BivalTyp

Alik Kryz

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the French version of the questionnaire (Azerbaijani was used for the elicitation in some cases). The data have been provided by Rahman Shamseddinov.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Alik Kryz. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 27, 2023; last revised on November 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment, except on personal pronouns, which have non-ergative morphology. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The oblique stem corresponds to the genitive case (except on proper nouns), and the ergative case is added to it. The verb takes gender-number prefixes, infixes and/or suffixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, rarely, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

Overall, there are 23 case forms in Alik Kryz. The 5 original non-locative cases are nominative, genitive, ergative, dative, instrumental. Historically, the system of locative cases consisted of two layers, involving 6 localizations and 3 directions (the unmarked essive, the lative and the elative), which yields 18 locative combinations. However, many of these combinations have shifted to more abstract, argumental functions and/or changed their spatial functions. Table 1 shows the relationships between the labels used in the data below (these labels are based on synchronic functions) and the original functions of cases.

Table 1. Alik Kryz nominal declension

case label form ‘house’ ‘man’ original function
NOM -Ø k’ul furi = NOM
ERG -r k’ul-ci-r furaʕar = EL
GEN -ci, -a, etc. k’ul-ci fura < ERG, IN
DAT -z k’ul-ci-z fura-z = DAT
INS -zina k’ul-ci-zina fura-zina < DAT+?
IN -a(ʕ) k’ul-ca Ø < IN
INEL -ʕa-r k’ul-caʕar Ø < IN+EL
ADV *-ʕan Ø Ø < IN+LAT
AD -v k’ul-ci-v fura-v < AD
ADR -v-an Ø furavan < AD+LAT
ADEL -v-ar k’ul-cavar furavar < AD+EL
APUD -ux k’ul-cux fura-ux < POST
DIR -xv-an k’ul-cu-xvan fura-xv-an < POST+LAT
APUDEL -xv-ar Ø Ø < POST+EL
SUPER -ğ k’ul-ci-ğ fura-ğ < SUPER
EQU -ğ-an k’ul-ci-ğ-an fura-ğ-an < SUPER+LAT
SUPEREL -ğ-ar k’ul-ci-ğar fura-ğ-ar < SUPER+EL
SUB -k k’ul-ci-k Ø < SUB/CONT
INVOC -k-an Ø fura-k-an < SUB/CONT+LAT
PART -k-ar k’ul-ci-kar fura-k-ar < SUB/CONT+EL
CUM -vas Ø fura-vas < AD+?
CUMLAT -vas-an Ø fura-vas-an < AD+?+LAT
CUMEL -vas-ar Ø fura-vas-ar < AD+?+EL

Despite their labels, the adelative and the superelative cases are mostly used to denote arguments rather than spatial adjuncts. The adverbial and apudelative cases are rare and lexically restricted. The instrumental case also conveys the comitative meaning. The equative case also has the transformative function. The case labeled as “IN” synchronically denotes both position (the inessive function) and direction (the illative function).

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with IV class agreement.

Glossing abbreviations used in the examples below

AD — adessive; ADEL — adelative; ADJ — adjectivizer; ADR — addressative; ADV — adverbial; AOR — aorist; APUD — apudessive; APUDEL — apudelative; ATTR — attributive; COMP — comparative; COMPL — complementizer; COP — copula; CUM — localization ‘in contact with’; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; DIR — directive; EQU — equative; ERG — ergative; EXIST — existential copula; F — feminine gender; GEN — genitive; IMPER — imperative; IN — inessive/illative; INEL — inelative; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; INTERR — interrogative; INVOC — invocative; IPFV — imperfective; M — human masculine gender; MP — mediopassive; MSD — masdar; N — neuter gender; NMLZ — nominalization; NN — non-neuter; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PART — partitive; PERF — perfect tense; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PLEXCL — exclusive plural; PN — person name; PROG — progressive; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential; SUB — subessive; SUBST — substantivizer; SUPER — superessive; SUPEREL — superelative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tuta varic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan q'il yaman tuta yi-ryu
pn ( gen ) head( f ) extreme hurt. cvb do. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan has a terrible headache.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

2. have (illness) xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
terlan grip-e
pn ( m ) flu- cop . m
‘Terlan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kiç'a xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL
X: DAT
Y: ADEL
Locus: XY
terlan-iz xvara-var kiç'a şe-re
pn - dat dog. obl - adel fear. cvb be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw saʕayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir dahar saʕa-c
pn - erg stone throw. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan threw a stone.’

