Tsudakhar Dargwa

Contributed by Gasangusen Sulaibanov (Academia.edu profile)

G.S.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Sulaibanov, Gasangusen. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Tsudakhar Dargwa. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on February 5, 2024; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.33, 47.26.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Dargwic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ADD — additive; ADV — adverbializer; ANTE — localisation ‘in front of’; ATR — attributive; CAUS — causative; CNTRS — contrastive; CNV — converb; COM — comitative; COP — copula; DAT — dative; DEM — demonstrative; DIST — distal; DOWN — direction ‘down’; ERG — ergative; ESS — essive; EXST — existential; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; HAB — habitual; ID — ideophone; INF — infinitive; INTER — localization ‘between, in’; IPFV — imperfective; LAT — lative; LOC — locative (common localization); M — masculine; MSD — masdar; N — neuter; NEG — negation; NPL — neuter lural; OBL — olblique; ON — localization ‘on’; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; POST — localization ‘behind, after’; PRET — preterite; PROG — progressive (continuous); PRS — present; REFL — reflexive; SUB — localization ‘under’; SUPER — localization ‘on, above’; up — direction ‘up’.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain icː-iz

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-la	bek'	icː-ule=sab
boy- gen	head	hurt. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy now has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) d-ač'-iz

Valency pattern: SUPER(LAT)_NOM

X: SUPER(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-ja	gripː	d-ač'-ible=sad
boy- super ( lat )	flu	npl -come. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : npl (3)
‘The boy came down with the flu.’

3. be afraid uruχ b-ič'-iž

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTE.ESS

X: NOM

Y: ANTE.ESS

Locus: Y

uršːi	χʷaˤ-li-sa-w	uruχ	k'-ule=saj
boy	dog- obl - ante - m . ess	fear	m .say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw iš-iz/irš-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	qːarqːa	ix-ub
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	stone	throw. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy threw a stone.’

5. have enough b-eʁ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	arc	d-eʁ-ule=sad
boy- dat	money	npl -be.enough. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : npl (3)
‘The boy has enough money.’

6. resemble miši b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	tːutːes-li-ja	miši-le=saj
boy	father- obl - super ( lat )	similar- adv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy resembles his father.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe irχ k-až-iz/k-arž-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-ja	irχ	k-arg-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	m .trust	down - m .put. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The father believes his friend.’

8. take h-asː-iz/h-ajsː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	kniža	h-asː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	book	up -take. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy took a book.’

9. see če-b-až-iz/če-b-iž-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	qali	če-b-ig-ule=sab
boy- dat	home	on - n -see. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʡumru	ar	d-ax-ni-le	d-aχril	asar	b-irq'-u
life	away/back	npl -go- msd - erg / loc ( lat )	npl -knowledge	away/off	n -do. ipfv - hab . prs
‘With life passing by, knowledge goes down.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter qːaršːi b-ič-iz/b-irč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-cːila	qːaršːi	ič-ib
boy	friend- obl - com	opposite	m .get. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy encountered a friend.’

12. enter hа-b-ac'-iz/ha-b-ic'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	uškul-le	h-ac'-ib
boy	school- erg / loc ( lat )	up -( m )go. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy entered the school.’

13. win četːe b-ičː-iz/b-irčː-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL2

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-j-kar	četːi	ič-ib
boy	friend- obl - super - abl 2	through	m .fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his friend.’

14. go out tːura b-uq-iz/b-ulq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC.ABL1

X: NOM

Y: LOC.ABL1

Locus: Y

uršːi	uškul-le-la	tːura	uq-un
boy	school- loc - abl 1	outside( lat )	( m )move. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy went out of the school.’

15. drive baˤħ b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	q'ʷaˤl	awlaq-le	baˤħ	b-arq'-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	cow	flat- erg / loc ( lat )	face	do. pfv - pret . cnv (3)
‘The boy drove the cow into the plain.’

