BivalTyp

Albanian

Contributed by Varvara Arzt (Diveeva).

The data were gathered in 2012 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Arzt, Varvara. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Albanian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 14, 2026; last revised on April 14, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dhemb

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i dhemb kok-a
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg ache.3 sg head- nom . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter has a headache.’

2. have (illness) jam i sёmurё

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pjetr-i është i sëmurë
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg ill
‘Pjeter has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kam frikë

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ka frikë nga qen-i
pn - nom . m . sg . def have.3 sg fear. acc . m . sg . indef from dog- nom . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hedh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hodh-i gur-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg throw- aor .3 sg stone- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter threw a stone.’

5. have enough mjaftoj

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i mjafto-jnë para-të
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg be_enough-3 pl money- nom . f . pl . def
‘Pjeter has enough money.’

6. resemble ngjaj

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i ngja-n Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg resemble-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter resembles Lindita.’

7. believe besoj

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i beso-n Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg believe-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter believes Lindita.’

8. take marr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e mor-i libr-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg take- aor .3 sg book- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter took a book.’

9. see shoh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i sheh shtëpi-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def see.3 sg house- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter sees a house.’

10. influence ndikoj

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
mosh-a ndiko-n në kujtesë
age- nom . f . sg . def influence-3 sg in memory. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter takohem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u takua me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl encounter. aor .3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter encountered Lindita.’

12. enter hyj

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i hyr-i në shtëpi
pn - nom . m . sg . def enter- aor .3 sg in house. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter entered the house.’

13. win fitoj

Valency pattern: NOM_ndajABL
X: NOM
Y: ndajABL
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i fito-i ndaj Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def win- aor .3 sg by pn - abl . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter beat Lindita.’

14. go out dal

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i dol-i nga shtëpi-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def go_out- aor .3 sg from house- nom . f . sf . def
‘Pjeter went out of the house.’

15. drive çoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ço-n lop-ën në kullotë
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg drive-3 sg cow- acc . f . sg . def in pasture. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend përkul

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e përkul-i deg-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg bend- aor .3 sg branch- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter bent the branch.’

17. tell them

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i tha Lindit-ës:
pn - nom pro . dat .3 sg tell. aor .3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter told Lindita: ...’

18. hold mbaj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e mba-n libr-in në dorë
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg hold-3 sg book- acc . m . sg . def in hand. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter is holding a book.’

19. catch up arrij

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e arrit-i Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg reach- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter caught up with Lindita.’

20. milk mjel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e mol-i lop-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg milk- aor .3 sg cow- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter milked the cow.’

21. reach arrij

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i arrit-i breg-un e kundërt
pn - nom . m . sg . def reach- aor .3 sg bank- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg opposite
‘Pjeter reached the opposite bank.’

22. touch prek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i prek-u mur-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def touch- aor .3 sg wall- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter touched the wall.’

23. fight përleshem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po përlesh-et me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog fight-3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is fighting with Lindita.’

24. be friends kam miqësi

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ka miqësi me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def have.3 sg friendship. acc . f . sg . indef with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is friends with Lindita.’

25. think mendoj

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po mendo-n për Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog think-3 sg about pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is thinking about Lindita.’

26. eat ha

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hëngr-i moll-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg eat- aor .3 sg apple- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter ate an apple.’

27. fry fërgoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i fërgo-i peshk-un
pn - nom . m . sg . def fry- aor .3 sg fish- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter fried the fish.’

28. wait pres

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po pres Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog wait.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is waiting for Lindita.’

29. forget harroj

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i harro-i për rrug-ën tjetër
pn - nom . m . sg . def forget- aor .3 sg about road- acc . f . sg . def other. sg
‘Pjeter forgot about the other road.’

30. depend varem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
kujtes-a var-et nga mosh-a
memory- nom . f . sg . def depend-3 sg from age- nom . f . sg . def
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call thërres

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e thërrit-i Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg call- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter called Lindita.’

32. get to know njihem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u njoh me Lindit-ën një vit më parë
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl get_to_know. aor .3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def one year. acc . m . sg . indef with first
‘Pjeter got to know Lindita a year ago.’

33. know njoh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e njoh Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg know.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter knows Lindita.’

34. play (instrument) bie

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po i bie kitar-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog pro . dat .3 sg fall.3 sg guitar- dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid shmangem

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i shmang-et Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pa . dat .3 sg avoid-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter avoids Lindita.’

36. make prodhoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i prodho-i një bombë
pn - nom . m . sg . def make- aor .3 sg art . indef bomb. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter made a bomb.’

