BivalTyp

Skolt Saami

Contributed by Alena Blinova and Ksenia Shagal (Academia.edu profile)

A.B.'s photo K.S.'s photo

The data were obtained in 2018-2020 from a 80-year-old speaker from Sevettijärvi (Inari, Finland) with kind assistance of Tim Feist. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Shagal, Ksenia & Alena Blinova. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Skolt Saami. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 23, 2020; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Skolt Saami is an endangered Finno-Ugric language spoken primarily in the Municipality of Inari, in the northeast of Finland, by less than 300 people. The data presented here were collected from a speaker living in the village of Sevettijärvi, the main cultural hub of Skolt Saami life. In addition, around 20 Skolt Saami speakers live in Russia, on the Kola Peninsula.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the subject (A- or S-argument) is in the nominative, and the object (P-argument) is in the accusative. Similarly to most other Saami languages (and unlike South Saami), Skolt Saami does not show any differential object marking. The verb agrees with the nominative argument in person and number. The neutral word order is SV(O). An example of the transitive construction can be found in (1).

(1) Peâtt      laaʹpp-i      lokkčouddj-id
    PN.SG.NOM  lose-PST.3SG  key-PL.ACC
    ‘Pete lost the keys.’

Non-core arguments are typically flagged by oblique cases or by postpositions, which require genitive marking on the noun. For a comprehensive description of Skolt Saami, see Feist (2015).

Feist, Timothy. 2015. A grammar of Skolt Saami (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 273). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.

Case system

Skolt Saami has nine cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, comitative, locative, illative, essive, partitive, and abessive. Partitive, which is extensively used for argument encoding in some other Finno-Ugric languages, mostly occurs after quantifiers and numerals greater than six.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are shown in the infinitive form (ending in -âd, -ad or -ed).

Glossing abbreviations

1, 2, 3, 4 — 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th person; ACC — accusative; CNG — connegative; COM — comitative; COMP — complementizer; COND — conditional; CONT — continuative; DIST — distal; ESS — essive; GEN — genitive; ILL — illative; INCH — inchoative; INF — infinitive; LOC — locative; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; PART — partitive; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PROG — progressive; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain leeʹd -kõpp

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peâtt-ast lij vueiʹvv-kõpp
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 sg head-disease. sg . nom
‘Pete has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound).

2. have (illness) leeʹd

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peâtt-ast lij nuõpp-kõpp
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 sg cold(disease)-disease. sg . nom
‘Pete has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid põõllâd

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt pââll piânnj-est
pn . sg . nom fear. prs .3 sg dog- sg . loc
‘Pete is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kõõškeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kõõšk-i ǩieʹđj
pn . sg . nom throw- pst .3 sg rock. sg . acc
‘Pete threw a stone.’

5. have enough leeʹd nokk

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ååʹn Peâtt-ast lie nokk tieʹǧǧ
now pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 pl enough money. pl . nom
‘Now Pete has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble leeʹd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvuakka
X: NOM
Y: GENvuakka
Locus: Y
päʹrnn lij ääʹjj-es vuâkka
boy. sg . nom be. prs .3 sg grandfather. sg . gen - poss .3 sg like
‘The boy resembles his grandfather.’

7. believe åskkad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt åskk suu
pn . sg . nom believe. prs .3 sg 3 sg . acc
‘Pete believes her.’

8. take väʹldded

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vaaʹld-i ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom take- pst .3 sg book. sg . acc
‘Pete took a book.’

9. see vueiʹnned

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vuäinn põõrt
pn . sg . nom see. prs .3 sg house. sg . acc
‘Pete sees a house.’

10. influence vaikkted

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
ââʹǩǩ vaaikat muštt-u
age. sg . nom influence. prs .3 sg memory- sg . ill
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter teeivõõttâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt teeivõõđ-i Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom encounter- pst .3 sg pn - sg . com
‘Pete encountered Maria’

12. enter pueʹtted

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt puõʹđ-i põʹrtt-e
pn . sg . nom come- pst .3 sg house- sg . ill
‘Pete entered the house.’

13. win vueiʹtted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vuõit-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom win- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete beat Maria’

14. go out mõõnnâd

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt mõõn-i põõrt-âst meädda
pn . sg . nom go- pst .3 sg house- sg . loc away
‘Pete went out of the house.’

15. drive laiʹddjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt laiʹddai kuuzz
pn . sg . nom lead. prs .3 sg cow. sg . acc
‘Pete is driving the cow (to the pasture).’

16. bend poonnjâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt poonnj-i ååuʹs
pn . sg . nom bend- pst .3 sg branch. sg . acc
‘Pete bent the branch.’

