Tat (Cimi)

Contributed by Murad Suleymanov.

İlkin Məmmədsalah generously provided the data as a native speaker in 2024. The Azerbaijani version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Suleymanov, Murad. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Tat (Cimi). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 14, 2026; last revised on May 26, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.05, 48.56.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Iranian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain där säxtän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

aslan=ä	sär=i	där	bäst-än
pn = obl	head= poss :3	pain	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan has a headache.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) birän

Valency pattern: OBL:DAT_DIR

X: OBL:DAT

Y: DIR

Locus: X

aslan=ä	xunik	bir-e
pn = obl	cold	be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid tärsirän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	säg	bä-tärsir-än
pn	from	dog	ipfv -fear₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw šundän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	sanq=ä	šund
pn	rock= obl	throw₂: pst :3
‘Aslan threw a stone.’

5. have enough rasirän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

aslan=ä	pul=i	ba-rasir-än
pn = obl	money= poss :3	ipfv -reach₂- prs :3
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble xune + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	räsul	xune=yü
pn	loc	pn	resembling= cop :3
‘Aslan resembles Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe inåmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	inåmiš	ä-bir-än
pn	loc	pn	believing	ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take vägürdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	ä	raf	kitåb	vägürd
pn	from	shelf	book	take₂: pst :3
‘Aslan took a book.’

9. see dirän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	xunä	bä-dir-än
pn	house	ipfv -see₂- prs :3
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence täʕsir säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

yåš	be	yaddåš	täʕsir	bäst-än
age	loc	memory	influence	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rast amårän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	rast	amå
pn	loc	pn	cv	come₂: pst :3
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’

12. enter daraftän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	xunä	daraft
pn	loc	house	enter₂: pst :3
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win bärdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	bärd
pn	pn = obl	carry₂: pst :3
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

14. go out dürmårän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	xunä	dürmå
pn	from	house	exit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive bärdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	märägo=yä	bä	čül	bärd-än
pn	cow= obl	loc	field	ipfv :carry₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend qäd därän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	ligä=rä	qäd	då
pn	branch= obl	layer	give₂: pst :3
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell guftirän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	gufti:	beymu	biyå
pn	loc	pn	say₂: pst :3	loc .we	mod .come₁:2 sg
‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!’

18. hold güftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	bä	däs	qištän	yä	kitåb	güft-e
pn	loc	hand	self	one	book	seize₂- prf :3
‘Aslan is holding a book.’

19. catch up rasirän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	leylå	rasi
pn	loc	pn	reach₂: pst :3
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk düširän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	märägo=yä	düši
pn	cow= obl	milk₂: pst :3
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach rasirän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	kinår	o	rasi
pn	loc	edge	water	reach₂: pst :3
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch däs zärän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	divår	däs	zå
pn	loc	wall	hand	hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight däʕvå säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az

X: DIR

Y: ba.az

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul=åz	däʕvå	bäst-än
pn	loc	pn =with	fight	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends hamragäri säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az

X: DIR

Y: ba.az

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul=åz	hamragäri	bäst-än
pn	loc	pn =with	companionship	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikir=POSS=OBL käširän

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan	leylå=rä	fikir=i=rä	bä-käšir-än
pn	pn = obl	thought= poss :3= obl	ipfv -pull₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

26. eat xårdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	sib	xård
pn	apple	ingest₂: pst :3
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry büržundän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	baluġ=ä	büržund
pn	fish= obl	cook₂: pst :3
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait güzät säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	güzät	bäst-än
pn	pn = obl	waiting	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget ä yår kändän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	uyeki	ra=yä	ä	yår	känd-e
pn	the_other	road= obl	from	memory	remove₂- prf :3
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend aslĭ + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

yaddåš	ä	yåš	aslĭ=yü
memory	from	age	dependent= cop :3
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call gål zärän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	gål	zå
pn	pn = obl	calling	hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know taniš + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az

X: DIR

Y: ba.az

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul=åz	yä	sal	äz	i	püšä	taniš	bir-e
pn	loc	pn =with	one	year	from	this	front	acquainted	be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know šünäxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	bä-šünäxt-än
pn	pn = obl	ipfv -recognise₂- prs :3
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) zärän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	gitara	bä-zär-än
pn	guitar	ipfv -hit₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid čäkimmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	rasul	čäkimmiš	ä-bir-än
pn	from	pn	avoiding	ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’

36. make dürüs säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	bey	sičan	tälä	dürüs	säxt
pn	for	mouse	trap	correct	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun sataš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	sataš	ä-bir-än
pn	loc	pn	bullying	ipfv .be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have hist + COP

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

aslan=ä	måšin=i	hist=ü
pn = obl	car= poss :3	exist = cop :3
‘Aslan has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for geštän

Valency pattern: DIR_bey

X: DIR

Y: bey

Locus: Y

aslan	bey	ačǟr-å	be-gešt-än
pn	for	key- pl	ipfv -walk₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint räng zärän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	düvår	räng	zå
pn	loc	wall	colour	hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan painted the wall.’

