BivalTyp

Tat (Cimi)

Contributed by Murad Suleymanov.

The data were collected in 2024 using the Ayerbaijani version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Suleymanov, Murad. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Tat (Cimi). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 14, 2026; last revised on April 14, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR
Locus: X
aslan=ä sär=i där bäst-än
pn = obl head= poss :3 pain ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan has a headache.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: OBL:DAT_DIR
X: OBL:DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
aslan=ä xunik bir-e
pn = obl cold be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä säg bä-tärsir-än
pn from dog ipfv -fear₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan sanq=ä šund
pn rock= obl throw₂: pst :3
‘Aslan threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR
Locus: X
aslan=ä pul=i ba-rasir-än
pn = obl money= poss :3 ipfv -reach₂- prs :3
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä räsul xune=yü
pn loc pn resembling= cop :3
‘Aslan resembles Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul inåmiš ä-bir-än
pn loc pn believing ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan ä raf kitåb vägürd
pn from shelf book take₂: pst :3
‘Aslan took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan xunä bä-dir-än
pn house ipfv -see₂- prs :3
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
yåš be yaddåš täʕsir bäst-än
age loc memory influence ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul rast amå
pn loc pn cv come₂: pst :3
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä xunä daraft
pn loc house enter₂: pst :3
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä bärd
pn pn = obl carry₂: pst :3
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä xunä dürmå
pn from house exit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan märägo=yä bä čül bärd-än
pn cow= obl loc field ipfv :carry₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan ligä=rä qäd då
pn branch= obl layer give₂: pst :3
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul gufti: beymu biyå
pn loc pn say₂: pst :3 loc .we mod .come₁:2 sg
‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan bä däs qištän yä kitåb güft-e
pn loc hand self one book seize₂- prf :3
‘Aslan is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä leylå rasi
pn loc pn reach₂: pst :3
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan märägo=yä düši
pn cow= obl milk₂: pst :3
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä kinår o rasi
pn loc edge water reach₂: pst :3
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä divår däs zå
pn loc wall hand hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az
X: DIR
Y: ba.az
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul=åz däʕvå bäst-än
pn loc pn =with fight ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az
X: DIR
Y: ba.az
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul=åz hamragäri bäst-än
pn loc pn =with companionship ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan leylå=rä fikir=i=rä bä-käšir-än
pn pn = obl thought= poss :3= obl ipfv -pull₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan sib xård
pn apple ingest₂: pst :3
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan baluġ=ä büržund
pn fish= obl cook₂: pst :3
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä güzät bäst-än
pn pn = obl waiting ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan uyeki ra=yä ä yår känd-e
pn the_other road= obl from memory remove₂- prf :3
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
yaddåš ä yåš aslĭ=yü
memory from age dependent= cop :3
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä gål zå
pn pn = obl calling hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az
X: DIR
Y: ba.az
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul=åz yä sal äz i püšä taniš bir-e
pn loc pn =with one year from this front acquainted be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä bä-šünäxt-än
pn pn = obl ipfv -recognise₂- prs :3
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan gitara bä-zär-än
pn guitar ipfv -hit₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä rasul čäkimmiš ä-bir-än
pn from pn avoiding ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan bey sičan tälä dürüs säxt
pn for mouse trap correct do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul sataš ä-bir-än
pn loc pn bullying ipfv .be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

38. have

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR
Locus: X
aslan=ä måšin=i hist=ü
pn = obl car= poss :3 exist = cop :3
‘Aslan has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for

Valency pattern: DIR_bey
X: DIR
Y: bey
Locus: Y
aslan bey ačǟr-å be-gešt-än
pn for key- pl ipfv -walk₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä düvår räng zå
pn loc wall colour hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan painted the wall.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
säg aslan=ä güft
dog pn = obl seize₂: pst :3
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä xunä qištän bir-e
pn from home self be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan pišig=ä bä-güft-än
pn cat= obl ipfv -seize₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan ču=yä xurd säxt
pn stick= obl broke do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä leylå yältaġlämmiš ä-bir-än
pn loc pn fawning_upon ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan leylå=rä bä-xåst-än
pn pn = obl ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan yå̄luq qištän=ä vårävår bä-där-än
pn handkerchief self= obl winding ipfv .give₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan täzä måšin bä-xåst-än
pn new: attr car ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan quruškä=rä šüšt
pn cup= obl wash₂: pst :3
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan šälvar qištän=ä dägüft
pn trousers self= obl put_on₂: pst :3
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR(NO.AGR)
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
in čiz=ä num=i kompas=ü
this thing= obl name= poss :3 compass= cop :3
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan gedä qištän=ä tänbeħ säxt
pn boy self= obl reproach do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
xurs bä baluġči hüǰum säxt
bear loc fisherman attack do₂: pst :3
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR
Locus: X
vedrä=rä o=yi pɨr bu
bucket= obl water= poss :3 full be₂: pst :3
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