5. have enough subq'vic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan pul surq'var-e
pn ( gen ) money reach. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan has enough money.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

6. resemble uxşamiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_EQU.ADJ.SUBST
X: NOM
Y: EQU.ADJ.SUBST
Locus: Y
terlan murad-ğan-a-d uxşamiş şe-re
pn pn - equ - adj - subst . nn . nom resemble be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan resembles Murad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe inanmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-uğ inanmiş şe-re
pn pn - super believe be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take ğvaynic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir raf-ul-ar kitab ğayn-ic
pn - erg shelf- obl - inel book take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see ipqhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz k'ul iurqhvar-yu
pn - dat house( f ) f .see. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan sees a house.’

10. influence tahsir aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
yaş-il-ir yaddaş-ciz tahsir yi-re
age- obl - erg memory- obl . dat consequence do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rast xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-uğ rast xhiy-id
pn pn - super encounter be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter ʕabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
terlan k'ul-ca ʕaç'-id
pn house( f )- obl . in go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan entered the house.’

13. win ğalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Terlan Rasul-iz ğalib ʕaxhr-id
pn pn - dat victorious m .come. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan beat Rasul.’

14. go out ğabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
terlan k'ul-caʕar ğaç'-id
pn house( f )- obl . inel m .go_out. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan went out of the house.’

15. drive hay varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir zar ürüş-ca hay yi-raʕacu
pn - erg cow pasture- obl . in dispatched do. ipfv - prog . f
‘Terlan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend agmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir budağ agmiş ar-ic
pn - erg branch bend do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan bent the branch.’

17. tell lipic

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR
X: ERG
Y: ADR
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-van lip-uc-ki ja-vas ʕaşa
pn - erg pn - adr say. pfv - aor . n - compl 1 plexcl . obl - cum come. imper . m
‘Terlan told Rasul: “Come to our place!”’

18. hold yuqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ug xab-a kitab yiqhir-ca
pn - erg refl . m ( gen ) hand- in book catch. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan is holding a book.’

19. catch up subq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan yixh-ci leyla-ğ surq'u-d
pn go. pfv - seq . interr pn - super m .reach. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk vazayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir zar v-aza-du
pn - erg cow f -milk. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan milked the cow.’

21. reach subq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
terlan kur aabad-a ğirağ-ca surq'u-d
pn river. gen further- attr side- obl . in m .reach. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan reached the other bank of the river.’

22. touch ğubq'vic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan divar-ciğ ğurq'u-d
pn wall( f )- obl . super m .touch. pfv - aor ( m )
‘Terlan touched the wall.’

23. fight davʕa varic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-zina davʕa yi-raʕacu
pn - erg pn - ins quarrel( f ) do. ipfv - prog . f
‘Terlan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dustuval varic

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-zina dust-uval yi-re
pn - erg pn - ins friend- nmlz do. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikirreşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_baraca
X: NOM
Y: baraca
Locus: Y
terlan leyla baraca fikirreşmiş şe-re
pn pn for think be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is thinking about Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat ulayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir yeç ula-du
pn - erg apple( f ) eat. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan ate an apple.’

27. fry ğizartmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir baluğ ğizartmiş var-du
pn - erg fish( f ) fry f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan fried the fish.’

28. wait guzat varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir rasul guzat yi-raʕaca
pn - erg pn wait do. ipfv - prog . m
‘Terlan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget sauxvana varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir la sab rix sauxvana var-cu
pn - erg that one. f . nom road( f ) f .forget. cvb f .do. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan forgot the other road.’

30. depend asli xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
yaddaş yaş-in-var asli-ya
memory age- obl - adel depending- cop . n
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call sas aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-xvan sas ar-ic
pn - erg pn - dir call do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan called Rasul.’

32. get to know vats'ara xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz rasul sad san ʕuran ats'ara xhica
pn - dat pn one. n year before know. cvb be. pfv . perf . m
‘Terlan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know vats'ayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz rasul ats'ar-e
pn - dat pn know- prs . m
‘Terlan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) çabt'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir gitara çart'-iraʕaca
pn - erg guitar play. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid çekinmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-kar çekinmiş şe-re
pn pn - part withdraw be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make diuxhva varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir çil dixha ar-ca
pn - erg trap build. n do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun uyun ğvaqhuric

Valency pattern: ERG_PART
X: ERG
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-kar uyun ğvarqh-uryu
pn - erg pn - part game( f ) f .lift. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have xhiyic

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-ux halu saʕat maşin suca
pn - apud this moment car exist . n
‘Terlan now has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for vabq'vara varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir açar-bi vadq'vara yi-raʕaca
pn - erg lock- pl . nom n .find. cvb do. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint rang varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir hasar rang ar-ca
pn - erg fence colour do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan painted the fence.’

