BivalTyp

Turkish

Contributed by Maria Ovsjannikova (Academia.edu profile)

M.O.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2016 in St. Petersburg, Russia, with Enes Taştan, then a master's student at the Department of Russian Language and Literature at St. Petersburg State University. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Ovsjannikova, Maria. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Turkish. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on November 29, 2020; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, accessed on .)

Basic info

Turkish belongs to the Oghuz sub-branch of the Turkic branch of the assumed Altaic language family. The examples are given using the standard orthograthy except that the apostrophes between the stems of proper names and case suffixes are omitted.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

In the transitive construction, nominal subjects are used in the unmarked form and direct objects are used either in the unmarked form (1) or in the accusative case (2) depending on their animacy and referentiality (Differential Object Marking).

(1) Mehmet  ilginç      bir kitap   oku-du.
    PN      interesting one book    read-PST
    ‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’

(2) Mehmet  kitab-ı     raf-tan     al-dı.
    PN      book-ACC    shelf-ABL   take-PST
    ‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’

The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. 3rd person singular agreement markers have zero exponents and are not reflected in the glosses. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique cases or by postpositions. The comitative marker can be realized either as a suffix or as a postposition. All the postpositions attested in the questionnaire take the unmarked or the genitive form of the noun. The genitive case can mark clause-level constituents standing in a possessive relationship with the subject (3). These constituents can be freely separated from their (semantic) possessees, the possessees can be pronominalized, etc.

(3) Mehmed-in   şimdi   on  lira-sı     kal-dı.
    PN-GEN      now     ten lira-P.3    remain-PST
    ‘Now Mehmet has 10 liras left.’

The verbal tense forms in the examples are glossed as present (marked with -yor), past (-dı) or aorist (-r). The tense form traditionally called aorist is used to describe habitual events, permanent states and (some) future events.

Case system

The case system includes six cases for nouns, viz. the unmarked nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative and ablative.

Verb lemmas

The verbs are shown in the form of the infinitive in -mak.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 3 — 1st, 3rd person; ABL — ablative case; ACC — accusative case; ADJ — adjectivizer; AOR — aorist; COM — comitative; COP — copula; DAT — dative case; GEN — genitive case; IMP — imperative; INF — infinitive; LOC — locative case; NEG — negative marker; NMLZ — nominalization; P — possessive marker; PL — plural; PN — proper name; PRS — present tense; PST — past; PTCP — participle; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ağrımak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-in baş-ı ağrı-yor
pn - gen head- p .3 ache- prs
‘Mehmet has a headache.’

2. have (illness) grip olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-ın grib-i var
pn - gen flu- p .3 there_is
‘Mehmet has the flu.’

3. be afraid korkmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet köpek-ten kork-uyor
pn dog- abl be_afraid- prs
‘Mehmet is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw atmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet taş-ı at-tı
pn stone- acc throw- pst
‘Mehmet threw his stone.’

5. have enough yetmek

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-e para şimdi yet-iyor
pn - dat money now be_enough- prs
‘Now Mehmet has enough money.’

6. resemble benzemek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet dede-si Kemal-e benzi-yor
pn grandfather- p .3 pn - dat be_similar- prs
‘Mehmet resembles his grandfather Kemal.’

7. believe inanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e inan-iyor
pn pn - dat believe- prs
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’

8. take almak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet kitab-ı raf-tan al-dı
pn book- acc shelf- abl take- pst
‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’

9. see görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet ev-i gör-üyor
pn house- acc see- prs
‘Mehmet sees the house.’

10. influence etkilemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
yaş akl-ı etkile-r
age mind- acc affect- aor
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rastlamak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e rastla-dı
pn pn - dat come_across- pst
‘Mehmet encountered Filiz’.

12. enter girmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet ev-e gir-di
pn house- dat enter- pst
‘Mehmet entered the house.’