16. bend b-alq'-aq-iz/b-ulk'-aq-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi	q'aˤli	b-elk'-aq-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	branch	n -bend. pfv - caus - pret (3)
‘The boy bent the branch.’

17. tell b-urs-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_INTER(LAT)

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	unra-c:e	b-urs-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	neighbor- inter ( lat )	n -tell- pret (3)
‘The boy told his neighbor.’

18. hold ka-b-uc-iz/ka-b-urc-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	nuqba-cːe	kniža	ka-b-uc-ible=saj
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	hand. pl . obl - inter ( lat )	book	down - n -keep. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up ʡer b-eʁ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-ja	ʡer	eʁ-ib
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	post (after)	reach. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy caught up with his friend.’

20. milk b-ircː-iz/icː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rursːi-le	q'ʷaˤl	b-ircː-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat )	cow	n -milk. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl milked the cow.’

21. reach b-it-eʁ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Locus: Y

rursːi	ħerk'-la	muza-le	r-et-eʁ-ib
girl	river- gen	edge- erg / loc ( lat )	f -thither-reach. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl reached the bank of the river.’

22. touch če-ačː-iz/če-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_INTER(LAT)

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

rursːi-le	baˤħ-li-c:e	če-ačː-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat )	wall- obl - inter ( lat )	up -touch/hit. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl touched the wall.’

23. fight b-aˤħ-iz/b-irħ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	rursːi-ja	irħ-ule=saj
boy	girl- super ( lat )	( m )fight. pfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is fighting with a girl.’

24. be friends juldašː b-ič-iz/b-irč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

uršːi	unra-cːila	juldaš	ič-ib
boy	neighbor- com	friend	( m )fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy is friends with the neighbor.’

25. think pikri b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcela

X: NOM

Y: GENcela

Locus: Y

uršːi	neš-la	če-la	pikri	ik'-ule=saj
boy	mother- gen	on- abl 1	thought	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’

26. eat b-erč-iz/b-uč-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	hinc	b-erk-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	apple	n -eat. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy ate an apple.’

27. fry b-erc'-iz/b-uc'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rursːi-le	dig	b-erc'-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat )	meat	n -roast. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl roasted the meat.’

28. wait ħerli ha-b-iž-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

rursːi	neš-li-ja	ħer-li	ha-r-iž-ible=sar
girl	mother- obl - super ( lat )	look- adv	up - f -sit. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : f (3)
‘The girl is waiting for her mother.’

29. forget qːum k-art-iz/art-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	it-il	xuni	qum	k-art-ur
boy- dat	dem . dist - cntrs	road	mind	down -put- pret (3)
‘The boy forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call waˤw ʔ-iz/ʔir-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_INTER(LAT)

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	juldaš-li-c:e	waˤw	ʔ-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	friend- obl - inter ( lat )	call	say. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy called his friend.’

32. get to know zu b-aχ-iz/b-alχ-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi-li-z	unra-la	zu	b-aχ-ur
boy- obl - dat	neighbor- gen	name	n -know. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy got to know his neighbor.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

33. know b-aχ-iz/b-alχ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-li-z	unra	r-alχ-a
boy- obl - dat	neighbor	f -know. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The boy knows his (female) neighbor.’

34. play (instrument) b-aˤq-iχ/b-irq-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	tːam	b-irq-ule=sab
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	drum	n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy is playing the drum.’

35. avoid *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi-li-z	unra	w-aˤħ	ačː-ible	ʡaˤ-b-ikː-ule=sab
boy- obl - dat	neighbor	m -face	hit. pfv - pret . cnv	neg - n -like/want- prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy does not want to encounter his neighbor.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

36. make b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	waca-z	tːam	d-arq'-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	mouse- dat	trap	n -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun inžit b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	kːata	inžit	b-irq'-ule=sab
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	cat	weary	n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘A boy is bullying a cat.’

38. have le-b

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-la	qali	le-b
boy- gen	home	cop . exst - n
‘The boy has a house.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for hitːe b-aš-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	umxu-ja	hitːi	w-ax-ule=saj
boy	key- super ( lat )	post (after)	m -walk- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is looking for his key.’