55. find

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan åčär-å=rä åft
pn key- pl = obl find₂: pst :3
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR
Locus: X
aslan=ä yä manat=i nä-ba-rasir-än
pn = obl one manat= poss :3 neg - ipfv -reach₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is one manat short.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a
X: OBL:GEN
Y: a
Locus: XY
aslan=ä ä rasul zǟle=yi bart-an
pn = obl from pn gall. bs = poss :3 ipfv .go₂- prs :3
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

58. like

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a
X: OBL:GEN
Y: a
Locus: XY
i šē aslan=ä bä xuš=i åmår-än
this shirt pn = obl loc delight= poss :3 ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

59. need

Valency pattern: ba_DIR
X: ba
Y: DIR
Locus: X
ba aslan pul lazĭm=ü
loc pn money necessity= cop :3
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
düvår-å šǟr=ä bä mingä vägüft-e
wall- pl city= obl loc middle take₂- prf :3
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a
X: OBL:GEN
Y: a
Locus: XY
aslan=ä dä manat=i mund-e
pn = obl ten manat= poss :3 stay₂- prf :3
‘Aslan has ten manats left.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä mǟlim ǰavåb då
pn loc teacher answer give₂: pst :3
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan yä bankä vukård
pn one jar open₂: pst :3
‘Aslan opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
män=ä šē=män äz ältükin bašqe=yü
i = obl shirt= poss :1 sg from yours different= cop :3
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä rasul pusa mund
pn from pn back stay₂: pst :3
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan xåri=rä šum bäst-än
pn ground= obl ploughing ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ä däs-å=män buy benzin åmår-än
from hand- pl = poss :1 sg smell gasoline ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan ra=yä güråšt, bä dükun daraft
pn road= obl pass₂: pst :3 loc shop enter₂: pst :3
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan yä xub-ä mäʕni xund
pn one good- attr song read₂: pst :3
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan mäktub yazmiš säxt
pn letter writing do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan šir=ä xård
pn milk= obl ingest₂: pst :3
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan yä parä qurġušun=ä o säxt
pn one piece led= obl water do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
i qeyiš män=ä bä älät-å=män rɨš bi-där-än
this belt i = obl loc clothing- pl = poss :1 sg adornment ipfv -give₂- prs :3
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä doġma šǟr=i=yä raft
pn from native city= poss :3= obl go₂: pst :3
‘Aslan left his native city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
xålčä bütün xåri=rä bä-güft-än
carpet entire ground= obl ipfv .seize₂- prs :3
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_DIR
X: OBL:GEN
Y: DIR
Locus: X
kälä bir-ä xune=yi aslan=ä xub bä yår=i mund-e
big be₂- ptcp house= poss :3 pn = obl good loc memory= poss :3 stay₂- prf :3
‘Aslan remembers the house where he grew up well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul kümäg säxt
pn loc pn help do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan fransuz_dili=rä bä sär baftar-an
pn f rench_language= obl loc head ipfv .fall₂- prs :3
‘Aslan understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
biläq xunä=rä zå
lightning house= obl hit₂: pst :3
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lezva däs aslan=ä buri
razor hand pn = obl cut₂: pst :3
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
iskån bä ustul giräsi
glass loc table stick₂: pst :3
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul uduzmiš bu
pn loc pn losing be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä mäktub šåri säxt
pn loc letter joy do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az
X: DIR
Y: ba.az
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul=åz gåf bäst-än
pn loc pn =with word ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
leylå yä gedä zänd
pn one boy give_birth₂: pst :3
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan iskån=ä bä xåri ängäst
pn glass= obl loc ground lower₂: pst :3
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä dī=mu kälǟgäri bäst-än
pn loc village= poss :1 pl chiefdom ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan runs our village.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: DIR_bey
X: DIR
Y: bey
Locus: Y
aslan bey leylå därixmiš ä-bir-än
pn for pn missing ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.ruz
X: DIR
Y: ba.ruz
Locus: Y
aslan ba ruz rasul bart-an
pn loc pursuit pn ipfv .go₂- prs :3
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä ʕäs firmå
pn from horse descend₂: pst :3
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä radio guš bä-dåšt-än
pn loc radio ear ipfv -hold₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan måy qištän=ä bä gåf=i bä-dänišir-än
pn mother self= obl loc word= poss :3 ipfv -look₂- prs :3
‘Aslan always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan mäʕni=rä bä-šünȫr-än
pn song= obl ipfv -hear₂- prs :3
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
ʕäsäl bä šir amuǰ bu
honey loc milk mixed be₂: pst :3
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä ör-å bä-dänišir-än
pn loc cloud- pl ipfv -look₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan šē qištän=ä känd
pn shirt self= obl remove₂: pst :3
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan bä xo leylå=rä bä-dir-än
pn loc sleep pn = obl ipfv -see₂- prs :3
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az
X: DIR
Y: ba.az
Locus: Y
aslan bä leylå=råz razilašmiš bu
pn loc pn =with agreeing be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.az
X: DIR
Y: ba.az
Locus: Y
aslan bä leylå=råz däʕvä säxt
pn loc pn =with fight do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
i quruškä bä yä manat=ü
this cup loc one manat= cop :3
‘This cup costs one euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä quš güllä šund
pn loc bird bullet throw₂: pst :3
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan püsüg=ä bä quruškä fukård
pn powdered_sugar= obl loc cup pour₂: pst :3
‘Aslan poured the sugar.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan ačär-å=rä vir säxt
pn key- pl = obl losing do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
kütüg bä o batmiš bir-äbu
log loc water sinking be₂- pqp :3
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä küšt
pn pn = obl kill₂: pst :3
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä zå
pn pn = obl hit₂: pst :3
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan leylå=rä måč säxt
pn pn = obl kiss do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan yä maraqlü-yä kitåb xund
pn one interesting- attr book read₂: pst :3
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan ängüst qištän=ä ǰumund
pn finger self= obl move₂: pst :3
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul ħürmät bi-rår-än
pn loc pn respect ipfv -put₂- prs :3
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a
X: OBL:GEN
Y: a
Locus: XY
aslan=ä ä ǰäʕin-ä qab-å dül=i bäxišt-än
pn = obl from dirty- obl container- pl heart= poss :3 ipfv .rise₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