13. win galip gelmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Kemal-e galip gel-di
pn pn - dat winner come- pst
‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’

14. go out çıkmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet ev-den çık-tı
pn house- abl exit- pst
‘Mehmet went out of the house.’

15. drive sürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet ineğ-i sür-üyor
pn cow- acc drive- prs
‘Mehmet is driving the cow.’

16. bend bükmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet dal-ı bük-tü
pn branch- acc bend- pst
‘Mehmet bent the branch.’

17. tell demek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e de-di ki, “Misafirliğ-e gel-Ø!”
pn pn - dat say- pst that visit- dat come- imp
‘Mehmet told Filiz: “Come to visit me”’.

18. hold tutmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet kitap tut-uyor
pn book hold- prs
‘Mehmet is holding a book.’

19. catch up yetişmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e yetiş-ti
pn pn - dat catch_up- pst
‘Mehmet caught up with Filiz.’

20. milk sağmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Filiz ineğ-i sağ-dı
pn cow- acc milk- pst
‘Filiz milked the cow.’

21. reach varmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet kıyı-ya var-dı
pn coast- dat reach- pst
‘Mehmet reached the bank’.

22. touch dokunmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet duvar-a dokun-du
pn wall- dat touch- pst
‘Mehmet touched the wall.’

23. fight dövüşmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet çocuk-la dövüş-üyor
pn boy- com fight- prs
‘Mehmet is fighting with a boy.’

24. be friends arkadaşlık etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-la arkadaşlık ed-ıyor
pn pn - com friendship make- prs
‘Mehmet is friends with Orhan’.

25. think düşünmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i düşün-üyor
pn pn - acc think- prs
‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’

26. eat yemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet elma ye-di
pn apple eat- pst
‘Mehmet ate an apple.’

27. fry kızartmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet balığ-ı kızart-tı
pn fish- acc fry- pst
‘Mehmet fried the fish.’

28. wait beklemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i bekli-yor
pn pn - acc wait- prs
‘Mehmet is waiting for Filiz.’

29. forget unutmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet diğer yol-u unut-tu
pn other way- acc forget- pst
‘Mehmet forgot about the other road’.

30. depend bağlı olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
akıl yaş-a bağlı-dır
mind age- dat dependent- cop .3
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call çağırmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Filiz Mehmed-i çağır-dı
pn pn - acc call- pst
‘Filiz called Mehmet.’

32. get to know tanışmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-le bir yıl önce tanış-tı
pn pn - com one year before get_acquainted- pst
‘Mehmet got to know Filiz a year ago.’

33. know tanımak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i tanı-yor
pn pn - acc know- prs
‘Mehmet knows Filiz.’

34. play (instrument) çalmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet gitar çal-ıyor
pn guitar strike- prs
‘Mehmet is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid kaçmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-dan kaç-ıyor
pn pn - abl escape- prs
‘Mehmet avoids Orhan’.

36. make yapmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bomba yap-tı
pn bomb make- pst
‘Mehmet made a bomb.’

37. make fun alay etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-le alay ed-ıyor
pn pn - com mockery make- prs
‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’

38. have var

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-in araba-sı var
pn - gen car- p .3 there_is
‘Mehmet has a car.’

39. look for aramak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet anahtar-lar-ı arı-yor
pn key- pl - acc search- prs
‘Mehmet is looking for his keys’.

40. paint boyamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çit-ler-i boya-dı
pn fence- pl - acc paint- pst
‘Mehmet painted the fence.’

41. bite ısırmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
köpek Mehmed-i ısır-dı
dog pn - acc bite- pst
‘A dog bit Mehmet.’

42. forfeit kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet ev-i-ni kaybet-ti
pn house- p .3- acc lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his house.’

43. try to catch yakalamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet kedi-yi yakalı-yor
pn cat- acc catch- prs
‘Mehmet is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kırmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet dal-ı kır-dı
pn branch- acc break- pst
‘Mehmet broke a stick.’

