Kazym Khanty

Contributed by Daria Ryzhova (Academia.edu profile)

D.R.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2021 in Kazym, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, Russia and supplemented with the data from the Kazym dialect segment of the Khanty texts corpus (prepared by E. Kashkin within the program of the presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Corpus Linguistics” in 2012–2014). The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. Data collection was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation: “Argument structure, voice and valency-changing derivations in the languages of Western Siberia”, grant No. 19-78-10139. We also thank Nikita Muraviev and Anna Melnik for their assistance in data collection.

How to cite

Ryzhova, Daria. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Kazym Khanty. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on November 22, 2021; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 62.43, 66.12.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Ugric.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

The basic word order is S(O)V. Subjects and direct objects are distinguished by dependent marking only in pronouns, which have formally distinct nominative and accusative forms. Nouns remain unmarked in both subject and direct object positions.

The verb agrees with the subject in person and number in transitive and intransitive constructions and, under certain conditions, in number with the direct object of the transitive construction. In transitive clauses, the choice between the subject and subject-object indexing depends on the topicality of the direct object (Differential Object Indexing). In case the direct object is pragmatically more prominent than the subject, the passive construction is favored.

Case system

There are four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and locative. Nominative and accusative are formally distinct only in pronouns. Postpositions combine with the nouns in the unmarked form (marked as NOM in the valency pattern formulas).

Verb lemmas

The verbs are cited in the basic non-finite form of the nonpast tense.

Glossing abbreviations

ADD — additive particle; ATTR — attributiviser; DAT — dative; DU — dual; EP — epenthesis; FOC — focus; LOC — locative; NEG — negative particle; NFIN — nonfinite; NPST — nonpast; PASS — passive; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PST — past; SG — singular; SO — subject-object agreement.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain kăši

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

waśa-j-en	ŏχ-ǝλ	kăši
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	head- poss .3 sg	sick
‘Vasja has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness) mǫšǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet'a-j-en	grip	mǫš-ǝn	mǫšǝt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	flu	illness- loc	be_ill- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja has the flu.’
Note: Some speakers disallow overt expression of Y.

3. be afraid păλti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

petˊa-j-en	amp-ǝλ	ewǝλt	păλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	dog- poss .3 sg	from	be_afraid. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw wǒśkəti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petˊa-j-en	kew	wǒśkə-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	stone	throw- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough tărəmti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

petˊa-j-en	wŏχ-ǝn	tărəm-λ-a
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	money- loc	suffice- npst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: This is a passive construction, more natural here (cf. 56 for an active construction).

6. resemble maŋǝn tăjti

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

petˊa-j-en	śat'śaś-ǝλ	maŋǝn	tăj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	grandfather- poss .3 sg	outlook	have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

7. believe ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

petˊa-j-en	waśa-j-eλ-a	ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat	believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja believes Vasja.’

8. take wŭti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petˊa-j-en	(nŏrǝm	ewǝλt)	kinška	wŭ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	(shelf	from)	book	take- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

9. see kǎλti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pet’a-j-en-a	χɔt	kǎλ-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	house	be.visible- npst [3 sg ]
‘The house is visible to Petja.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter wǫjtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-əλ	piλ-a	wǫjtantə-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	with- dat	meet- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja encountered Vasja.’

12. enter λŏŋti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	χɔt-a	λŏŋ-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	house- dat	enter- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja entered the house.’

13. win nŏχ pitti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	šaχmat-ǝn	nŏχ	pit-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	chess- loc	upward	fall- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’

14. go out ԑtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	χɔt	ewǝλt	kim	ԑt-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	house	from	outside	go.out- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive wɔšitti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	wǔλǝ-t	wɔšit-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	deer- pl	drive- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is driving the reindeer.’

16. bend mɛnši

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	nŭw	mɛnš-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	branch	bend- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja bent the branch.’

17. tell lŏpti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en-a	lŏp-ǝs: …
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	tell- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja told Maša: ...’

18. hold jɔšən tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	kinška	jɔš-ən	tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	book	hand- loc	have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up ԑλtǝ jŏχǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	ԑλtǝ	jŏχǝt-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	from_behind	come- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja caught up with Maša.’

20. milk pǫsti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

maša-j-en	mis-ǝλ	pǫsǝ-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	cow- poss .3 sg	milk- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach jŏχǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	imǝλtijǝn	jŏχan	kimλ-a	śi	jŏχǝt-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	finally	river	bank- dat	foc	come- pst [3 sg ]
‘Finally, Petja reached the riverbank.’

22. touch χɔjti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

petr-en	χɔt	pitǝr-a	χɔj-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg	house	wall- dat	touch- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight kŭlaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-en	piλ-a	kŭlaś-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	with- dat	fight- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is fighting with Vasja.’

