Avar

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo B.M.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Baxu Muxidinova (see the second picture above), the chairperson of the association of Avar language teachers.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Avar. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 19, 2024; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.54, 46.71.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Avar-Andic-Tsezic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain untize

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-l	bet’er	unt-un	b-ugo
pn - gen	head	be_sick- seq	n - cop
‘Ali has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) untize

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

ʕali	q’wat’u-l	unt-i-jaɬ	unt-un	w-ugo
pn	outside. obl - gen	be_sick- msd - erg	be_sick- seq	m - cop
‘Ali has the flu.’ (lit. ‘Ali is ill by the street disease.’)

3. be afraid ħinq’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	ħinq’-un	w-ugo	ho-jaɬ-uƛ’a
pn	fear- seq	m - cop	dog- obl - subel
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw reχχize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	gamač’	reχχ-ana
pn - erg	stone	throw- aor
‘Ali threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʕeze

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	ʕarac	ʕol-e-b	b-ugo
pn - dat	silver	reach. ipf - ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Ali has enough money.’

6. resemble reɬɬine

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	ħažidada-da	raɬɬ-ara-w	w-ugo
pn	h - loc	resemble- pf . ptcp - m	m - cop
‘Ali resembles Hajidada.’

7. believe božize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-da	bož-ula
pn	pn - obl - loc	trust- ipf
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

8. take bosize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’ex	b-os-ana	polka-jal-dasa
pn - erg	book	n -take- aor	shelf- obl - el
‘Ali took a book.’

9. see bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	ruq’	b-ix-ule-b	b-ugo
pn - loc	house	n -see- ipf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Ali sees a house.’

10. influence baze

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rak’aldač’e-j	rih-alda	b-a-ra-b	b-ugo
remember- msd	delay- obl . loc	n -hang- pf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dandč’waze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	aħmad	dandč’wa-la	rak’-alda-go	heč’o-go
pn - loc	pn	meet- ipf	heart- obl . loc -self	neg . cop - cv
‘Ali ran into Ahmad by chance.’

12. enter žaniwe ɬuhine

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	roq’o-w-e	žani-w-e	ɬuh-una
pn	house. loc - m - lat	inside- m - lat	enter- ipf
‘Ali enters the house.’

13. win berhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-dasa	werh-ana
pn	pn - obl - el	m .overcome- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

14. go out q’wat’ibe baqine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	škola-l-dasa	q’wat’i-w-e	w-aq-ana
pn	school- obl - el	outside- m - lat	m -go_out- aor
‘Ali went out of the school.’

15. drive ʁeze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ʕaka	q’wat’i-b-e	ʁol-e-b	b-ugo	χaribak’-al-de
pn - erg	cow	outside- n - lat	push. ipf - ptcp - n	n - cop	pasture- obl - lat
‘Ali is driving the cow away to the pasture.’

16. bend het’izabize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ʕarƛ’el	het’-izab-ula
pn - erg	branch	bend- caus . n - ipf
‘Ali bends the branch.’

17. tell abize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	aħmad-i-da	niže-qe	hobolɬu-q	w-ač’-a-jila-n	ab-una
pn - erg	pn - obl - loc	1 pl . excl . obl - apudlat	invitation. obl - apud	m -come- imp . itr - quot - seq	say- ipf
‘Ali told Ahmad to come to their place.’

18. hold kkeze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’ex	kkun	b-ugo	kodo-b
pn - erg	book	catch. seq	n - cop	hand. loc - n
‘Ali is holding a book.’

19. catch up χaduw ʁeze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-i-da	χadu-w	ʁ-una
pn	pn - obl - loc	behind- m	push- aor
‘Ali caught up with Marjam.’
Note: Here, χadu-w functions as an adverb.

20. milk beč’č’ize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ʕaka	b-eč’č’-ana
pn - erg	cow	n -milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

21. reach ššweze

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	ɬar-a-l	raʕal-de	ššw-ana
pn	river- obl - gen	brink- lat	arrive- aor
‘Ali reached the bank.’

22. touch qwaze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	he-l-da	qwa-na	wa	čorokɬ-ana
pn	that- obl - loc	scratch- aor	and	get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched it and got dirty.’