45. flatter pohpohlamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i pohpohlu-yor
pn pn - acc flatter- prs
Mehmet is flattering Filiz.

46. love (person) sevmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i sev-iyor
pn pn - acc love- prs
‘Mehmet loves Filiz.’

47. wave sallamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet mendil-i-ni sallı-yor
pn handkerchief- p .3- acc shake- prs
‘Mehmet is waving his handkerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mehmet yeni araba al-ma-yı hayal ed-ıyor
pn new car take- nmlz - acc dream make- prs
‘Mehmet is dreaming to buy a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

49. wash yıkamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çay bardağ-ı-nı yıka-dı
pn tea glass- p .3- acc wash- pst
‘Mehmet washed his cup.’

50. put on giymek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet pantolon-u-nu giy-di
pn trousers- p .3- acc put_on- pst
‘Mehmet put on his trousers.’

51. be called ad-POSS COP

Valency pattern: GEN_PRED
X: GEN
Y: PRED
Locus: XY
bu-nun ad-ı pusula-dır
this- gen name- p .3 compass- cop .3
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish cezalandırmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet oğl-u-nu cezalandır-dı
pn son- p .3- acc punish- pst
‘Mehmet punished his son.’

53. attack saldırmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ayı balıkçı-ya saldır-dı
bear fisherman- dat attack- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) dolmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
kova suy-la dol-du
bucket water- com fill- pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bulmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet anahtar-lar-ı bul-du
pn key- pl - p .3 find- pst
‘Mehmet found his keys.’

56. be short yetmemek

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-in bilet al-mak için bir lira-sı yet-mi-yor
pn - gen ticket take- inf for one lira- p .3 be_enough- neg - prs
‘Mehmet is short of one lira to buy a ticket.’

57. hate nefret etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-dan nefret ed-ıyor
pn pn - abl hatred make- prs
‘Mehmet hates Orhan.’

58. like beğenmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bu gömleğ-i beğen-iyor
pn this shirt- acc like- prs
‘Mehmet likes this shirt.’

59. need ihtiyaç olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Mehmed-in para-ya ihtiyac-ı var
pn - gen money- dat need- p .3 there_is
‘Mehmet needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround çevrelemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
duvar şehr-i çevreli-yor
wall city- acc encircle- prs
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain kalmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-in şimdi on lira-sı kal-dı
pn - gen now ten lira- p .3 remain- pst
‘Now Mehmet has 10 liras left.’

62. answer cevap vermek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet öğretmen-e cevap ver-di
pn teacher- dat answer give- pst
‘Mehmet answered the teacher.’

63. open açmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet şişe-yi aç-tı
pn bottle- acc open- pst
‘Mehmet opened the bottle.’

64. be different farklı olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
benim gömleğ-im senin-ki-nden farklı
i . gen shirt- p .1 sg thou. gen - adj - abl different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind geri kalmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-dan geri kal-dı
pn pn - abl behind remain- pst
‘Mehmet fell behind Orhan.’

66. plough sürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet tarla-yı sür-üyor
pn field- acc plough- prs
‘Mehmet is ploughing the field.’

67. smell kokmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
el-ler-im bu benzin-den kok-uyor
hand- pl - p .1 sg this gasoline- abl smell- prs
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

68. cross geçmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet yol-dan karşı-ya geç-ti
pn way- abl opposite- dat pass- pst
‘Mehmet crossed to the other side of the street.’
Note: The adverb "karşıya" is optional.

69. sing söylemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet güzel şarkı-yı söyle-di
pn beautiful song- acc sing- pst
‘Mehmet sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yazmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet mektup yaz-dı
pn letter write- pst
‘Mehmet wrote a letter.’

71. drink içmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet suy-u iç-ti
pn water- acc drink- pst
‘Mehmet drank the water’.

72. melt eritmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet buz-u erit-ti
pn ice- acc melt- pst
‘Mehmet melted the ice.’