37. make fun tallem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i tall-et me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def make_fun-3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is making fun of Lindita.’

38. have kam

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ka makin-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg have.3 sg car- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter has a car.’

39. look for kërkoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po kërko-n çelës-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog look_for-3 sg key- acc . m . pl . def
‘Pjeter is looking for the keys.’

40. paint lyej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e le-u gardh-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg paint- aor .3 sg fence- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter painted the fence.’

41. bite kafshoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
qen-i e kafsho-i Pjetr-in
dog- nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg bite- aor .3 sg pn - acc . m . sg . def
‘A dog bit Pjeter.’

42. forfeit humbas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i humb-i shtëpi-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def lose- aor .3 sg house- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter lost his house.’

43. try to catch përpiqem të kap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i përpiq-et të kap mace-n
pn - nom . m . sg . def try-3 sg sbjv catch.3 sg cat- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break thyej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e the-u shkop-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg break- aor .3 sg stick- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter broke a stick.’

45. flatter bëj lajka

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i bë-n lajk-a Lindit-ës
pn - nom pro . dat .3 sg make-3 sg flatter- acc . pl pn - dat
‘Pjeter is flattering Lindita.’

46. love (person) dua

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e do Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg love.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter loves Lindita.’

47. wave tund

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po tund shami-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog wave.3 sg handkerchief- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ëndërroj

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ëndërro-n për makin-ën e re
pn - nom . m . sg . def dream-3 sg about car- acc pa . acc . sg new. f
‘Pjeter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash laj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e la-u filxhan-in
pn - nom . f . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg wash- aor .3 sg cup- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter washed the cup.’

50. put on vesh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i i vesh-i pantallon-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 pl put_on- aor .3 sg trousers- acc . f . pl . def
‘Pjeter put on his trousers.’

51. be called quhem

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
kjo vegël quh-et busull
this. nom . f . sg instrument. nom . f . sg . indef be_called-3 sg compass. nom . m . sg . indef
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish dënoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e dëno-i djal-in e tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg punish- aor .3 sg son- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg his
‘Pjeter punished his son.’

53. attack sulmoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ari-u sulmo-i peshkatar-in
bear- nom . m . sg . def attack- aor .3 sg fisherman- acc . m . sg . def
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) mbushem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
kov-a u mbush me ujë
bucket- nom . f . sf . def refl fill. aor .3 sg with water. acc . m . sg . indef
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find gjej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i i gjet-i çelës-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 pl find- aor .3 sg key- acc . m . pl . def
‘Pjeter found his keys.’

56. be short NEG + mjaftoj

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it nuk i mjafto-n një dollar
pn - dat . m . sg . def neg pro . dat .3 sg be_enough-3 sg one dollar. nom . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter is one dollar short.’

57. hate urrej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e urre-n Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sf . def pro . acc .3 sg hate-3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter hates Lindita.’

58. like pëlqej

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
më pëlqe-n kjo këmishë
pro . dat .1 sg like-3 sg this. nom . f . sg shirt. nom . f . sg . indef
‘I like this shirt.’

59. need duhem

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i duh-en para
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg be_necessary-3 pl money. nom . f . pl . indef
‘Pjeter needs money.’

60. surround rrethoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mur-et e rretho-jnë qytet-in
wall- nom . f . pl . def pro . acc .3 sg surround-3 pl city- acc . m . sg . def
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain mbetem

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i-u mbet-ën dhjetë dollarë
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg - refl remain- aor .3 pl ten dollar. nom . m . pl . indef
‘Pjeter has ten dollars left.’

62. answer përgjigjem

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i-u përgjigj mësues-it
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg - refl answer. aor .3 sg teacher- dat . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter answered the teacher.’

63. open hap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hap-i kuti-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg open- aor .3 sg can- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter opened a can.’

64. be different dalloj

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
këmish-a im-e dallo-n nga e jot-ja
shirt- nom . f . sg . def my- nom . f . sg be_different-3 sg from pa . nom . f . sg your- nom . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind mbetem

Valency pattern: NOM_pasABL
X: NOM
Y: pasABL
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i mbet-i pas Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def remain- aor .3 sg behind pn - abl . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter fell behind Lindita.’

66. plough lëroj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po lëro-n fush-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog plough-3 sg field- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mbaj erë

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
duar-t e mi-a mba-jnë
hand- nom . f . pl . def pa . nom . pl may- f . pl hold-3 pl smell- acc . f . sg . indef gasoline- abl . f . sg . indef
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross kaloj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i kalo-i rrug-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def cross- aor .3 sg road- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter crossed the road.’