23. fight baʁize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun

X: NOM

Y: gun

Locus: Y

ʕali	w-aʁ-ule-w	w-ugo	aħmad	gun
pn	m -fight- ipf . ptcp - m	m - cop	pn	with
‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’

24. be friends hudulɬi buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_GENgun

X: GEN

Y: GENgun

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	hudul-ɬi	b-ugo	aħmad-il	gun
pn - gen	friend- nmlz	n - cop	pn - gen	with
‘Ali is friends with Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think pikrabazda buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	marjam-il	pikrabaz-da	w-ugo
pn	pn - gen	idea. pl . obl - loc	m - cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat kwine

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ʕeč	kwana
pn - erg	apple	eat( aor )
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry bežize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ččuʕa	b-ež-ana
pn - erg	fish	n -fry- aor
‘Ali fried the fish.’

28. wait balahun č'eze

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-q	w-alah-un	č’-un	w-ugo
pn	pn - obl - apud	m -look- seq	stand- seq	m - cop
‘Ali is waiting for Ahmad.’

29. forget k’očeze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	k’očon	t-ana	cogida-b	nuχ
pn - loc	forget. seq	leave- aor	other- n	way
‘Ali forgot the other road.’

30. depend baze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

rak’-alda	žo	č’e-j	či-jas-ul	rih-alda	b-a-ra-b	b-ugo
heart- obl . loc	thing	stand- msd	man- obl . m - gen	delay- obl . nm . loc	n -hang- pf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call aħize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	aħ-ana	aħmad
pn - erg	call- aor	pn
‘Ali called Ahmad.’

32. get to know ɬajqwaj habize

Valency pattern: ERG_GENgun

X: ERG

Y: GENgun

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	aħmad-il	gun	ɬa-j-qwa-j	ha-b-una	co	son-aɬ	cebe
pn - erg	pn - gen	with	know- msd -scratch- msd	do- n - aor	one	year- erg	before.n
‘Ali got to know Ahmad a year ago.’

33. know ɬaze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	aħmad	ɬa-la
pn - loc	pn	know- ipf
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

34. play (instrument) qwaze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	w-ugo	gitara	qwa-le-w
pn	m - cop	guitar	scratch- ipf . ptcp - m
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the present tense.

35. avoid ɬutize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	ɬut-ule-w	w-ugo	aħmad-i-dasa
pn	flee- ipf . ptcp - m	m - cop	pn - obl - el
‘Ali avoids Ahmad.’

36. make habize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ʕunk’k’-al	kkwe-ze	gudur	ha-b-una
pn - erg	mouse- pl . nom	hold- inf	shackles	do- n - aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun beɬanqize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCtad

X: NOM

Y: LOCtad

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-da	t’ad	w-eɬanq-ule-w	w-ugo
pn	pn - obl - loc	on	m -laugh- ipf . ptcp - m	m - cop
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

38. have buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-l	mašina	b-ugo
pn - gen	car	n - cop
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for balahize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	k’ulal	r-alah-ule-w	w-ugo
pn	keys	pl -look- ipf . ptcp - m	m - cop
‘Ali is looking for his keys.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the progressive construction.

40. paint lažbar baχine

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	čali-jal-da	lažbar	b-aχ-ana
pn - erg	fence- obl - loc	paint	n -lift- aor
‘Ali painted the fence.’

41. bite ħanč’ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: TR

ʕali-da	ħanč’-ana	ho-jaɬ
pn - loc	bite- aor	dog- erg
‘A dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit maħrumɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	maħrumɬ-ana	ruq’-al-dasa
pn	be_deprived- aor	house- obl - el
‘Ali lost his house.’

43. try to catch kkeze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	w-ugo	keto	kkole-w
pn	m - cop	cat	catch. ipf . ptcp - m
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: This is a transitive verb. The bi-nominative construction is triggered by the progressive construction.

44. break bekize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’il	b-ek-ana
pn - erg	stick	n -break- aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter reccinaldaɬun gukkize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	recc-in-al-da-ɬ-un	gukk-ule-j	j-igo	marjam
pn - erg	praise- msd - obl - loc - vblz - seq	cheat- ipf . ptcp - f	f - cop	pn
‘Ali is flattering Marjam.’

46. love (person) boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	marjam	j-oƛ’-ula
pn - dat	pn	f -want- ipf
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

47. wave xwaʕize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	kwerbac’c’	xwaʕ-ule-b	b-ugo
pn - erg	handkerchief	wave- ipf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream aniššazda buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	c’ija-b	mašina-jaɬ-ul	anišš-az-da	w-ugo
pn	new- n	car- obl - gen	dream- pl . obl - loc	m - cop
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

49. wash čurize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	čaška	čur-ana
pn - erg	cup	wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on ret’ine

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’ažu	ret’-ana
pn - erg	trousers	dress- aor
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called c’ar buk’ine

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: LOC

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

he-b	t’aʕel-alda	c’ar	kompas	b-ugilan
that- n	utensil- obl . loc	name	compass	n - cop . quot
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish ʕadlu habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	was-as-e	ʕadlu	ha-b-una
pn - erg	son- obl - dat	justice	do- n - aor
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack k’anc’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_LATtade

X: NOM

Y: LATtade

Locus: Y

ččuʕiqan-as-de	t’ade	ci	k’anc’-ana
fisherman- m . obl - lat	on. lat	bear	jump- aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) c’eze

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

wedro	ɬel	c’-una
pail	water. gen	fill- aor
‘The pail filled with water.’