40. paint b-eršː-iz/ruršː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	bur	b-erx-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	door	npl -paint. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy painted the door.’

41. bite q'ac' b-ič-iz/b-ilč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi-ja	χʷaˤ	q'ac'	ka-b-ik-ub
boy- super ( lat )	dog	id .bite	down- n -bite. pfv - pret (3)
‘A dog bit the boy.’

42. forfeit ka-b-iχ-iz/ka-b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_akwar

X: NOM

Y: akwar

Locus: Y

unra	qali	akːʷar	ka-jχ-ub
neighbor	home	cop . neg (3)	down-( m )be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor remained homeless.’

43. try to catch b-uc-iz/b-urc-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

kːata-le	waca	b-urc-ule=sab
cat- erg / loc ( lat )	mouse	n -catch. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The cat is trying to catch a mouse.’

44. break b-urʡ-iz/ʡuʡ=iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	t'irxa	b-urʔ-ub
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	stick	n -break. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) b-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-li-z	neš	r-ikː-aq-u
boy- obl - dat	mother	f -love- caus -3 hab . prs
‘The boy loves his mother.’

47. wave hak' b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	naˤq-le	hak'	ik'-ule=saj
boy	hand- erg / loc ( lat )	id .swing	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is waving his hand.’

48. dream b-ikː-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi-z	sakːa	mašina	asː-iz	b-ikː-ule=saj
boy- dat	new	car	buy- inf	n -like/want- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy wants to buy a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

49. wash b-irc-iz/ic-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rursːi-le	kuruška	b-irc-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat )	cup	n -wash. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl washed the cup.’

50. put on aχ-iz/alχ-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rursːile	ħwewa	h-aχ-ur
girl- erg / loc ( lat )	dress	up -wear. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl put on her dress.’

51. be called COP

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ez	kalbataj=sab
this	pliers= cop . n
‘This is called pliers’ (lit. ‘This is pliers’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish b-it-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

unra-le	sune-la	uršːi	it-ib
neighbor- erg / loc ( lat )	refl . obl - gen	boy	( m )beat. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor beat his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack če-b-uq-iz/če-b-ulq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

χʷaˤ	uršːi-ja	če-b-uq-un
dog	boy- super ( lat )	on - n -fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘A dog attacked the boy.’

54. fill (intr) b-ic'-iz/b-irc'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Locus: Y

bidra	šin-ne	b-ic'-ib
bucket	water- erg / loc ( lat )	n -fill. pfv - pret (3)
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find b-arčː-iz/b-určː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-li-z	umxu	b-arčː-ib
boy- obl - dat	key	n -find. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy found his key.’

56. be short ʡaˤ-b-eʁ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	ca	qːuruš	ʡaˤ-b-eʁ-ule=sab
boy- dat	one	ruble	neg - n -be_enough. pfv - prog . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘The boy is ten roubles short.’

57. hate če-b-až-iz ʡaˤ-bičː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	unra	če-w-až-iz	ʡaˤ-jkː-ule=saj
boy- dat	neighbor	on - m -see. pfv - inf	neg -( m )say- prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy hates his neighbor.’

58. like ʡaˤχ b-icː-iz/b-ilcː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	mašina	ʡaˤχ	b-ilcː-unne=sab
boy- dat	car	good	n -stand. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘The boy likes the car.’

59. need ʡaˤʡni-le sab

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːiz	mašina	ʡaˤʡni-le=sab
boy- dat	car	need- adv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy needs a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround alaw ka-b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

quli	lucra-le	alaw	ka-b-arq'-ible=sab
home	wall. pl . obl - erg / loc ( lat )	around	down - n -do. pfv - pret . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘Walls surround the house.’

61. remain k-alž-iz

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-la	wec'al	qːuruš	k-alg-unne=sab
boy- gen	ten	money	down-stay. pfv - pret . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘The boy has ten roubles left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer ʁaj ʔ-iz/ʔir=iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_INTER(LAT)

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	tːutːešː-i-cːe	ʁaj	ʔ-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	father- obl - inter ( lat )	word	say. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy answered his father.’

63. open abšː-iz/ibšː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	bank'a	abšː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	pot	open. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy opened a pot.’

64. be different sur-se=sab

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL2

Locus: Y

dila	mašina	beħ	sur-se=sab	uršːi-la-ja-kanra
1. gen	car	face	reverse- atr = cop : n (3)	boy- gen - super ( lat )- abl 2
‘My car is different from the boy’s.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ʡel b-ič-iz/b-irč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL2

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-j-kar	ʡel	ha-jč-ib
boy	friend- obl - super - abl 2	behind	up -( m )fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy fell behind the girl.’

66. plough b-ac-iz/b-alc-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

unra-le	qu	b-ac'-un
neighbor- erg / loc ( lat )	field	n -plough. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy ploughed the field.’

67. smell kːʷaˤʡ b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

dila	nuqbe	benzin-na	kːʷaˤʡ	d-ik'-ule=sade
1. gen	hand. pl . obl	oil- gen	smell	npl -say- prog . cnv = cop . npl (3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross it-il šːal-le b-at ac'-iz/b-it ic'-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi	xːun-na	it-il	šːal-le	w-at	ac'-ib
boy	road- gen	dem . dist - cntrs	side- erg / loc ( lat )	m -thither	get. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy crossed the road.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

69. sing b-elč'-iz/b-uč'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	dalaj	b-elč'-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	song	n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy sang a song.’

70. write b-elč'-iz/luč'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	kaʁar	b-elk'-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	letter	n -write. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy wrote a letter.’

71. drink b-erčː-iz/b-učː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	nig	d-erčː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	milk	npl -drink. ipfv - pret (3)
‘The boy drank the milk.’

72. melt b-ac'-aq/b-ic'-aq-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	č'at'	b-ac'-aq-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	lead	n -melt. pfv - caus - pret (3)
‘The boy melted a piece of lead.’

73. match b-alar ʔ-iz/arb-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-li-z	š:i	b-alar	b-e-unne=sab
boy- obl - dat	village	n -suitable	n -get. pfv - prog . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘The village suits the boy.’

74. leave b-at-iz/b-alt-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	šːi	b-at-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	village	n -leave. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy left his native village.’

75. cover ka-b-uc'-iz/ka-b-urc-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

sːamak-le	lebil	č'aˤbar	ka-b-uc-ible=sab
carpet- erg / loc ( lat )	all: n	floor	down - n -take. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember han b-ič-iz/b-irč-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	šːi	ʡaˤħ-le	han	b-irk-ule=sab
boy- dat	village	good- adv	mind	n -get. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . exst : n (3)
‘The boy remembers the village well.’

77. help iq'al b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	juldaš-i-z	iq'al	b-arq'-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	friend- obl - dat	help	n -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy helped his friend.’

78. understand (language) arʁ-iz/irʁ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	ʡurus	mec	irʁ-ule=sad
boy- dat	russian	language	understand. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . npl (3)
‘The boy understands Russian.’

79. hit (target) b-arx b-icː-iz/b-ilcː-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

c'a-la	bartːa	tːultːa-cːe	b-arx	b-ic-ur
fire- gen	hatchet	tree- inter ( lat )	right	n -stand. pfv - pret (3)
‘Lightning hit the tree.’

80. cut oneself b-aˤq-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi	dis-le	w-aˤq-ib
boy	knife- erg / loc ( lat )	m -hurt. pfv - pret (3)
‘The knife cut the boy.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

81. get stuck če-k-ač-iz/če-k-alč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

marč'i	širbar-li-c:e	če-k-ak-un
thorn	trousers- obl - inter ( lat )	on - down -cling. pfv - pret (3)
‘A thorn stuck to the trousers.’