41. bite güftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

säg	aslan=ä	güft
dog	pn = obl	seize₂: pst :3
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit birän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	xunä	qištän	bir-e
pn	from	home	self	be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan lost his house.’

43. try to catch güftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	pišig=ä	bä-güft-än
pn	cat= obl	ipfv -seize₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break xurd säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	ču=yä	xurd	säxt
pn	stick= obl	broke	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

45. flatter yältaġlämmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	leylå	yältaġlämmiš	ä-bir-än
pn	loc	pn	fawning_upon	ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’

46. love (person) xåstän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	leylå=rä	bä-xåst-än
pn	pn = obl	ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave vårävår därän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	yå̄luq	qištän=ä	vårävår	bä-där-än
pn	handkerchief	self= obl	winding	ipfv .give₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream xåstän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	täzä	måšin	bä-xåst-än
pn	new: attr	car	ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash šüštän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	quruškä=rä	šüšt
pn	cup= obl	wash₂: pst :3
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on dägüftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	šälvar	qištän=ä	dägüft
pn	trousers	self= obl	put_on₂: pst :3
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called num=POSS + COP

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR(NO.AGR)

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

in	čiz=ä	num=i	kompas=ü
this	thing= obl	name= poss :3	compass= cop :3
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

52. punish tänbeħ säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	gedä	qištän=ä	tänbeħ	säxt
pn	boy	self= obl	reproach	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack hüǰum säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

xurs	bä	baluġči	hüǰum	säxt
bear	loc	fisherman	attack	do₂: pst :3
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) pɨr + COP

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

vedrä=rä	o=yi	pɨr	bu
bucket= obl	water= poss :3	full	be₂: pst :3
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

55. find åftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	åčär-å=rä	åft
pn	key- pl = obl	find₂: pst :3
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short närasirän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

aslan=ä	yä	manat=i	nä-ba-rasir-än
pn = obl	one	manat= poss :3	neg - ipfv -reach₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is one manat short.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate zǟlä=POSS raftän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a

X: OBL:GEN

Y: a

Locus: XY

aslan=ä	ä	rasul	zǟle=yi	bart-än
pn = obl	from	pn	gall. bs = poss :3	ipfv .go₂- prs :3
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like bä xuš=POSS åmårän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

i	šē	aslan=ä	bä	xuš=i	åmår-än
this	shirt	pn = obl	loc	delight= poss :3	ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

59. need lazĭm + COP

Valency pattern: ba_DIR

X: ba

Y: DIR

Locus: X

ba	aslan	pul	lazĭm=ü
loc	pn	money	necessity= cop :3
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround bä mingä vägüftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

düvår-å	šǟr=ä	bä	mingä	vägüft-e
wall- pl	city= obl	loc	middle	take₂- prf :3
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain mundän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a

X: OBL:GEN

Y: a

Locus: XY

aslan=ä	dä	manat=i	mund-e
pn = obl	ten	manat= poss :3	stay₂- prf :3
‘Aslan has ten manats left.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer ǰavåb dårän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	mǟlim	ǰavåb	då
pn	loc	teacher	answer	give₂: pst :3
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open vukårdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	yä	bankä	vukård
pn	one	jar	open₂: pst :3
‘Aslan opened a can.’

64. be different bašqe + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

män=ä	šē=män	äz	ältükin	bašqe=yü
i = obl	shirt= poss :1 sg	from	yours	different= cop :3
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind pusa mundän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	rasul	pusa	mund
pn	from	pn	back	stay₂: pst :3
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough šum säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	xåri=rä	šum	bäst-än
pn	ground= obl	ploughing	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell buy åmårän