17. tell ceäʹlǩǩed

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt cieʹlǩ-i Märjj-a:
pn . sg . nom say- pst .3 sg pn - sg . ill
‘Pete told Maria: “...”.’

18. hold tuõʹllʼjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt tuõʹlla-i ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom hold. prs .3 sg book. sg . acc
‘Pete is holding a book.’

19. catch up tääʹvted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt tääʹvt-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom grab- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete caught up with Maria’

20. milk pââččad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt pââjja-i kuuzz
pn . sg . nom milk- pst .3 sg cow. sg . acc
‘Pete milked the cow.’

21. reach laʹddjed

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt laʹddj-i ridd-u
pn . sg . nom reach- pst .3 sg bank. sg . ill
‘Pete reached the bank.’

22. touch kuõskkâd

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt kuõsk-i seinn-a
pn . sg . nom touch. pst .3 sg wall- sg . ill
‘Pete touched the wall.’

23. fight tuärrad

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt lij tuärr-men Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg fight- prog . ptcp pn - sg . com
‘Pete is fighting with Maria’

24. be friends leeʹd taaurõš

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peâtt lij Määrʹj taaurõš
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg pn . sg . gen friend. sg . nom
‘Pete is Maria’s friend.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

25. think juurdčed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt juurdač Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom think. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is thinking about Maria’

26. eat poorrâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt poor-i jaabl
pn . sg . nom eat- pst .3 sg apple. sg . acc
‘Pete ate an apple.’

27. fry päʹštted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt paaʹšt-i kueʹl
pn . sg . nom fry- pst .3 sg fish. sg . acc
‘Pete fried the fish.’

28. wait vueʹrdded

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vuârdd Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom wait. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is waiting for Maria’

29. forget väjldõõvvâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt väjldõõʹv-i tõn nuuʹbb čuõkku
pn . sg . nom forget- pst .3 sg dist . sg . acc other. sg . acc road. sg . acc
‘Pete forgot (about) the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call čuârvvad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt čuârva-i Määʹrj vieʹǩǩ-en
pn . sg . nom shout- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc help- ess .
‘Pete shouted to Maria for help.’

32. get to know tobdstõõttâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt tobdst-õõđ-i Määrja-in õhtt eeʹǩǩ mââiårra
pn . sg . nom get.to.know- refl - pst .3 sg pn - sg . com one year. sg . nom ago
‘Pete got to know Maria a year ago.’

33. know tobddâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt tåbdd Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom know. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete knows Maria’

34. play (instrument) siõrrâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt seârr kitara-in
pn . sg . nom play. prs .3 sg guitar- sg . com
‘PN is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid veäʹltted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt veältt Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom avoid. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete avoids Maria’

36. make raajjâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt raaj-i säʹpplee-äggaz
pn . sg . nom make- pst .3 sg mouse. sg . gen -trap. sg . acc
‘Pete made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun luânnjad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt luânnj Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom make.fun.of. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is making fun of Maria’

38. have leeʹd

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peâtt-ast lij autt
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 sg car. sg . nom
‘Pete has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for ooccâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lij oocc-men suu lokkčouddj-id
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg seek- prog . ptcp 3 sg . gen key- pl . acc
‘Pete is looking for his keys.’

40. paint kälkkeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kälkki-i ääiʹd
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . acc
‘Pete painted the fence.’

41. bite snäuʹǩǩed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
piânnai snauʹǩ-i suu
dog. sg . nom bite- pst .3 sg 3 sg . acc
‘A dog bit him.’

42. forfeit mõõnted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt mõõnt-i põõrt-âs
pn . sg . nom make.go- pst .3 sg house. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete lost his house.’

43. try to catch *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peâtt strääžž, što tääʹvteʹ-čč-i kaazz
pn . sg . nom try. prs .3 sg comp grab- cond -3 sg cat. sg . acc
‘Pete is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

44. break tuäjjad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt tuäja-i sueʹbb
pn . sg . nom break- pst .3 sg stick. sg . acc
‘Pete broke a stick.’

45. flatter kuärggted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kuärggat Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom flatter. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is flattering Maria’

46. love (person) räʹǩsted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt rääʹǩǩast Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom love. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete loves Maria’

47. wave heeilted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lij heeilte-men nozvaireeʹppǩ-es
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg wave- prog . ptcp handkerchief. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete is waving his handkerchief.’

48. dream niõǥǥtõõllâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt lij niõǥǥ-tõõll-men ođđ aaut diõtt
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg dream- cont - prog . ptcp new car. sg . gen because.of
‘Pete is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash põõssâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt põõzz-i koopp
pn . sg . nom wash- pst .3 sg cup. sg . acc
‘Pete washed the cup.’