41. bite yuqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan xvara-r yiqhr-id
pn dog. obl - erg catch. pfv - aor . m
‘A dog bit Terlan.’

42. forfeit xabaʕar ğapfic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan k'ul ug xab-aʕar ğap-du
pn ( gen ) house( f ) refl . m ( gen ) hand- inel f .go_out. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan lost his house.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

43. try to catch yuqhruz iukva xhiyic

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
terlan-iz gaç yuqhr-uz iukva-cu
pn - dat cat f .catch. pfv - inf f .want. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan wants to catch the cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

44. break qhvaçayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir k'ina qhaça-c
pn - erg wood break- aor . n
‘Terlan broke a stick.’

45. flatter yaltaxlanmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan leyla-z yaltaxlanmiş şe-re
pn pn - dat flatter be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person) iukvayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz leyla iukva-cu
pn - dat pn f .want. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan loves Leyla.’

47. wave yelletmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir dasmal yelletmiş yi-re
pn - erg towel wave do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is waving a towel.’

48. dream xayalca xhiyic

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
terlan taza sad maşin ğayn-ic xayal-ca-ya
pn new one. n machine take. pfv - msd imagination( f )- obl . in - cop
‘Terlan is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

49. wash zimac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir çeşka zima-du
pn - erg cup( f ) wash. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan washed the cup.’

50. put on ğuxhvayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ug şalvar ğixha-c
pn - erg refl . m ( gen ) trousers wear. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan put on his trousers.’

51. be called lipic

Valency pattern: SUPEREL_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: SUPEREL
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
uc-ğar kompas li-re
this. n . nom - superel compass say. ipfv - prs . n
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish cazalandirmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ug gada cazalandirmiş ar-id
pn - erg refl . m ( gen ) boy punish do. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan punished his son.’

53. attack ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig
X: NOM
Y: GEN7adig
Locus: Y
svar baluğçi-c ʕadi-ğ ʕaxhur-du
bear fisherman- gen surface- super f .arrive. pfv - aor . f
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ʕats'ts'a xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
vedre xhic-zina ʕats'ts'a xhi-du
bucket( f ) water. obl - ins full be. pfv - aor . f
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find vabq'vara varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir açar-bi vadq'vara ar-ic
pn - erg lock- pl . nom n .find. cvb do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan found his keys.’

56. be short aksug xhiyic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
za şidri sa-d dullar aksug-e
1. gen sister. gen one- n dollar missing- cop . n
‘My sister is one dollar short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

57. hate zehle ğabç'ic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
terlan-iz rasul-kar zehle ğarç'ar-yu
pn - dat pn - part hate( f ) go_up. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan hates Rasul.’

58. like xvaş xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz lu pirem xvaş şu-ryu
pn - dat this shirt( f ) good be. f . ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need iukvayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz pul ika-ca
pn - dat money want. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan needs money.’

60. surround xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENgara7ali
X: NOM
Y: GENgara7ali
Locus: Y
şahar-ci ğaraʕali duvar-bi-ya
town- gen around wall- pl . nom - cop . n
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain ipkinic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz qhata-ciz yits'id dullar itkin-ca
pn - dat tomorrow- obl . dat ten. n dollar n .remain. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’

62. answer cuğab vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir meʕlim-ciz cuğab vu-du
pn - erg teacher- obl . dat answer( f ) give. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan answered the teacher.’

63. open açuğ varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir banka açuğ ar-ic
pn - erg jar open do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan opened a can.’

64. be different curad xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
za pirem vaʕac-kar cura-d-yu
1. gen shirt( f ) yours. n - part separate- subst . nn . nom - prs . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind yiq'can ipkinic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-kar yiq'-can irkin-id
pn pn - part back- adv m .remain. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough yizayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ciga yizats'-re
pn - erg place plough. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell neʕ ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
za xab-rime-ğar benzin-ci neʕ ʕaşxha-re
1. gen hand- pl . obl - superel gazoline- gen smell come. ipfv - prs . n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is arguably expressed as an NP-internal modifier. To be checked.