55. find batize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	k’ulal	r-at-ana
pn - loc	keys	pl -find- aor
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short ʕeze + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	co	dollar	ʕol-e-b	heč’o
pn - dat	one	dollar	reach. ipf - ptcp - n	neg . cop
‘Ali is one dollar short.’

57. hate roƛ’uq’ɬi buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_LATxun

X: GEN

Y: LATxun

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	kutaka-b	roƛ’uq’ɬi	b-ugo	aħmad-i-de	χun
pn - gen	strong- n	hate	n - cop	pn - obl - lat	toward
‘Ali hates Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like bercin bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	ha-b	gorde	bercin	b-ix-un	b-ugo
pn - loc	this- n	shirt	nice	n -see- seq	n - cop
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need q’wariʕize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	ʕarac	q’wariʕ-un	b-ugo
pn - dat	silver	need- seq	n - cop
‘Ali needs money.’

60. surround swerun baze

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

šahar	swer-un	q’ed	b-a-n	b-ugo
town	turn- seq	wall	n -hang- seq	n - cop
‘The wall surrounds the city,’ lit. ‘Having turned around the city (they) hung a wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

61. remain χut’ize

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-l	anc'go	dolar	χut’-ana
pn - gen	ten	dollar	remain- aor
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer žawab ƛ’eze

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	muʕalim-as-e	žawab	ƛ’-una
pn - erg	teacher- m . obl - dat	answer	give- aor
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open rahize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	banka	rah-ana
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‘Ali opened a can.’

64. be different bat’ija buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

dir	gorde	dur-al-dasa	bat’ija-b	b-ugo
my	shirt	your- obl . n - el	different- n	n - cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind naqa χut’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-dasa	naqa	χut’-ana
pn	pn - obl - el	back. el	remain- aor
‘Ali fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough beƛ’ize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	χur	b-eƛ’-ule-b	b-ugo
pn - erg	field	n -plough- ipf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’

67. smell maħ buk’ize

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

dir	kwer-az-da	benzad-ul	maħ	b-ugo
my	hand- pl . obl - loc	oil- gen	smell	n - cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross baχine

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	nuχ	b-aχ-ana
pn - erg	way	n -cross- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

69. sing aħize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	bercina-b	keč’	aħ-ana
pn - erg	handsome- n	song	call- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

70. write qwaze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	kaʁat	qwa-na
pn - erg	paper	scratch- aor
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink heq’eze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	rax	heq’-ana
pn - erg	milk	drink- aor
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt biʔine

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’uxi-du-l	kesek	b-iʔ-inab-una
pn - erg	lead- obl - gen	piece	n -melt- caus . n - ipf
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match dande kkoleb buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

ha-b	račel	dir	pal’to-jal-de	dande	kkole-b	b-ugo
this- n	belt	my	coat- obl - lat	in_front	fall. ipf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘This belt goes well with my coat.’

74. leave teze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	ʕagara-b	šahar	t-ana
pn - erg	parent- n	town	leave- aor
‘Ali left his native city.’

75. cover bacize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

t’ubango	č’abar	b-ac-un	b-ugo	χaliča-jaɬ
totally	floor	n -cover- seq	n - cop	rug- erg
‘The rug covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rak’alda buk’ine

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	ruq’	c’aq’	ɬik’	rak’-alda	b-ugo
pn - loc	house	very	good	heart- obl . loc	n - cop
‘Ali remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kumek habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	marjam-ije	kumek	ha-b-una
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	do- n - aor
‘Ali helped Ahmad.’

78. understand (language) bič’č’ize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	parang	mac’	b-ič’č’-ula
pn - loc	f rench	tongue	n -understand- ipf
‘Ali understands French.’