24. be friends λǫχǝs wԑrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-en	piλ-a	λǫχǝs	wԑr-λ-ǝt
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	with- dat	friend	make- npst -3 pl
‘Petja is friends with Vasja.’

25. think nǫmǝsti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMolenen

X: NOM

Y: NOMolenen

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	ɔλǝŋǝn	nǫmǝs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	about	think- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

26. eat λԑti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	ńań	λԑ-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	bread	eat- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is eating bread.’

27. fry šarǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	χǔλ	šarǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	fish	fry- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja fried the fish.’

28. wait λawǝλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	λawǝλ-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	wait- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is waiting for Maša.’

29. forget jŏrԑmǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	wan	jǫš-ǝλ	jŏrԑmǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	short	road- poss .3 sg	forget- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja forgot about the short road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call wɔχti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	wɔχ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	call- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja called Vasja.’

32. get to know wǫjtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	piλ-a	tǫńaλ	oλ	wǫjtant-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	with- dat	last_year	year	meet- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja got to know Maša last year.’

33. know wǫti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	wǫ-λ-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	know- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja knows Maša.’

34. play (instrument) jǒntti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	nars_jŭχ-ǝn	jŏnt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	nares_jux- loc	play- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is playing the nares-jux.’

35. avoid χǒntǝtˊλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

petr-en	was’a-j-ǝλ	ewǝλt	χǒntǝtˊλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	from	avoid- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja avoids Vasja.’

36. make wԑrti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	śɔrkan	wԑr-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg	trap	make- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja made a (small rodents) trap.’

37. make fun ńŏsǝrλǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	ńŏsǝrλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	make_fun- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is making fun of Vasja.’
Note: The basic meaning of the verb is ‘to furrow’.

38. have tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	mašina	tǎj-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	car	have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja has a car.’

39. look for kǎnti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	tǒman-λ-aλ	kǎn-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	key- pl - poss .3 sg	look_for- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ɔλǝpǝn nԑrti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	χɔp-ǝλ	ɔλǝp-ǝn	nԑr-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	boat- poss .3 sg	paint- loc	smear- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja painted the boat.’

41. bite pǒrԑmǝti + PASS

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

tǎm	amp-ǝn	pet’a-j-en	pǒrԑm-ǝs-i
this	dog- loc	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	bite- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘This dog bit Petja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

42. forfeit *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

43. try to catch katǝλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	kǎt’i-j-ǝλ	katλ-əλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	cat- ep - poss .3 sg	try_to_catch- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break mǫrǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jǔχ	šǫpa	mǫrǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	tree	across	break- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja broke a stick in half.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) sămǝŋa tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	săm-ǝŋ-a	tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	heart- attr - dat	have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja loves Maša.’

47. wave jɔwǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	pa	pԑlǝk-ǝn	λǫp-ǝn	jɔwǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	other	side- loc	oar- loc	wave. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is waving an oar on the other bank.’

48. dream nǫmǝsti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMolenen

X: NOM

Y: NOMolenen

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	jiλǝp	mašina	oλǝŋǝn	nǫmǝs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	new	car	about	think- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash λˊǒχǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	an-ǝλ	λˊǒχǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	cup- poss .3 sg	wash- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on λǫmǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

maša-j-en	jɛrnas	λǫmǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	dress	put_on- pst [3 sg ]
‘Maša put on her dress.’

51. be called *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

tǎm	pǒrmǝs-en	nԑm-ǝλ	kɔmpas
this	thing- poss .2 sg	name- poss .3 sg	compass
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aś-eλ	pǒχ-ǝλ	λǒst-ǝs-λe
father- poss .3 sg	son- poss .3 sg	slap- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja slapped his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack nǎpǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pǔpi	weλpǝs	χǫ-j-a	nǎpt-ǝs
bear	hunt	man- ep - dat	attack- pst [3 sg ]
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) tekǝnti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

wetra-j-en	jiŋ(k)-ǝn	tekǝn-s-i
bucket- ep - poss .2 sg	water- loc	fill- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

55. find wǫjǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	λǫp-ǝλ	wǫjt-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg	oar- poss .3 sg	find- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja found his oar.’

56. be short tărǝmti + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pet’a-j-en-a	jaŋ	šɔjt	ǎn	tǎrm-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	ten	rouble	neg	suffice- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is 10 roubles short.’
Note: This is an active construction, more natural here (cf. 5 for the passive).

57. hate λǝkǝŋ εtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	λǝkǝŋ	εt-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss . sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	evil- attr	go_out- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja hates Vasja.’