73. match uymak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
bu kemer elbise-m-e uy-uyor
this belt dress- p .1 sg - dat fit- prs
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave ayrılmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet memleket-i-nden ayrıl-dı
pn hometown- p .3- abl leave- pst
‘Mehmet left his hometown.’

75. cover kaplamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
halı bütün yer-i kaplı-yor
carpet whole place- acc cover- prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember hatırlamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet büyü-düğ-ü ev-i iyi hatırlı-yor
pn grow- ptcp . pst - p .3 house- p .3 good remember- prs
‘Mehmet remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help yardım etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e yardım et-ti
pn pn - dat help make- pst
‘Mehmet helped Filiz.’

78. understand (language) anlamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Fransız dil-i-ni anlı-yor
pn f rench language- p .3- acc understand- prs
‘Mehmet understands the French language.’

79. hit (target) düşmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
yıldırım ev-e düş-tü
lightning house- dat fall- pst
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself yüzünü kesmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet traş bıçağ-ı-yla yüz-ü-nü kes-ti
pn shaving knife- p .3- com face- p .3- acc cut- pst
‘Mehmet cut his face with a razor.’

81. get stuck yapışmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
bardak masa-ya yapış-tı
glass table- dat stick- pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kaybetmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a kaybet-ti
pn pn - dat lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost to Orhan.’

83. be glad sevinmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet mektub-a sevin-di
pn letter- dat rejoice- pst
‘Mehmet was glad about the letter.’

84. speak konuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-la konuş-uyor
pn pn - com talk- prs
‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’

85. give birth doğurmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Filiz erkek çocuğ-u doğur-du
pn male child- p .3 give_birth- pst
‘Filiz gave birth to a baby boy.’

86. drop düşürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bardağ-ı düşür-dü
pn glass- acc drop- pst
‘Mehmet dropped the glass.’

87. govern yönetmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet fabrıka-yı yönet-iyor
pn factory- acc manage- prs
‘Mehmet runs the factory.’

88. miss özlemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i özlö-yor
pn pn - acc miss- prs
‘Mehmet misses Filiz.’

89. follow gitmek

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpesinden
X: NOM
Y: GENpesinden
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-ın peşinden gid-iyor
pn pn - gen after go- prs
‘Mehmet is following Orhan.’

90. dismount inmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet at-tan in-di
pn horse- abl descend- pst
‘Mehmet got down from the horse.’

91. listen dinlemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet radyo-yı dinli-yor
pn radio- acc listen- prs
‘Mehmet is listening to the radio.’

92. obey *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mehmet anne-si-nin söz-ü-nü dinli-yor
pn mother- p .3- gen word- p .3- acc listen- prs
‘Mehmet obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear duymak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet müziğ-i duy-uyor
pn music- acc hear- prs
‘Mehmet hears the music.’

94. mix karışmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
süt bal-la karış-tı
milk honey- com mix- pst
‘The milk got mixed with the honey.’

95. look bakmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet yağmur bulut-lar-ı-na bak-ıyor
pn rain cloud- pl - p .3- dat look- prs
‘Mehmet is looking at the rainclouds.’

96. take off çıkarmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet gömleğ-i-ni çıkar-dı
pn shirt- p .3- acc extract- pst
‘Mehmet took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) rüyasında görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet rüya-sı-nda Filiz-i gör-üyor
pn dream- p .3- loc pn - acc see- prs
‘Mehmet dreams about Filiz.’

98. agree katılmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e katıl-dı
pn pn - dat join- pst
‘Mehmet agreed with Filiz.’

99. have a quarrel bozuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-la bozuş-tu
pn pn - com quarrel- pst
‘Mehmet quarreled with Orhan.’

100. cost etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
bu bardak bir lira ed-iyor
this glass one lira make- prs
‘This glass costs one lira.’

101. shoot at ateş etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet kuş-a ateş et-ti
pn bird- dat fire make- pst
‘Mehmet shot at the bird.’