68. cross yabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
terlan rixeʕar yaç'-ci mağaza-ca ʕaç'-id
pn road. inel pass. pfv - seq shop- obl . in go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan crossed the road.’

69. sing uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ʕayara mahni uxva-du
pn - erg good song( f ) read. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yazmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir mexhtub yazmiş var-du
pn - erg letter( f ) write f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan wrote a letter.’

71. drink ğirayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir yux ğira-c
pn - erg milk drink. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan drank the milk.’

72. melt yibts'ara varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir sad tike q'urq'uşun yits'ara ar-ic
pn - erg one. n piece lead melt do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match vafnic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
lu ğayiş za halavar-iz vanfan-e
this belt 1. gen clothes- dat suit. ipfv - prs . n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ğabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
terlan ug duğma şahar-caʕar ğaç'-id
pn refl . m ( gen ) genuine town( f )- obl . inel m .go_out. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan left his native town.’

75. cover q'iç yiqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xalça-cir girt k'ul-ci q'iç yirqh-re
carpet- obl . erg all house- gen inside catch. ipfv - prs . n
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember k'iyiğ ghala xhiyic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ug buʔu-d xhiyi k'ul terlan k'iy-iğ ghala ipkun-cu
refl . m ( nom ) big- subst . nn . nom be. pfv . ptcp house( f ) pn ( gen ) heart. obl - super good f .remain. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan remembers the house where we grew up well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

77. help kumak aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-uz kumak ar-ic
pn - erg pn - dat help do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) q'aleʕ ʕapic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
terlan fransuz-ca q'aleʕ ʕarfar-e
pn f rench- obl . in head. obl . in m .go(down). ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan understands French.’

79. hit (target) ʕaq'ulic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
k'ul-ca ildirim ʕaq'ul-du
house( f )- obl . in lightning f .fall. pfv - aor . f
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself yabt'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan lezva-czina ug ug yat'-id
pn blade- obl . ins refl . m ( erg ) refl . m ( nom ) cut. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan cut himself with a blade.’

81. get stuck ğukvayc

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig
X: NOM
Y: GEN7adig
Locus: Y
iskan miz-il ʕadı-ğ ğukva-cu
glass( f ) table- gen surface- super f .stick_on- perf . f
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) uduzmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-iz uduzmiş xhiy-id
pn pn - dat lose be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan lost to Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad şad xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan mexhtub-ciz şad xhiy-id
pn letter( f )- obl . dat happy be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak vacnic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-zina acan-aʕaca
pn pn - ins talk. ipfv - prog . m
‘Terlan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth xuyic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
leyla-r sar gada xuy-id
pn - erg one. m boy give_birth. pfv - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ʕaq'vala varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir iskan ʕaq'vala var-du
pn - erg glass( f ) f .fall. cvb f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan dropped the glass.’

87. govern buʔutuval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir kum-uz buʔutuval yi-re
pn - erg village- dat leadership do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan runs our village.’

88. miss darixmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan leyla-z darixmiş şe-re
pn pn - dat be_bored be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow yipic

Valency pattern: NOM_cixe7
X: NOM
Y: cixe7
Locus: Y
terlan rasul çixeʕ çe-re
pn pn behind go. ipfv - prs
‘Terlan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount ʕabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
terlan barkan-ci-ğar ʕaç'-id
pn horse- obl - superel go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ibur ğiyts'ayc

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan-ir radyu-ciğ ibur ğiyts'-raʕaca
pn - erg radio- obl . super ear put_on. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç'ilxvan ikayc

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
terlan-ir umay ç'il-xvan ik-re
pn - erg mother( gen ) word. obl - dir look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is arguably expressed as an NP-internal modifier. To be checked.

93. hear iuxhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz mahni iuxhva-ryu
pn - dat song( f ) f .hear. pfv - prs . f
‘Terlan hears the music.’

