BivalTyp

Albanian

Contributed by Varvara Arzt (Diveeva).

The data were gathered in 2012 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. In 2026, Alexander Rusakov made a significant contribution to the dataset by resolving some tricky cases and correcting a few inconsistencies.

How to cite

Arzt, Varvara. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Albanian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 14, 2026; last revised on September 9, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dhemb

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i dhemb kok-a
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg ache.3 sg head- nom . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter has a headache.’

2. have (illness) jam i sёmurё

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pjetr-i është i sëmurë
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg ill
‘Pjeter is ill.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kam frikë

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ka frikë nga qen-i
pn - nom . m . sg . def have.3 sg fear. acc . m . sg . indef from dog- nom . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hedh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hodh-i gur-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg throw- aor .3 sg stone- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter threw a stone.’

5. have enough mjaftoj

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i mjafto-jnë para-të
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg be_enough-3 pl money- nom . f . pl . def
‘Pjeter has enough money.’

6. resemble ngjaj

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i ngja-n Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg resemble-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter resembles Lindita.’

7. believe besoj

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i beso-n Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg believe-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter believes Lindita.’

8. take marr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e mor-i libr-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg take- aor .3 sg book- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter took the book.’

9. see shoh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i sheh shtëpi-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def see.3 sg house- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter sees the house.’

10. influence ndikoj

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
mosh-a ndiko-n në kujtesë
age- nom . f . sg . def influence-3 sg in memory. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter takohem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u takua me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass encounter. aor .3 sg . pass with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter encountered Lindita.’

12. enter hyj

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i hyr-i në shtëpi
pn - nom . m . sg . def enter- aor .3 sg in house. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter entered the house.’

13. win fitoj

Valency pattern: NOM_ndajABL
X: NOM
Y: ndajABL
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i fito-i ndaj Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def win- aor .3 sg by pn - abl . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter beat Lindita.’

14. go out dal

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i dol-i nga shtëpi-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def go_out- aor .3 sg from house- nom . f . sf . def
‘Pjeter went out of the house.’

15. drive çoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ço-n lop-ën në kullotë
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg drive-3 sg cow- acc . f . sg . def in pasture. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend përkul

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e përkul-i deg-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg bend- aor .3 sg branch- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter bent the branch.’

17. tell them

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i tha Lindit-ës:
pn - nom pro . dat .3 sg tell. aor .3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter told Lindita: ...’

18. hold mbaj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e mba-n libr-in në dorë
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg hold-3 sg book- acc . m . sg . def in hand. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter is holding a book.’

19. catch up arrij

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e arrit-i Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg reach- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter caught up with Lindita.’

20. milk mjel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e mol-i lop-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg milk- aor .3 sg cow- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter milked the cow.’

21. reach arrij

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i arrit-i breg-un e kundërt
pn - nom . m . sg . def reach- aor .3 sg bank- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg opposite
‘Pjeter reached the opposite bank.’

22. touch prek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i prek-u mur-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def touch- aor .3 sg wall- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter touched the wall.’

23. fight përleshem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po përlesh-et me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog fight-3 sg . pass with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is fighting with Lindita.’

24. be friends kam miqësi

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ka miqësi me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def have.3 sg friendship. acc . f . sg . indef with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is friends with Lindita.’

25. think mendoj

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po mendo-n për Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog think-3 sg about pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is thinking about Lindita.’

26. eat ha

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hëngr-i moll-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg eat- aor .3 sg apple- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter ate an apple.’

27. fry fërgoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i fërgo-i peshk-un
pn - nom . m . sg . def fry- aor .3 sg fish- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter fried the fish.’

28. wait pres

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po pres Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog wait.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is waiting for Lindita.’

29. forget harroj

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i harro-i për rrug-ën tjetër
pn - nom . m . sg . def forget- aor .3 sg about road- acc . f . sg . def other. sg
‘Pjeter forgot about the other road.’

30. depend varem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
kujtes-a var-et nga mosh-a
memory- nom . f . sg . def depend-3 sg . pass from age- nom . f . sg . def
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call thërres

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e thërrit-i Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg call- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter called Lindita.’

32. get to know njihem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u njoh me Lindit-ën një vit më parë
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass get_to_know. aor .3 sg . pass with pn - acc . f . sg . def one year. acc . m . sg . indef more first
‘Pjeter got to know Lindita a year ago.’

33. know njoh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e njoh Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg know.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter knows Lindita.’

34. play (instrument) bie

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po i bie kitar-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog pro . dat .3 sg fall.3 sg guitar- dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid shmangem

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i shmang-et Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg avoid-3 sg . pass pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter avoids Lindita.’

36. make prodhoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i prodho-i një bombë
pn - nom . m . sg . def make- aor .3 sg art . indef bomb. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter made a bomb.’

37. make fun tallem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i tall-et me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def make_fun-3 sg . pass with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is making fun of Lindita.’

38. have kam

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ka makin-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg have.3 sg car- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter has a car.’

39. look for kërkoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po kërko-n çelës-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog look_for-3 sg key- acc . m . pl . def
‘Pjeter is looking for the keys.’

40. paint lyej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e le-u gardh-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg paint- aor .3 sg fence- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter painted the fence.’

41. bite kafshoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
qen-i e kafsho-i Pjetr-in
dog- nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg bite- aor .3 sg pn - acc . m . sg . def
‘A dog bit Pjeter.’