102. pour dökmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bardağ-a şeker dök-tü
pn glass- dat sugar pour- pst
‘Mehmet poured sugar into the glass.’

103. lose kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet anahtar-lar-ı kaybet-ti
pn key- pl - p .3 lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his keys.’

104. sink batmak

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
odun parça-sı su-da bat-tı
wood piece- p .3 water- loc sink- pst
‘The piece sank in the water.’

105. kill öldürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Orhan-ı öldür-dü
pn pn - acc kill- pst
‘Mehmet killed Orhan.’

106. hit vurmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a vur-du
pn pn - dat strike- pst
‘Mehmet hit Orhan.’

107. kiss öpmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i öp-tü
pn pn - acc kiss- pst
‘Mehmet kissed Filiz.’

108. read okumak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet ilginç bir kitap oku-du
pn interesting one book read- pst
‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) kıpırdatmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet parmağ-ı-nı kıpırdat-tı
pn finger- p .3- acc wiggle- pst
‘Mehmet moved his finger.’

110. respect saygı göstermek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a saygı göster-ir
pn pn - dat respect show- aor
‘Mehmet respects Orhan.’

111. be squeamish iğrenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet bulaşık-lar-dan iğren-iyor
pn dirty_dishes- pl - abl be_disgusted- prs
‘Mehmet is sqeamish about the dirty dishes.’

112. be content memnun olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet oğl-u-ndan memnun
pn son- p .3- abl pleased
‘Mehmet is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love âşık olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e âşık ol-du
pn pn - dat enamoured be- pst
‘Mehmet fell in love with Filiz.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust güvenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e güven-iyor
pn pn - dat trust- prs
‘Mehmet trusts Filiz.’

115. sympathise acımak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet anne-si-ne acı-yor
pn mother- p .3- dat feel_pity- prs
‘Mehmet feels sorry for his mother.’

116. envy kıskanmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Orhan-ı kıskan-ıyor
pn pn - acc envy- prs
‘Mehmet envies Orhan.’

117. be angry öfkelenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a öfkelen-iyor
pn pn - dat be_angry- prs
‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’

118. be surprised şaşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet bu hediye-ye şaş-tı
pn this gift- dat be_surprised- pst
‘Mehmet was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) sevmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çay sev-er
pn tea love- aor
‘Mehmet loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mehmet çay-ın tad-ı-nı çıkar-ıyor
pn tea- gen taste- p .3- acc extract- prs
‘Mehmet is enjoying the tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

121. want istemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet yeni telefon isti-yor
pn new phone want- prs
‘Mehmet wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge öfkelenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a öfkelen-iyor
pn pn - dat be_angry- prs
‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’

123. take offence gücenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e gücen-di
pn pn - dat take_offence- pst
‘Mehmet took offence at Filiz.’

124. upset üzmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Orhan Mehmed-i üz-dü
pn pn - acc upset- pst
‘Orhan upset Mehmet.’

125. marvel şaşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet bu şehir-e şaş-tı
pn this city- dat be_surprised- pst
‘Mehmet marvelled at this city.’

126. despise hor görmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a hor gör-üyor
pn pn - dat contemptible see- prs
‘Mehmet despises Orhan.’

127. get upset üzülmek

Valency pattern: NOM_GENuzunden
X: NOM
Y: GENuzunden
Locus: Y
Mehmet oğl-u yüzünden üzül-dü
pn son- p .3 because_of be_upset- pst
‘Mehmet got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated sinirlenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a sinirlen-iyor
pn pn - dat get_irritated- prs
‘Mehmet is getting irritated with Orhan.’

129. be fond sempati duymak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e sempati duy-or
pn pn - dat liking feel- aor
‘Mehmet is fond of Filiz.’

130. be shy utanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet boy-u-ndan utan-uyor
pn height- p .3- abl be_shy- prs
‘Mehmet is shy about his height.’