94. mix çixran xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB
X: NOM
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
yit' yux-a-k çixran xhiy-ic
honey milk- obl - sub confused be. pfv - aor . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look buludarxvan ikayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
terlan-ir bulud-ar-xvan ikats'-ire
pn - erg cloud- pl - dir look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off yauhayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir pirem yaha-du
pn - erg shirt( f ) flay. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) axuraʕar ipqhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz leyla axur-aʕar iurqhvar-yu
pn - dat pn dream- inel f .see. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree raʕzi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan leyla-zina raʕzi xhiy-id
pn pn - ins content be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan agreed with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel davʕa varic

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan-ir leyla-zina davʕa var-du
pn - erg pn - ins quarrel( f ) f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_EQU
X: NOM
Y: EQU
Locus: Y
lu çeşka sunci dullar-ci-ğan-yu
this cup( f ) one. attr . obl dollar- obl - equ - prs . f
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at tufang saʕayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir ğuş-il-iz tufang saʕa-du
pn - erg bird- obl - dat gun( f ) throw. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ʕayts'ayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir çeşka-ca pasuk' ʕayts'a-du
pn - erg cup- obl . in sugar( f ) put_in. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose gula varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir açar-bi gula ar-ic
pn - erg lock- pl . nom get_lost. pfv do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan lost his keys.’

104. sink batmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
tir xhic-a batmiş-ce-ni
beam water. obl - in sink- perf . n - pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill q'ayic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir rasul q'ay-id
pn - erg pn kill. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan killed Rasul.’

106. hit vauxvic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-ğar vaxv-ic
pn - erg pn - superel beat. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k'uf ğaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
terlan-ir leyla-ğar k'uf ğayn-ic
pn - erg pn - superel kiss take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan kissed Leyla.’

108. read uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir marağlu kitab uxva-c
pn - erg interesting book sing. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) keuxhvara varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ug t'il keuxhvara var-du
pn - erg refl . m ( gen ) finger( f ) f .move. mp . cvb f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan moved his finger.’

110. respect hurmat aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-iz hurmat yi-re
pn - erg pn - dat respect do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish çigramiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan çurklu ğab-ra-kar çigramiş şe-re
pn dirty vessel- pl . obl - part disgusted be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content raʕzi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan ug gada-kar raʕzi-ya
pn refl . m ( gen ) boy- part content- cop . m
‘Terlan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love aşuğ xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan leyla-ğ aşuğ xhiy-id
pn pn - super lover be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust ihtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan-ir leyla-ğ ihtibar yi-ryu
pn - erg pn - super respect( f ) do. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazuq' ʕuxhuric

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz ug umay yazuq' ʕuşxhva-ryu
pn - dat refl . m ( gen ) mother poor f .come_near. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy paxiluval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-iz paxiluval yi-re
pn - erg pn - dat envy do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ʕasi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig
X: NOM
Y: GEN7adig
Locus: Y
terlan rasul ʕadi-ğ ʕasi xhiy-id
pn pn ( gen ) surface- super reckless be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised taʕcib aric

Valency pattern: ERG_EQU
X: ERG
Y: EQU
Locus: Y
terlan-ir lu hadya-ci-ğan taʕcib ar-ic
pn - erg this gift- obl - equ wonder do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) xuş xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz çay xuş şe-re
pn - dat tea( n ) good be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy lazat ğaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_PART
X: ERG
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan-ir ghirra çay-il-kar lazat ğan-e
pn - erg warm tea- obl - part delicacy take. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want iukvayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz taza cib-ul telfun ika-ca
pn - dat new pocket- gen telephone want. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge acuğlu xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENxaba7ar
X: NOM
Y: GENxaba7ar
Locus: Y
terlan rasul xab-aʕar acuğlu-ya
pn pn ( gen ) hand- inel angry- cop . m
‘Terlan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence daʕ ğaç'ic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
terlan-iz rasul-kar daʕ ğaç'-ca
pn - dat pn - part sore n .go_up. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset pert varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir rasul pert ar-id
pn - erg pn irritated do. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel ğarğ xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan lu şahar-ciğ ğarğ xhiy-id
pn this town- obl . super astonished be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise pis ikayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-xvan pis ikats'-ire
pn - erg pn - dir bad look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset pert xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan ug gada-z güre pert xhiy-id
pn refl . m ( gen ) boy- dat considering irritated be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated ʕasi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig
X: NOM
Y: GEN7adig
Locus: Y
terlan ug rişi ʕadi-ğ ʕasi şe-re
pn refl . m ( gen ) girl. gen surface- super reckless be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond hurmat aric

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
terlan-ir rasul-iz hurmat yi-re
pn - erg pn - dat respect do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

130. be shy raha xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
terlan-iz ug buy-un-kar raha şe-re
pn - dat refl . m ( gen ) size- obl - part shame be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.