58. like mǫstǝti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet’a-j-en-a	mǫst-əλ	śi	jɛrnas-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	like- npst [3 sg ]	foc	shirt- poss .3 sg
‘Petja likes this shirt.’

59. need mɔsti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pet’a-j-en-a	wǒχ	mɔs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	money	be_necessary- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja needs money.’

60. surround *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

61. remain χǎjǝλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jaŋ	šɔjt-at	χǎjλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	ten	rouble- pl	leave- pst
‘Petja has ten roubles left.’
Note: It is not (yet) certain that this translation is semantically accurate.

62. answer jǒχi lǒpti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	uśit’el’-a	jǒχi	lǒp-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	teacher- dat	home	say- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open pǔnši

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	panka	pǔnš-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	can	open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja opened a can.’

64. be different *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

65. fall behind jǒχi χǎśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	ewǝλt	jǒχi	χǎś-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	from	home	remain- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja fell behind Maša.’

66. plough χirti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	akarat-ǝλ	χir-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	garden- poss .3 sg	dig- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is digging his garden.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

67. smell awti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

maša-j-en	jɔš-ŋəλ	ԑsǝm	jiŋ(k)-ǝn	awə-λ-əŋən
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	hand- poss [ du ]	udder	water- loc	smell- npst -3 du
‘Maša’s hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross šǫpa mănti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jǫš	šǫpa	măn-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	road	in_halves	go- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing ariti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jǎm	arn	ari-j-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	good	song	sing- ep - pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write χǎnši

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	piśma	χǎnš-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	letter	write- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink jańśi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	ԑsǝm	jiŋk	jańś-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	udder	water	drink- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt λǒλtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	λǒλpi	λǒλt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	lead	melt- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

73. match mǫstǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

tǎm	ŏχšam-en	ma	jԑrnas-ɛm-a	most-ǝλ
this	headscarf- poss .2 sg	i	dress- poss .1 sg - dat	fit- npst [3 sg ]
‘This headscarf goes well with my dress.’

74. leave χǎjti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	rǫt	wɔš-ǝλ	χǎj-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	native	town- poss .3 sg	leave- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover laŋkti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

tăm	laŋkǝp	isa	χɔt_χǎri	laŋk-s-ǝλλe
this	coverlet	totally	floor	cover- pst -3 sg . so
‘The coverlet covered the whole floor.’

76. remember nǫmti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	rǫt	χɔt-ǝλ	jǎma	nǫm-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	native	house- poss .3 sg	well	remember- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja remembers his native home well.’

77. help ńɔtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en-a	ńɔt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	help- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja helped Maša.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

78. understand (language) χǫλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	χǎnti	jasǝŋ	χǫλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	k hanty	language	hear. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja understands the Khanty language.’

79. hit (target) χɔjti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pǎλǝŋ_tŭt	pet’a-j-en	χɔt-a	χɔj-ǝs
lightning	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	house- dat	get- pst [3 sg ]
‘Lightning struck Petja’s house.’

80. cut oneself ewtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	tŭš	λǒrt-ti	ǒt-ǝλ-ǝn	ewtant-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	beard	cut- nfin . npst	thing- poss .3 sg - loc	cut_oneself- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck χǎnti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

an-ǝλ	pǎsan-a	χǎn-s
cup- poss .3 sg	table- dat	stick- pst [3 sg ]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) nŏχ pitti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-en-ǝn	nŏχ	pit-s-a
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg - loc	upward	fall- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost to Vasja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

83. be glad amǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	piśma-j-a	amt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	letter- ep - dat	rejoice- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja was glad about the letter.’

84. speak pǒtǝrtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	piλa	pǒtǝrt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	with	speak- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

85. give birth tăjti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

maša-j-en	pǒχ	tăj-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	son	have- pst [3 sg ]
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’

86. drop iλ pawǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	an	iλ	pawǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	cup	down	drop- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dropped the cup.’

87. govern *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pet’a-j-en	mŭŋ	wɔš	kǫśa-ew
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	we	village	boss- poss .1 pl
‘Petja runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss mǎrԑmǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMtakla

X: NOM

Y: NOMtakla

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	takλa	mǎrԑmǝ-s-i
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	without	miss- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja misses Maša.’
Note: The verb is in the passive form.

89. follow šǫtši

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjupijen

X: NOM

Y: NOMjupijen

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	jŭpijǝn	šǫt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	behind	go- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja follows Maša.’

90. dismount (iλ) wɔχǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	λɔw	ewǝλt	(iλ)	wɔχλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	horse	from	(down)	descend- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja got down from the horse.’