79. hit (target) reč’č’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ruq’-alda	piri	reč’č’-ana
house- obl . loc	lightning	smash- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself q’ot’ize

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali-l	kwer	q’ot’-ana	almas-aɬ
pn - gen	hand	cut- aor	cutter- erg
‘Ali cut himself with a knife’ (lit. ‘A knife cut Ali’s hand’).
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck rek’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

stakan	stol-alda	rek’-ana
glass	table- obl . loc	stick- aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) q’eze

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	q’-una	aħmad-i-ƛ’a
pn	lose- ipf	pn - obl - subel
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’

83. be glad boχize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	kaʁti-dasa	w-oχ-ana
pn	paper. obl - el	m -rejoice- aor
‘Ali was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gargadize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun

X: NOM

Y: gun

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad	gun	gargad-ile-w	w-uk’-ana
pn	pn	with	chat- fut . ptcp - m	m -be- aor
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

85. give birth habize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

marjam-ica	was	ha-w-una
pn - erg	boy	do- m - aor
‘Marjam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop bortize

Valency pattern: APUDEL_NOM

X: APUDEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-qa	stakan	b-ort-ana
pn - apudel	glass	n -rush- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

87. govern nuχmaɬi habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	nižer	rosda-je	nuχmaɬi	ha-b-ula
pn - erg	1 pl . excl . gen	village. obl - dat	leadership	do- n - ipf
‘Ali runs our town.’

88. miss ššweze

Valency pattern: GEN_LAT

X: GEN

Y: LAT

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	marjam-i-de	rak’	ššun	b-ugo
pn - gen	pn - obl - lat	heart	reach. seq	n - cop
‘Ali misses Marjam.’

89. follow χadub buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCxaduAGR

X: NOM

Y: LOCxaduAGR

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-i-da	χadu-w	w-ugo
pn	pn - obl - loc	behind- m	m - cop
‘Ali follows Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount ʁorƛ’e ɬuhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	čo-dasa	ʁorƛ’e	ɬuh-ana
pn	horse. obl - el	down. lat	enter- aor
‘Ali got down from the horse.’

91. listen ʕenekkize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	radio-jaɬ-uq	ʕenekk-un	w-ugo
pn	radio- obl - apud	listen- seq	m - cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

92. obey ʕenekkize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	ebel-aɬ-uq	ʕenekk-ula
pn	mother- obl - apud	listen- ipf
‘Ali always listens to his mother.’

93. hear raʕize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	baq’an	raʕ-ule-b	b-ugo
pn - loc	tune	hear- ipf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Ali hears the music.’

94. mix žubaze

Valency pattern: NOM_gun

X: NOM

Y: gun

Locus: Y

hoc’o	rax	gun	žu-b-ana
honey	milk	with	mix- n - aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look balahize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	nak’k’-az-uq	w-alah-un	w-ugo
pn	cloud- pl . obl - apud	m -look- seq	m - cop
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off baqine

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	gorde	b-aq-ana
pn - erg	shirt	n -lift- aor
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) maƛ’iɬ bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	maƛ’i-ɬ	marjam	j-ix-ule-j	j-igo
pn - loc	sleep. obl - inter	pn	f -see- ipf . ptcp - f	f - cop
‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’

98. agree req’eze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCtad

X: NOM

Y: LOCtad

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-i-da	t’ad	req’-ana
pn	pn - obl - loc	on	fit- aor
‘Ali agreed with Marjam.’

99. have a quarrel barššize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun

X: NOM

Y: gun

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam	gun	baršš-un	w-ugo
pn	pn	with	quarrel- seq	m - cop
‘Ali had a quarrel with Marjam.’

100. cost baha buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: GEN

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

hab	čaška-jaɬ-ul	baha	co	dollar	b-ugo
this. n	cup- obl - gen	price	one	dollar	n - cop
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at reč’č’ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	ħanč’i-da	reč’č’-ana
pn - erg	sparrow. pl - loc	smash- aor
‘Ali shot at the sparrows.’

102. pour baze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	čakar	b-a-na	čaška-jaɬ-u-b-e
pn - erg	sugar	n -hang- aor	cup- obl - loc - n - lat
‘Ali poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose bilize

Valency pattern: APUDEL_NOM

X: APUDEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-qa	k’ulal	r-il-ana
pn - apudel	keys	pl -disappear- aor
‘Ali lost his keys.’

104. sink ʁanq’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

qwalxen	ʕur-uɬ	ʁanq’-ana
log	river- inter	drown- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill č’waze

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	č’wa-na	aħmad
pn - erg	strike- aor	pn
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

106. hit ƛ’ab(ʕ)ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	aħmad-i-da	ƛ’abʕ-ana
pn - erg	pn - obl - loc	strike- aor
‘Ali hit Ahmad.’