50. put on cääʹǩǩed ool

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt caaʹjj-i puusees ool
pn . sg . nom put.on- pst .3 sg trousers[ pl . acc ]. poss .3 sg onto
‘Pete put on his trousers.’
Note: Here, ool is part of the phrasal verb, not a postposition.

51. be called kååččeed

Valency pattern: ACC_ESS
X: ACC
Y: ESS
Locus: XY
tän tiiŋg kååččeet kompass-ân
prox . sg . acc thing. sg . acc call. prs .4 sg compass- ess
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack kõrmmled

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool
X: NOM
Y: GENool
Locus: Y
kueʹbǯǯ kõrmml-i kueʹllšiili ool
bear. sg . nom attack- pst .3 sg fisherman. sg . gen onto
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) teâuddjed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
skääll teâuddj-i čääʹʒʒ-est
bucket. sg . nom become.filled- pst .3 sg water- sg . loc
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find kaunnâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kaaun-i lokkčouddj-es
pn . sg . nom find- pst .3 sg key. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete found his key.’

56. be short *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

57. hate vââjšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vââjaš Määrʹj
pn . sg . nom hate. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete hates Maria’

58. like tuʹǩǩeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt tuʹǩǩad tän pääiʹdest
pn . sg . nom like. prs .3 sg prox . sg . gen shirt. sg . loc
‘Pete likes this shirt.’

59. need taarbšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt taarbaš tieʹǧǧ-id
pn . sg . nom need. prs .3 sg money- pl . acc
‘Pete needs money.’

60. surround pirrõõttâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
uur pirrâʹtte gåårad
wall. pl . nom surround. prs .3 pl city. sg . acc
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain leeʹd teänab

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peâtt-ast lie teänab pâi 10 eurr-âd
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 pl (any)more only 10 euro- part
‘Pete has only 10 euros left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The Y argument (‘10 euros’) is in the nominative case, the use of the partitive case is determined by the numeral.

62. answer vaʹstteed

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt vaʹstti-i uʹčteel-a
pn . sg . nom answer- pst .3 sg teacher- sg . ill
‘Pete answered the teacher.’

63. open ääʹveed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt äävi-i puurk
pn . sg . nom open- pst .3 sg can. sg . acc
‘Pete opened a can.’

64. be different leeʹd jeeʹresnallšem

Valency pattern: NOM_ko
X: NOM
Y: ko
Locus: Y
ij muu päiʹdd lij jeeʹresnallšem ko tuu päiʹdd
neg .3 sg 1 sg . gen shirt. sg . nom be. prs .3 sg different than 2 sg . gen shirt. sg . nom
‘No, my shirt is different from your shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind kuâđđjed

Valency pattern: NOM_GENtuakka
X: NOM
Y: GENtuakka
Locus: Y
Peâtt kuâđđj-i Määʹrj tuâkka
pn . sg . nom remain- pst .3 sg pn . sg . gen behind
‘Pete fell behind Maria’

66. plough auʹrrjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lij auʹrrje-men peäld
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg plough- prog . ptcp field. sg . acc
‘Pete is ploughing the field.’

67. smell âʹpssed

Valency pattern: NOM_mate
X: NOM
Y: mate
Locus: Y
muu ǩiõđ âʹpsse mâte beʹnsin
1 sg . gen hand. pl . nom smell. prs .3 pl like gasoline. sg . nom
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross mõõnnâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENraast
X: NOM
Y: GENraast
Locus: Y
Peâtt mõõn-i čuõkku rââst
pn . sg . nom go. pst .3 sg road. sg . gen across
‘Pete crossed the road’

69. sing läullad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lääula-i mooččâs laulli
pn . sg . nom sing- pst .3 sg beautiful song. sg . acc
‘Pete sang a beautiful song.’

70. write ǩeeʹrjted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt ǩeeʹrjt-i ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom write- pst .3 sg letter. sg . acc
‘Pete wrote a letter.’

71. drink juukkâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt juuǥǥ-i mieʹlǩ
pn . sg . nom drink- pst .3 sg milk. sg . acc
‘Pete drank the milk.’

72. melt suddeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt suddi-i lââʹjj-kuuʹsǩ
pn . sg . nom melt- pst .3 sg lead-piece. sg . acc
‘Pete melted a piece of lead.’

73. match suåppâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
tät puäǥǥanj suäpp puârast muu kååut-in
prox . sg . nom belt. sg . nom match. prs .3 sg well 1 sg . gen skirt- sg . com
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave vueʹlǧǧed meädda

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt vuõʹlj-i meädda suu šõdd-âm-siid-âst
pn . sg . nom leave- pst .3 sg away 3 sg . gen born- pst . ptcp -village- sg . loc
‘Pete left his native village.’