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ä	däs-å=män	buy	benzin	åmår-än
from	hand- pl = poss :1 sg	smell	gasoline	ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross güråštän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	ra=yä	güråšt,	bä	dükun	daraft
pn	road= obl	pass₂: pst :3	loc	shop	enter₂: pst :3
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing xundän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	yä	xub-ä	mäʕni	xund
pn	one	good- attr	song	read₂: pst :3
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yazmiš säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	mäktub	yazmiš	säxt
pn	letter	writing	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink xårdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	šir=ä	xård
pn	milk= obl	ingest₂: pst :3
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt o säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	yä	parä	qurġušun=ä	o	säxt
pn	one	piece	led= obl	water	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match rɨš därän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

i	qeyiš	män=ä	bä	älät-å=män	rɨš	bi-där-än
this	belt	i = obl	loc	clothing- pl = poss :1 sg	adornment	ipfv -give₂- prs :3
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave raftän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	doġma	šǟr=i=yä	raft
pn	from	native	city= poss :3= obl	go₂: pst :3
‘Aslan left his native city.’

75. cover güftän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

xålčä	bütün	xåri=rä	bä-güft-än
carpet	entire	ground= obl	ipfv .seize₂- prs :3
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember bä yår=POSS mundän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

kälä	bir-ä	xune=yi	aslan=ä	xub	bä	yår=i	mund-e
big	be₂- ptcp	house= poss :3	pn = obl	good	loc	memory= poss :3	stay₂- prf :3
‘Aslan remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help kümäg säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	kümäg	säxt
pn	loc	pn	help	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) bä sär aftarän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	fransuz_dili=rä	bä	sär	baftar-än
pn	f rench_language= obl	loc	head	ipfv .fall₂- prs :3
‘Aslan understands French.’

79. hit (target) zärän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

biläq	xunä=rä	zå
lightning	house= obl	hit₂: pst :3
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

lezva	däs	aslan=ä	buri
razor	hand	pn = obl	cut₂: pst :3
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

81. get stuck giräsirän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

iskån	bä	ustul	giräsi
glass	loc	table	stick₂: pst :3
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) uduzmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	uduzmiš	bu
pn	loc	pn	losing	be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad šåri säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	mäktub	šåri	säxt
pn	loc	letter	joy	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’

84. speak gåf säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az

X: DIR

Y: ba.az

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul=åz	gåf	bäst-än
pn	loc	pn =with	word	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth zändän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

leylå	yä	gedä	zänd
pn	one	boy	give_birth₂: pst :3
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop bä xåri ängästän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	iskån=ä	bä	xåri	ängäst
pn	glass= obl	loc	ground	lower₂: pst :3
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern kälǟgäri säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	dī=mu	kälǟgäri	bäst-än
pn	loc	village= poss :1 pl	chiefdom	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan runs our village.’

88. miss därixmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_bey

X: DIR

Y: bey

Locus: Y

aslan	bey	leylå	därixmiš	ä-bir-än
pn	for	pn	missing	ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’

89. follow raftän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.ruz

X: DIR

Y: ba.ruz

Locus: Y

aslan	ba	ruz	rasul	bart-an
pn	loc	pursuit	pn	ipfv .go₂- prs :3
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount firmårän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	ʕäs	firmå
pn	from	horse	descend₂: pst :3
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen guš dåštän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	radio	guš	bä-dåšt-än
pn	loc	radio	ear	ipfv -hold₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey bä gåf=POSS däniširän

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan	måy	qištän=ä	bä	gåf=i	bä-dänišir-än
pn	mother	self= obl	loc	word= poss :3	ipfv -look₂- prs :3
‘Aslan always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear šünȫrän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	mäʕni=rä	bä-šünȫr-än
pn	song= obl	ipfv -hear₂- prs :3
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix amuǰ birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

ʕäsäl	bä	šir	amuǰ	bu
honey	loc	milk	mixed	be₂: pst :3
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look däniširän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	ör-å	bä-dänišir-än
pn	loc	cloud- pl	ipfv -look₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off kändän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	šē	qištän=ä	känd
pn	shirt	self= obl	remove₂: pst :3
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) bä xo dirän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	bä	xo	leylå=rä	bä-dir-än
pn	loc	sleep	pn = obl	ipfv -see₂- prs :3
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree razilašmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az

X: DIR

Y: ba.az

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	leylå=råz	razilašmiš	bu
pn	loc	pn =with	agreeing	be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’

99. have a quarrel däʕvå säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az

X: DIR

Y: ba.az

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	leylå=råz	däʕvå	säxt
pn	loc	pn =with	fight	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost COP

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

i	quruškä	bä	yä	manat=ü
this	cup	loc	one	manat= cop :3
‘This cup costs one euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at güllä šundän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	quš	güllä	šund
pn	loc	bird	bullet	throw₂: pst :3
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour fukårdän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	püsüg=ä	bä	quruškä	fukård
pn	powdered_sugar= obl	loc	cup	pour₂: pst :3
‘Aslan poured the sugar.’