107. kiss q’očize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-i-da	q’oč-ana
pn	pn - obl - loc	kiss- aor
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

108. read c’alize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	tamašaja-b	t’ex	c’al-ana
pn - erg	interesting- n	book	read- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) baʁaraqdizabize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	kilššal	r-aʁaraqd-izar-una
pn - erg	finger. pl . nom	pl -move- caus . pl - aor
‘Ali moved his fingers.’

110. respect adab habize

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	aħmad-il	adab	hab-ula
pn - erg	pn - gen	politeness	do. n - ipf
‘Ali respects Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish rak’ q’aze

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC

X: GEN

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	rak’	q’a-la	čur-ič’e-b	c’araʕ-alda
pn - gen	heart	fix- ipf	wash- pf . neg . ptcp - n	dishes- obl . loc
‘Ali is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

112. be content razijab buk’una

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	žindir-go	was-as-dasa	razija-w	w-ugo
pn	refl . gen -self	son- m . obl - el	glad- m	m - cop
‘Ali is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love roƛ’i kkeze

Valency pattern: GEN_APUD

X: GEN

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	marjam-i-q	roƛ’i	kk-un	b-ugo
pn - gen	pn - obl - apud	love	catch- seq	n - cop
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’

114. trust božize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	bož-ula	marjam-i-da
pn	trust- ipf	pn - obl - loc
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

115. sympathise gurħize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	gurħ-ula	žindir-go	ebel-alda
pn	burn- ipf	refl . gen -self	mother- obl . loc
‘Ali sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy žaħda buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER

X: GEN

Y: INTER

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	žaħda	b-uk’-una	aħmad-i-ɬ
pn - gen	envy	n -be- ipf	pn - obl - inter
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

117. be angry ccin baqine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC

X: GEN

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	aħmad-i-da	ccin	b-aq-un	b-ugo
pn - gen	pn - obl - loc	anger	n -rise- seq	n - cop
‘Ali is angry with Ahmad.’

118. be surprised ʕažaibɬi habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	sajʁat-aɬe	ʕažaibɬi	ha-b-una
pn - erg	gift- nm . obl . dat	wonder	do- n - aor
‘Ali was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	čaj	b-oƛ’-ula
pn - dat	tea	n -want- ipf
‘Ali loves tea.’

120. enjoy kep bosize

Valency pattern: ERG_EL

X: ERG

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali-ca	b-uħ-ara-b	čaj-al-dasa	kep	b-os-ule-b	b-ugo
pn - erg	n -burn- pf . ptcp - n	tea- obl - el	pleasure	n -take- ipf . ptcp - n	n - cop
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’

121. want boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	c’ija-b	mobilnik	b-oƛ’-un	b-ugo
pn - dat	new- n	mobile_phone	n -want- seq	n - cop
‘Ali wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ccin baqine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC

X: GEN

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	ccin	b-aq-un	b-ugo	aħmad-i-da
pn - gen	anger	n -rise- seq	n - cop	pn - obl - loc
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence rak’ χweze

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-da	rak’	χun	w-ugo
pn	pn - obl - loc	heart	die. seq	m - cop
‘Ali took offence at Ahmad.’

124. upset rek’eq’ɬizabize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	rek’eq’ɬ-izaw-una	aħmad
pn - erg	regret- caus . m - aor	pn
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’

125. marvel ħikmaɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

ʕali	ħikmaɬ-izaw-una	he-b	šahar-aɬ
pn	be_awed- caus . m - ipf	that- n	town- erg
‘Ali was impressed by this town.’

126. despise riχine

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-je	aħmad	riχ-ara-w	w-ugo
pn - dat	pn	despise- pf . ptcp - m	m - cop
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’

127. get upset pašmanɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT7olo

X: NOM

Y: DAT7olo

Locus: Y

ʕali	pašmanɬ-ana	was-as-e	ʕolo
pn	be_sad- aor	son- m . obl - dat	for
‘Ali got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ccin buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_LOC

X: GEN

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	jas-alda	ccin	b-ugo
pn - gen	girl- obl . loc	anger	n - cop
‘Ali is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond bercin bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	aħmad	bercin	w-ix-ula
pn - loc	pn	nice	m -see- ipf
‘Ali is fond of Ahmad.’

130. be shy nečeze

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

he-w	nečon	w-uk’-una	žindir-go	q’arq’ala-jaɬ-ul	borχaɬi-jal-dasa
that- m	be_ashamed. seq	m -be- ipf	refl . gen -self	carcass- obl - gen	height- obl - el
‘He is embarrased about his height.’