75. cover käʹtted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
šaʹlddräänn kätt obb šââʹld
carpet. sg . nom cover. prs .3 sg all floor. sg . acc
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember mošttjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt moštt tõn põõrt puârast
pn . sg . nom remember. prs .3 sg dist . sg . acc house. sg . acc well
‘Pete remembers that house well.’

77. help vieʹǩǩted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vieʹǩǩt-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom help- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete helped Maria’

78. understand (language) fiʹttjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt fiʹttai franskk-ǩiõl
pn . sg . nom understand. prs .3 sg f rench-language. sg . acc
‘Pete understands French.’

79. hit (target) kõõsksted

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
teârmmaztoll kõõskst-i põʹrtt-e
lightning. sg . nom flash- pst .3 sg house- sg . ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself čuõppõõttâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt čuõpp-õõđ-i neeiʹb-in
pn . sg . nom cut- refl - pst .3 sg knife- sg . com
‘Pete cut himself with a knife.’

81. get stuck pâššned

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool
X: NOM
Y: GENool
Locus: Y
ståkkan pâššn-i pååʹrd ool
glass. sg . nom get.caught- pst .3 sg table. sg . gen onto
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) taaʹppjed

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt taaʹppj-i Märjj-a
pn . sg . nom be.beaten- pst .3 sg pn - sg . ill
‘Pete lost to Maria’

83. be glad leeʹd kuärǥast

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt leäi kuärǥast ǩeeʹrj diõtt
pn . sg . nom be. pst .3 sg glad letter. sg . gen because.of
‘Pete was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak mainsted

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt maainast Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom speak. prs .3 sg pn - sg . com
‘Pete is speaking with Maria’

85. give birth šõddeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mäʹrjj šõddi-i pääʹrn
pn . sg . nom give.birth- pst .3 sg child. sg . acc
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop kõõččted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kõõččt-i ståkkan
pn . sg . nom drop- pst .3 sg glass. sg . acc
‘Pete dropped the glass.’

87. govern vaaldšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vaaldaš mij siid
pn . sg . nom govern. prs .3 sg 1 pl . gen village. sg . acc
‘Pete runs our village.’

88. miss âʹǩǩõõššâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt âʹǩǩââžž Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom miss. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete misses Maria’

89. follow čuâvvad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt čuâvv Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom follow. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete follows Maria’

90. dismount luâšttõõttâd

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt luâšttõõđ-i (vuâlas) heäppaz sieʹlj-est
pn . sg . nom descend- pst .3 sg (downwards) horse. sg . gen back- sg . loc
‘Pete got down from the horse.’

91. listen kuvddled

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lij kuvddle-men radia
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg listen- prog . ptcp radio. sg . acc
‘Pete is listening to radio.’

92. obey jäkktõõllâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt pâi jäkktââll suu jieʹnn
pn . sg . nom always obey. prs .3 sg 3 sg . gen mother. sg . acc
‘Pete always obeys his mother.’

93. hear kuullâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kooll musiikk
pn . sg . nom hear. prs .3 sg music. sg . acc
‘Pete hears the music.’

94. mix seäkkned

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
miõtt seäkkn-i mieʹlǩ-in
honey. sg . nom get.mixed- pst .3 sg milk- sg . com
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look ǩiiččeed

Valency pattern: NOM_GENarra
X: NOM
Y: GENarra
Locus: Y
Peâtt lij ǩiičče-men põõlv-i årra
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg watch- prog . ptcp cloud- pl . gen towards
‘Pete is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off jäʹhssed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt jaauʹs-i pääiʹd-es
pn . sg . nom take.off- pst .3 sg shirt. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) niõǥǥeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Mäʹrjj niõǥǥad Peâtt-ast
pn . sg . nom dream. prs .3 sg pn - sg . loc
‘Maria dreams about Pete’

98. agree leeʹd õõutmiõllsaž

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt leäi Määrja-in õõutmiõllsaž
pn . sg . nom be. pst .3 sg pn - sg . com like.minded
‘Pete agreed with Maria’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel reeidčõõttâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt reeidčõõđ-i Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom have.a.quarrel- pst .3 sg pn - com
‘Pete had a quarrel with Maria’

100. cost mäʹhssed

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
tät kopp mähss õhtt euʹrr
prox . sg . nom cup. sg . nom cost. prs .3 sg one. nom euro. nom
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

101. shoot at pääččad

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvuastta
X: NOM
Y: GENvuastta
Locus: Y
Peâtt pääčča-i lååʹdd vuâstta
pn . sg . nom shoot- pst .3 sg bird. sg . gen towards
‘Pete shot at the bird.’