69. sing këndoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i këndo-i këng-ën e bukur
pn - nom . m . sg . def sing- aor .3 sg song- acc . f . sg . def pa . acc . sg beautiful
‘Pjeter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write shkruaj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e shkro-i letr-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg write- aor .3 sg letter- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter wrote a letter.’

71. drink pi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e pi-u qumësht-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg drink- aor .3 sg milk- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter drank the milk.’

72. melt shkrij

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e shkri-u një copë plumb-i
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg melt- aor .3 sg art . indef piece. acc . f . sg . indef lead- abl . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match shkoj

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
ky rrip shko-n me fustan-in tim
this. nom . m . sg belt. nom . m . sg . indef go-3 sg with dress- acc . m . sg . def my. acc . m . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave lë

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e la qytet-in e lindj-es
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg leave. aor .3 sg city- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg birth- dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter left his native city.’

75. cover mbuloj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
qilim-i mbulo-n gjithë dysheme-në
carpet- nom . m . sg . def cover-3 sg whole. indef floor- acc . f . sg . def
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember kujtoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e kujto-n mirë shtëpi-në në të cil-in u rrit
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg remember.3 sg well house- acc . f . sg . def in pa . acc . sg which- acc . m . sg refl grow. aor .3 sg
‘Pjeter remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help ndihmoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ndihmo-i Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg help- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter helped Lindita.’

78. understand (language) kuptoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e kupto-n gjuh-ën freng-e
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg understand.3 sg language- acc . f . sg . def f rench- f
‘Pjeter understands French.’

79. hit (target) bie

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
rrufe-ja ra në shtëpi
lightning- nom . f . sg . def fall. aor .3 sg in house. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself pritem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u pre me brisk
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl cut_oneself. aor .3 sg with razor. acc . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck ngjitem

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
got-a u ngjit në tryezë
glass- nom . f . sg . def refl stick. aor .3 sg in table. acc . f . sg . indef
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) humbas

Valency pattern: NOM_tekNOM
X: NOM
Y: tekNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i humb-i tek Lindit-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def lose- aor .3 sg at pn - nom . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter lost to Lindita.’

83. be glad gëzohem

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i-u gëzua letr-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg - refl be_glad. aor .3 sg letter- dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter was glad about the letter.’

84. speak flas

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po fl-et me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog speak-3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is speaking with Lindita.’

85. give birth lind

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Lindit-a e lind-i djal-in
pn - nom . f . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg give_birth- aor .3 sg son- acc . m . sg . def
‘Lindita gave birth to a son.’

86. drop lëshoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i lësho-i got-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def drop- aor .3 sg glass- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter dropped the glass.’

87. govern drejtoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i drejto-n fshat-in tonë
pn - nom . m . sg . def govern-3 sg village- acc . m . sg . def our. acc . sg
‘Pjeter runs our village.’

88. miss kam mall

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ka mall për Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def have.3 sg longing. acc . m . sg . indef about pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter misses Lindita.’

89. follow ndjek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ndjek Lindit-ën
pn - nom pro . acc .3 sg follow.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter follows Lindita.’

90. dismount zbres

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i zbrit-i nga kal-i
pn - nom . m . sg . def get_down- aor .3 sg from horse- nom . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter got down from the horse.’

91. listen dëgjoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po dëgjo-n radio-n
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog hear-3 sg radio- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is listening to radio.’

92. obey dëgjoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e dëgjo-n nën-ën e tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg hear-3 sg mother- acc . f . sg . def pa . acc . sg his
‘Pjeter listens to his mother.’

93. hear dëgjoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i dëgjo-n muzik-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def hear-3 sg music- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter hears the music.’

94. mix përzihem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
mjalt-ë u përzie me qumësht
honey- nom . m . sg . def refl mix. aor .3 sg with milk. acc . m . sg . indef
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look shikoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po shiko-n re të zëz-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog look-3 sg cloud- acc . f . pl . indef pa . pl black- f . pl
‘Pjeter is looking at the black clouds.’

96. take off heq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hoq-i këmish-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg take_off- aor .3 sg shirt- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) shfaqem në ëndërr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i shfaq-et Lindit-a në ëndërr
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg appear-3 sg pn - nom . f . sg . def in dream- acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter dreams about Lindita.’

98. agree bie dakord

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ra dakord me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def fall. aor .3 sg agreed with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter agreed with Lindita.’