112. be content

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä gedä qištän razi=yü
pn from boy self content= cop :3
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä leylå vurulmiš bu
pn loc pn falling_in_love be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä leylå inåmiš ä-bir-än
pn loc pn believing ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_ba
X: OBL:GEN
Y: ba
Locus: XY
aslan=ä bä måy qištän yazuġi=yi åmår-än
pn = obl loc mother self pity= poss :3 ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

116. envy

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul paxĭli bäst-än
pn loc pn jealousy ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä rasul ħürsin bir-e
pn loc pn angry be₂- prf :3
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan ben padarkä mäħtäl mund
pn loc .this gift puzzled stay₂: pst :3
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_ba
X: OBL:GEN
Y: ba
Locus: XY
aslan=ä čåy bä xuš=i åmår-än
pn = obl tea loc delight= poss :3 ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan loves tea.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ba_DIR
X: ba
Y: DIR
Locus: X
sǖr-ä čåy bä aslan läzzät bäst-än
hot- attr tea loc pn pleasure ipfv .do₂- prs :3
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan täzä telefon bä-xåst-än
pn new: attr telephone ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: DIR_a.das
X: DIR
Y: a.das
Locus: Y
aslan ä däs rasul ħürsin=ü
pn from hand pn angry= cop :3
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: DIR_a
X: DIR
Y: a
Locus: Y
aslan ä rasul läǰ säxt
pn from pn vexation do₂: pst :3
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul aslan=ä xun=i=nä ye xēli xärab säxt
pn pn = obl blood= poss :3= obl one considerable bad do₂: pst :3
‘Rasul greatly upset Aslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

125. marvel

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan ben šǟr mäħtäl mund
pn loc .this city puzzled stay₂: pst :3
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’

126. despise

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä bä ǰigä ädämi nä-bä-rår-än
pn pn = obl loc place person neg - ipfv -put₂- prs :3
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: DIR_ba.gura
X: DIR
Y: ba.gura
Locus: Y
aslan bä gedä qištän gürä pärt bu
pn loc boy self because_of downcast be₂: pst :3
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: DIR_ba
X: DIR
Y: ba
Locus: Y
aslan bä duxtär qištän ħürsin ä-bir-än
pn loc girl self angry ipfv -be₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: TR
X: DIR
Y: OBL~DIR
Locus: TR
aslan rasul=ä qe bä-xåst-än
pn pn = obl cv ipfv -want₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: OBL:GEN_a
X: OBL:GEN
Y: a
Locus: XY
aslan=ä ä gudeyi qištän ar=i åmår-än
pn = obl from shortness self shame= poss :3 ipfv :come₂- prs :3
‘Aslan is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.