82. lose (game) gub ha-b-ič-iz/ha-b-irč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL2

Locus: Y

uršːi	gu-wa	w-ajč-ib	juldaš-li-jа-kar
boy	sub - m . lat	m -fall. pfv - pret (3)	friend- obl - super - abl 2
‘The boy lost to his friend.’

83. be glad raˤzi b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

uršːi	saka	χaburta-z	raˤzi	iχ-ub
boy	new	news. pl . obl - dat	happy	( m )be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy was glad about the news.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak ʁaj b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-c:ila	ʁaj	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - com	speech	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’

85. give birth b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

unra-le	uršːi	w-arq'-ib
neighbor- erg / loc ( lat )	boy	m -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor gave birth to a son.’

86. drop b-at k-aʁ-iz/k-ajʁ-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	stakan	b-at	k-aʁ-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	cup	n -let	down -chase. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy dropped the glass.’

87. govern b-ucː-aq-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

unra-le	nišːala	šːi	b-ucː-aq-ule=saj
neighbor- erg / loc ( lat )	1 pl . gen	village	n -operate- caus - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The neighbor runs the village.’

88. miss *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

89. follow hitːe b-aš-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-ja	hitːi	w-ax-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	post (after)	m -walk- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy follows his friend.’

90. dismount ka-b-ac'-iz/ka-b-ic'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL1

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL1

Locus: Y

uršːi	urči-ja-la	k-ac'-ib
boy	horse- super - abl 1	down -( m )fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy got down from the horse.’

91. listen leħ aq-iz/iq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	telewizor-li-jaˤ	laˤħ	ilq-une=saj
boy	tv- obl - super ( lat )	ear	hang. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m .3
‘The boy is listening to the tv.’

92. obey *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

gula-le	tːutːeš-la	aj	b-irq'-u
child. pl . obl - erg / loc ( lat )	father- gen	word	n -do. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The children obey their father.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear b-aq'-iz/b-iq'-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	t'ama	b-iq'-ule=sab
boy- dat	sound	n -hear. pfv - prog . cnv = cop . n
‘The boy hears the noise.’

94. mix b-arχa b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: INTER(LAT)

Locus: Y

waza	nig-li-c:e	d-arχ	ha-d-iχ-ub
honey	milk- obl - inter ( lat )	npl -mix	up - npl -be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look ħer b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	dirix-ma-ja	ħer	ik'-ule=saj
boy	cloud- pl . obl - super ( lat )	look	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off če-b-b-at-iz/če-b-b-alt-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	ħewa	če-b-b-at-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	shirt	on - n . ess - n -leave. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) merlicːe-b če-b-až-iz/če-b-iž-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	neš	mer-li-cːe-r	če-r-až-ib
boy- dat	mother	dream- obl - inter - f . ess	on - f -see. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy has dreamed about his mother.’

98. agree raˤzi ka-b-ič-iz/ka-b-irč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

uršːi	neš-li-cːila	razi	ka-jč-ib
boy	mother- obl - com	agreement	down -( m )fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy agreed with his mother.’

99. have a quarrel sem ha-b-uč'-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi=ra	juldaš=ra	sem	ha-b-uč'-ib
boy= add	friend= add	anger	up - n -take. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy had a quarrel with his friend.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

100. cost ha-b-eʁ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Locus: Y

ca	kila	kartoška-la	ʁal	qːuruš-le	ha-b-eʁ-ib
one	kilo	potato- gen	twenty	ruble- erg / loc ( lat )	up - n -reach. pfv - pret (3)
‘One kilo of potatoes costs twenty roubles.’

101. shoot at iš-iz/irš-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	χʷaˤ-li-z	ix-ub
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	dog- obl - dat	throw. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy shot at the dog.’