102. pour kâʹlvved

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kõõʹlv-i säähhar
pn . sg . nom pour- pst .3 sg sugar. sg . acc
‘Pete poured the sugar (into the cup).’

103. lose läʹpped

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt laaʹpp-i suu lokkčouddi
pn . sg . nom lose- pst .3 sg 3 sg . gen key. sg . acc
‘Pete lost his key.’

104. sink vuäjjad

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvualla
X: NOM
Y: GENvualla
Locus: Y
stokk vuäja-i čääʹʒʒ vuâlla
log. sg . nom sink- pst .3 sg water. sg . gen under
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill kåʹdded

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kooʹdd-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom kill- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete killed Maria’

106. hit čormmeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt čormmi-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom hit- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete hit Maria’

107. kiss cuʹmmsted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt cuʹmmst-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom kiss- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete kissed Maria’

108. read lookkâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt looǥǥ-i miõllǩiõʹssi ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom read- pst .3 sg interesting book. sg . acc
‘Pete read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) likktõõllâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt likktõõl-i suõrm-es
pn . sg . nom move- pst .3 sg finger. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete moved his finger.’

110. respect ciʹsttjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt ciʹsttai Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom respect. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete respects Maria’

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peâtt ij tuʹǩǩed sähssas liiʹttin
pn . sg . nom neg .3 sg like. cng dirty dish. pl . loc
‘Pete does not like dirty dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

112. be content leeʹd miõllstes

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt lij miõllstes pääʹrn-es diõtt
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg content son. sg . gen - poss .3 sg because.of
‘Pete is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love räʹǩstõõvvâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt räʹǩstõõv-i Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom fall.in.love- pst .3 sg pn - sg . com
‘Pete fell in love with Maria’

114. trust naʹddjõõttâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt naʹddjââtt Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom trust. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete trusts Maria’

115. sympathise žaʹllʼjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt čuuʹt žaʹllʼj-i jieʹnn-es
pn . sg . nom very feel.pity- pst .3 sg mother. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete sympathised with his mother.’

116. envy kađšted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kaađašt Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom envy. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete envies Maria’

117. be angry leeʹd suttâm

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool
X: NOM
Y: GENool
Locus: Y
Peâtt lij suttâm Määʹrj ool
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg angry pn . sg . gen onto
‘Pete is angry with Maria’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised õõmtõõššâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt õõmtõõžž-i sǩiâŋk diõtt
pn . sg . nom be.surprized- pst .3 sg gift. sg . gen because.of
‘Pete was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea) tuʹǩǩeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt tuʹǩǩad čee-st
pn . sg . nom like. prs .3 sg tea- sg . loc
‘Pete likes tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peâtt-ast lij hääʹsǩ juukkâd puõiʹlli čee
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 sg fun drink. inf hot tea. sg . acc
‘Pete enjoys drinking hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

121. want haaʹleed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt haaʹlad ođđ ǩiõtt-teeʹl
pn . sg . nom want. prs .3 sg new hand-phone. sg . acc
‘Pete wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

123. take offence neuʹrrõõvvâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt neuʹrrõõv-i Määʹrj diõtt
pn . sg . nom be.offended- pst .3 sg pn . sg . gen because.of
‘Pete took offence at Maria’

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel õõmšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt čuuʹt õõmš-i siid
pn . sg . nom very marvel.at- pst .3 sg village. sg . acc
‘Pete marvelled at this village.’

126. despise pâiʹlǩiõččâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt pâiʹlǩeäčč Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom despise. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete despises Maria’

127. get upset suttõõđškueʹtted

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool
X: NOM
Y: GENool
Locus: Y
Peâtt suttõõđ-škuõʹđ-i suu pääʹrn ool
pn . sg . nom get.upset- inch - pst .3 sg 3 sg . gen son. sg . gen onto
‘Pete got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated gåårõõđškueʹtted

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool
X: NOM
Y: GENool
Locus: Y
Peâtt gåårõõđ-škuäʹtt suu niõđ ool
pn . sg . nom get.irritated- inch . prs .3 sg 3 sg . gen daughter. sg . gen onto
‘Pete is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond tuʹǩǩeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt tuʹǩǩad Määrja-st
pn . sg . nom like. prs .3 sg pn . sg . loc
‘Pete is fond of Maria’

130. be shy käinnad

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt käinn kookkadvuõđ-âs diõtt
pn . sg . nom be.shy. prs .3 sg height. sg . gen - poss .3 sg because.of
‘Pete is shy about his height.’