91. listen χǫλǝntti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	ar	χǫλǝnt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	song	listen- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is listening a song.’

92. obey χǫλǝntti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ńawrεm	aŋke-λ-a	χǫλǝnt-ǝλ
child	mother- poss .3 sg - dat	listen- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear χǫλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	amp	χǒrtǝpsi	χǫλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	dog	barking	hear. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja hears the barking.’

94. mix rǔwǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

maw	ԑsǝm	jiŋ(k)-ǝn	rŭwtǝs-ǝs
sweet	udder	water- loc	mix- pst [3 sg ]
‘A sweet dissolved into milk.’

95. look wantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela

X: NOM

Y: NOMpela

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	χot	pελa	want-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	house	at	look- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is looking at the house.’

96. take off ԑŋχti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jεrnas-λ	ԑŋχ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	shirt- poss .3 sg	put_off- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) wǫλmiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	wǫλmi-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	see_in_dream- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

98. agree χǫλmǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ-a	χǫλm-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat	heed- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja heeded Maša.’

99. have a quarrel kǔtǝŋa jiti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-ǝλ	piλa	kǔt-ǝŋ-a	ji-s-ŋǝn
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	with	gap- attr - dat	become- pst -3 du
‘Petja had a quarrel with Maša.’

100. cost *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

tǎm	an-en	tǝn-λ	sɔt	šɔjǝt
this	cup- poss .2 sg	price- poss .3 sg	hundred	rouble
‘This cup costs 100 roubles.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at pǒškan ewǝλt ԑsǝλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	pǒškan	ewǝλt	tǒχλǝŋ_woj	εsλ-ǝs	pa	an	χɔj-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	gun	from	bird	let_out- pst [3 sg ]	add	neg	hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja shot at the bird, but he missed.’

102. pour pǒnti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	an-λ-a	sakkar	pǒn-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	cup- poss .3 sg - dat	sugar	put- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose wǫtšǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	λǫp-ǝt	wǫtšǝ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	oar- pl	lose- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost his oars.’

104. sink šǫjλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

jŭχ	šǫp-ǝλ	jiŋk-a	šǫjλ-ǝs
wood	piece- poss .3 sg	water- dat	sink- pst [3 sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill weλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-en	weλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	kill- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja killed Vasja.’

106. hit χǎtśǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-en	χǎtśǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	hit- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja hit Vasja.’

107. kiss mɔsǝλtǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	mɔsǝλtǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	kiss- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja kissed Maša.’

108. read λǔŋǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	kinška-j-ǝλ	λǔŋt-ǝs-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	book- ep - poss .3 sg	read- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ńǒχaλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	λŭj-ǝλ	ńǒχaλ-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	finger- poss .3 sg	move- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

111. be squeamish ŭkśǝmti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

petr-en	χǫlεŋ	an	ewǝλt	ŭkśǝm-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	dirty	dishes	from	be_squeamish- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

113. fall in love *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

114. trust ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en-a	ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

115. sympathise šalitti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	aŋke-λ	šalit-λ-ǝλλe
pn - poss .2 sg	mother- poss .3 sg	sympathise- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy wǔšmaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	pet’a-j-a	wǔšmaś-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - dat	envy- npst [3 sg ]
‘Vasja envies Petja.’

117. be angry λǝkaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela

X: NOM

Y: NOMpela

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	λǝkaś-əλ	maša-j-en	pɛλa
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	be_angry- npst [3 sg ]	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	at
‘Vasja is angry with Maša.’

118. be surprised *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

119. love (tea) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want λǎŋχati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ńawrεm-ew	jiλǝp	jǒntǒt	λǎŋχa-λ
child- poss .1 pl	new	toy	want- npst [3 sg ]
‘The child wants a new toy.’

122. have a grudge λǝkaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela

X: NOM

Y: NOMpela

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	λǝkaś-əλ	maša-j-en	pɛλa
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	be_angry- npst [3 sg ]	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	at
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’

123. take offence χǫrǝmti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela

X: NOM

Y: NOMpela

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	pελa	χǫrǝm-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	at	take_offence- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took offence at Maša.’

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise λǝkǝŋ εtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	λǝk-ǝŋ	εt-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss . sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	evil- attr	go_out- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja despises Vasja.’

127. get upset šŭmaλ’a jiti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpata

X: NOM

Y: NOMpata

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	pǒχ-ǝλ	pǎta	šŭmaλ’a	ji-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	son- poss .3 sg	because_of	sad	become- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy wǫλǝ wԑrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpata

X: NOM

Y: NOMpata

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	aj	păλattǝ-λ	păta	wǫλǝ	wԑr-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	small	height- poss .3 sg	because_of	alien	make- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’