102. pour k-aq'-iz/k-alq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	čaj-li-c:e	pisuk'	k-aq'-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	tea- obl - inter ( lat )	sweet	down -pour. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose paˤχ-li b-už-iz/b-ulž-iz

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-la	umxne	paˤχ-li	d-ug-un
boy- gen	key. pl	away- erg / loc ( lat )	npl -stay. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

104. sink ar b-uq-iz/b-eq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GENgu

X: NOM

Y: GENgu

Locus: Y

tːultːa	šin-na	gu	ar	b-uqː-ib
plank	water- gen	sub ( lat )	away/from	n -carry. pfv - pret (3)
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ka-b-uš-iz/ka-b-urš-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	ħunri	ka-b-ušː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	mosquito	down -kill. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy killed a mosquito.’

106. hit b-aˤq-iz/b-irq-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	q'ʷaˤl-li-z	b-aˤq-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	cow- obl - dat	n -hit. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy hit the cow.’

107. kiss č'op b-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_SUPER(LAT)

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	nešli-jaˤ	č'op'	ik-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	mother- super ( lat )	kiss	( m )say. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy kissed his mother.’

108. read b-elž-iz/luž-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	knižka	b-elg-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	book	n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy read the book.’

109. move (bodypart) šiq' b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	t'ul	šiq'	b-arq'-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	toe	id .shift	n -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy moved his toe.’

110. respect q'imat b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_GEN

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	juldaš-la	q'imat	b-irq'-u
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	friend- gen	respect	n -do. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The boy respects his neighbor.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content raˤzi-le b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

tːutːeš	sune-la	uršːi-jaˤ-w	razi-le=saj
father	refl . obl - gen	boy- super - m . ess	happy- adv = cop : m (3)
‘The father is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

114. trust irχ k-až-iz/k-arž-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

tːutːeš	sune-la	uršːi-jaˤ	irχ	k-arg-u
father	refl . obl - gen	boy- super ( lat )	belief	down -put. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The father trusts his son.’

115. sympathise jazuq b-icː-iz/b-ilcː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	juldaš	jazuq	ilc-unne=saj
boy- dat	friend	poor	( m )appear. pfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy sympathises with his friend.’

116. envy ħaˤl b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	ħaˤl	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	wish	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’

117. be angry sim ha-b-uč'-iz/ha-b-urč'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	sim	ha-w-č'-ible=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	angry	up - m -take. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is angry with his neighbor.’

118. be surprised tamaša b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

il	podarok-li-z	uršːi	tamaša	iχ-ub
this	gift- obl - dat	boy	amazing	( m )be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) b-ikː-aq-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	čaj	d-ikː-aq-u
boy- dat	tea	npl -like/want- caus - hab . prs 3
‘The boy loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want b-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	čaj	d-ikː-ule=sad
boy- dat	tea	npl -like/want- prog . cnv = cop . npl
‘The boy wants tea.’

122. have a grudge ʡaˤsi b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	ʡaˤsi	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	disappointment	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy holds a grudge against his friend.’

123. take offence sim ha-b-uč'-iz/ha-b-urč'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	sim	ha-w-č'-ib
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	angry	up - m -come- pret (3)
‘The boy took offence at his friend.’

124. upset waˤl b-iχ-aq-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

uršːi-le	juldaš-li-z	waˤl	b-iχ-aq-ub
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	friend- obl - dat	bad	n -be. pfv - caus - pret (3)
‘The boy greatly upset his friend.’

125. marvel tamaša b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

uršːi	šahar	če-b-až-ible	tamaša	iχ-ub
boy	city	on -see. pfv - pret . cnv	amazing	( m )be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy saw the city and was amazed.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset waˤʡaˤr b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: GEN_bahandan

X: GEN

Y: bahandan

Locus: XY

juldaš	bahandan	uršːi-la	urč'i-li-z	waˤʡaˤr	b-iχ-ub
friend	because	boy- gen	heart- obl - dat	bad	n -be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy got upset because of his friend.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy uruc b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTE.ESS

X: NOM

Y: ANTE.ESS

Locus: Y

uršːi	tːutːeš-li-sa-w	uruc	k'-ule=saj
boy	father- obl - ante - ess . m	shame	( m )say. pfv - prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is embarrased about his father.’