=jo
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . f . obl =from	creepy= cop .3 sg . m
‘He has a grudge against her.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ajɛ=ra	hɛrɛdija
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . f . obl =from	sulk. pst
‘He got cross with her.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	maj-a	xo	zaf	murɨz-na-jɛ
3 sg . m . obl	mother- ez . f	refl	much	upset- caus -3 sg . f
‘He upset his mother greatly.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ver.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ver.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	rɨndɛki-ja	na	suːkə=vɛr	hɛjrɛt=də	mɛnd
3 sg . m . abs	beauty- ez . f	this. f . abs	city=front	amazement=at	stay. pst
‘He was impressed by the beauty of this town.

126. despise

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	ɨnan	qɨj	vin-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	3 pl . obl	small	see. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He despises them.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ver.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ver.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	kɛwt	lad͡z-e	xo	vɛr
3 sg . m . abs	fall. pst	son- ez . m	refl	front
‘He got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	kena-ja	xo=də	vaʒi-jɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	daughter- ez . f	refl =at	grumble. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: sero.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	ajɛ=sɛro	hed͡z=o
3 sg . m . abs	3 sg . f . obl =onto	fond= cop .3 sg . m
‘He is fond of her.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

o	lɛʃ-a	xo=ra	ʃɛrma-jɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs	body- ez . f	refl =from	be.ashamed. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is ashamed of his height.’