99. have a quarrel grindem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u grind me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl have_a_quarrel. aor .3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter had a quarrel with Lindita.’

100. cost kushtoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ky filxhan kushto-n një dollar
this. nom . m . sg cup. nom . m . sg . indef cost-3 sg one dollar. acc . m . sg . indef
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at qëlloj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pjetr-i tento-i t-a qëllo-nte zog-un
pn - nom . m . sg . def try- aor .3 sg subj - pro . acc .3 sg shoot- impf .3 sg bird- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter tried to shoot the bird.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

102. pour hedh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i hodh-i sheqer në filxhan
pn - nom . m . sg . def throw- aor .3 sg sugar. acc . m . sg . indef in cup. acc . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter poured the sugar.’

103. lose humb

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i i humb-i çelës-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg lose- aor .3 sg key- acc . m . pl . def
‘Pjeter lost his keys.’

104. sink fundosem

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
kërcu-ri u fundos në ujë
log- nom . m . sg . def refl sink. aor .3 sg in water. acc . m . sg . indef
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill vras

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e vra-u Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg kill- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter killed Drita.’

106. hit godas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e godit-i Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg hit- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter hit Drita.’

107. kiss puth

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e puth-i Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg kiss- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter kissed Drita.’

108. read lexoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i lexo-i një libër interesant
pn - nom . m . sg . def read- aor .3 sg art . indef book. acc . m . sg . indef interesting. m
‘Pjeter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) lëviz

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e lëviz-i gisht-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg move- aor .3 sg finger- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter moved his finger.’

110. respect respektoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e respekto-n Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg respect-3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter respects Lindita.’

111. be squeamish neveritem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i neverit-et nga en-ët e pist-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def be_squeamish-3 sg from dishes- nom . f . sg . def pro . pl dirty- f . pl
‘Pjeter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content jam kënaqur

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i është i kënaqur me djal-in e tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg staisfied. sg with son- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg his
‘Pjeter is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love bie në dashuri

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ra në dashuri me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def fall. aor .3 sg in love. acc . f . sg . indef with pn - acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter fell in love with Lindita.’

114. trust besoj

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i beso-n Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg trust-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter trusts Lindita.’

115. sympathise dhimbset

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i dhimbs-et nën-a e tij
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg make_pity-3 sg mother- nom . m . sg . def pro . nom . f .3 sg his
‘Pjeter sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy kam zili

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ka zili Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg have.3 sg envy. acc . f . sg . indef pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter envies Lindita.’

117. be angry jam inatosur

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i është i inatosur me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg angry. sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is angry with Lindita.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised habitem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u habit nga kjo dhuratë
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl be_surprised. aor .3 sg from this. nom . f . sg gift. nom . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) pëlqej

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i pëlqe-n çaj-i
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg please-3 sg tea- nom . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter loves tea.’

120. enjoy kënaqem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i kënaq-et me çaj të nxehtë
pn - nom . m . sg . def enjoy-3 sg with tea. acc . m . sg . indef pro .3 sg . indef hot
‘Pjeter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want dua

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i do një celular të ri
pn - nom . m . sg . def want.3 sg art . indef mobile. acc . m . sg . indef pa . acc new. m . sg
‘Pjeter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge jam zemëruar

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i është i zemëruar me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg angry. sg with pn - acc
‘Pjeter holds a grudge against Lindita.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence fyhem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u fye nga Lindit-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl take_offence. aor .3 sg from pn - nom . f . sf . def
‘Pjeter took offence at Lindita.’

124. upset hidhëroj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hidhëro-i shumë Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg upset- aor .3 sg very pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter greatly upset Lindita.’

125. marvel mahnitem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u mahnit nga ky qytet
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl be_impressed. aor .3 sg from this. nom . m . sg city. nom . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter was impressed by this town.’

126. despise përbuz

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e përbuz Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg despise.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter despises Drita.’

127. get upset hidhërohem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u hidhërua nga djal-i i tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def refl get_upset. aor .3 sg from son- nom . m . sg . def pa . nom . m . sg his
‘Pjeter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated zemërohem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i zemëroh-et me të bij-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be_irritated-3 sg with pa . acc . sg daughter- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond simpatizoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i simpatizo-n Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be_fond-3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is fond of Lindita.’

130. be shy vjen zor

Valency pattern: DAT_perACC
X: DAT
Y: perACC
Locus: XY
Pjetr-it i vje-n zor për shtat-in e tij
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg come-3 sg embarrassment about height- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc his
‘Pjeter is embarrassed about his height.’