103. lose vir säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	ačär-å=rä	vir	säxt
pn	key- pl = obl	losing	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink batmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

kütüg	bä	o	batmiš	bir-äbu
log	loc	water	sinking	be₂- pqp :3
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill küštän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	küšt
pn	pn = obl	kill₂: pst :3
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit zärän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	zå
pn	pn = obl	hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss måč säxtän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	leylå=rä	måč	säxt
pn	pn = obl	kiss	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read xundän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	yä	maraqlü-yä	kitåb	xund
pn	one	interesting- attr	book	read₂: pst :3
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ǰumundän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	ängüst	qištän=ä	ǰumund
pn	finger	self= obl	move₂: pst :3
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect ħürmät rårän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	ħürmät	bi-rår-än
pn	loc	pn	respect	ipfv -put₂- prs :3
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish dül=POSS växištän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a

X: OBL:GEN

Y: a

Locus: XY

aslan=ä	ä	ǰäʕin-ä	qab-å	dül=i	bäxišt-än
pn = obl	from	dirty- obl	container- pl	heart= poss :3	ipfv .rise₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

112. be content razi + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	gedä	qištän	razi=yü
pn	from	boy	self	content= cop :3
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vurulmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	leylå	vurulmiš	bu
pn	loc	pn	falling_in_love	be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’

114. trust inåmiš birän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	leylå	inåmiš	ä-bir-än
pn	loc	pn	believing	ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazuġi=POSS åmårän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_ba

X: OBL:GEN

Y: ba

Locus: XY

aslan=ä	bä	måy	qištän	yazuġi=yi	åmår-än
pn = obl	loc	mother	self	pity= poss :3	ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

116. envy paxĭli säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	paxĭli	bäst-än
pn	loc	pn	jealousy	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ħürsin + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	rasul	ħürsin	bir-e
pn	loc	pn	angry	be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised mäħtäl mundän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	ben	padarkä	mäħtäl	mund
pn	loc .this	gift	puzzled	stay₂: pst :3
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) bä xuš=POSS åmårän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR

X: OBL:GEN

Y: DIR

Locus: X

aslan=ä	čåy	bä	xuš=i	åmår-än
pn = obl	tea	loc	delight= poss :3	ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan loves tea.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

120. enjoy läzzät säxtän

Valency pattern: ba_DIR

X: ba

Y: DIR

Locus: X

sǖr-ä	čåy	bä	aslan	läzzät	bäst-än
hot- attr	tea	loc	pn	pleasure	ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want xåstän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	täzä	telefon	bä-xåst-än
pn	new: attr	telephone	ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge ħürsin + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_a.das

X: DIR

Y: a.das

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	däs	rasul	ħürsin=ü
pn	from	hand	pn	angry= cop :3
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence läǰ säxtän

Valency pattern: DIR_a

X: DIR

Y: a

Locus: Y

aslan	ä	rasul	läǰ	säxt
pn	from	pn	vexation	do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset xun=POSS=OBL xärab säxtän

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul	aslan=ä	xun=i=nä	ye	xēli	xärab	säxt
pn	pn = obl	blood= poss :3= obl	one	considerable	bad	do₂: pst :3
‘Rasul greatly upset Aslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel mäħtäl mundän

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	ben	šǟr	mäħtäl	mund
pn	loc .this	city	puzzled	stay₂: pst :3
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’

126. despise bä ǰigä ädämi rårän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	bä	ǰigä	ädämi	nä-bä-rår-än
pn	pn = obl	loc	place	person	neg - ipfv -put₂- prs :3
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset pärt + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.gura

X: DIR

Y: ba.gura

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	gedä	qištän	gürä	pärt	bu
pn	loc	boy	self	because_of	downcast	be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated ħürsin + COP

Valency pattern: DIR_ba

X: DIR

Y: ba

Locus: Y

aslan	bä	duxtär	qištän	ħürsin	ä-bir-än
pn	loc	girl	self	angry	ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond qe xåstän

Valency pattern: TR

X: DIR

Y: OBL~DIR

Locus: TR

aslan	rasul=ä	qe	bä-xåst-än
pn	pn = obl	cv	ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy ar=POSS åmårän

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a

X: OBL:GEN

Y: a

Locus: XY

aslan=ä	ä	gudeyi	qištän	ar=i	åmår-än
pn = obl	from	shortness	self	shame= poss :3	ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.