42. forfeit humbas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i humb-i shtëpi-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def lose- aor .3 sg house- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter lost his house.’

43. try to catch përpiqem të kap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i përpiq-et të kap-ë mace-n
pn - nom . m . sg . def try-3 sg . pass sbjv catch- sbjv .3 sg cat- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break thyej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e the-u shkop-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg break- aor .3 sg stick- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter broke a stick.’

45. flatter bëj lajka

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i bë-n lajk-a Lindit-ës
pn - nom pro . dat .3 sg make-3 sg flatter- acc . pl pn - dat
‘Pjeter is flattering Lindita.’

46. love (person) dua

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e do Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg love.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter loves Lindita.’

47. wave tund

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po tund shami-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog wave.3 sg handkerchief- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ëndërroj

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ëndërro-n për makin-ën e re
pn - nom . m . sg . def dream-3 sg about car- acc pa . acc . sg new. f
‘Pjeter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash laj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e la-u filxhan-in
pn - nom . f . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg wash- aor .3 sg cup- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter washed the cup.’

50. put on vesh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i i vesh-i pantallon-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 pl put_on- aor .3 sg trousers- acc . f . pl . def
‘Pjeter put on his trousers.’

51. be called quhem

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
kjo vegël quh-et busull
this. nom . f . sg instrument. nom . f . sg . indef call-3 sg . pass compass. nom . m . sg . indef
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish dënoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e dëno-i djal-in e tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg punish- aor .3 sg son- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg his
‘Pjeter punished his son.’

53. attack sulmoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ari-u sulmo-i peshkatar-in
bear- nom . m . sg . def attack- aor .3 sg fisherman- acc . m . sg . def
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) mbushem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
kov-a u mbush me ujë
bucket- nom . f . sf . def pass fill. aor .3 sg . pass with water. acc . m . sg . indef
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find gjej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i i gjet-i çelës-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 pl find- aor .3 sg key- acc . m . pl . def
‘Pjeter found his keys.’

56. be short NEG + mjaftoj

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it nuk i mjafto-n një dollar
pn - dat . m . sg . def neg pro . dat .3 sg be_enough-3 sg one dollar. nom . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter is one dollar short.’

57. hate urrej

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e urre-n Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sf . def pro . acc .3 sg hate-3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter hates Lindita.’

58. like pëlqej

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
më pëlqe-n kjo këmishë
pro . dat .1 sg like-3 sg this. nom . f . sg shirt. nom . f . sg . indef
‘I like this shirt.’

59. need duhem

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i duh-en para
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg want-3 pl . pass money. nom . f . pl . indef
‘Pjeter needs money.’

60. surround rrethoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mur-et e rretho-jnë qytet-in
wall- nom . f . pl . def pro . acc .3 sg surround-3 pl city- acc . m . sg . def
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain mbetem

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i-u mbet-ën dhjetë dollarë
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg - pass remain- aor .3 pl ten dollar. nom . m . pl . indef
‘Pjeter has ten dollars left.’

62. answer përgjigjem

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i-u përgjigj mësues-it
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg - pass answer. aor .3 sg . pass teacher- dat . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter answered the teacher.’

63. open hap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hap-i kuti-në
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg open- aor .3 sg can- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter opened a can.’

64. be different dalloj

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
këmish-a im-e dallo-n nga e jot-ja
shirt- nom . f . sg . def my- nom . f . sg be_different-3 sg from pa . nom . f . sg your- nom . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind mbet

Valency pattern: NOM_pasABL
X: NOM
Y: pasABL
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i mbet-i pas Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def remain- aor .3 sg behind pn - abl . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter fell behind Lindita.’

66. plough lëroj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po lëro-n fush-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog plough-3 sg field- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mbaj erë

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
duar-t e mi-a mba-jnë er-ë benzin-e
hand- nom . f . pl . def pa . nom . pl may- f . pl hold-3 pl smell- acc . f . sg . indef gasoline- abl . f . sg . indef
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross kaloj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i kalo-i rrug-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def cross- aor .3 sg road- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter crossed the road.’

69. sing këndoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i këndo-i këng-ën e bukur
pn - nom . m . sg . def sing- aor .3 sg song- acc . f . sg . def pa . acc . sg beautiful
‘Pjeter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write shkruaj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e shkro-i letr-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg write- aor .3 sg letter- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter wrote a letter.’

71. drink pi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e pi-u qumësht-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg drink- aor .3 sg milk- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter drank the milk.’

72. melt shkrij

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e shkri-u një copë plumb-i
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg melt- aor .3 sg art . indef piece. acc . f . sg . indef lead- abl . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match shkoj

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
ky rrip shko-n me fustan-in tim
this. nom . m . sg belt. nom . m . sg . indef go-3 sg with dress- acc . m . sg . def my. acc . m . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave lë

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e la qytet-in e lindj-es
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg leave. aor .3 sg city- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg birth- dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter left his native city.’

75. cover mbuloj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
qilim-i mbulo-n gjithë dysheme-në
carpet- nom . m . sg . def cover-3 sg whole. indef floor- acc . f . sg . def
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember kujtoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e kujto-n mirë shtëpi-në në të cil-in u rrit
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg remember.3 sg well house- acc . f . sg . def in pa . acc . sg which- acc . m . sg pass grow. aor .3 sg . pass
‘Pjeter remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help ndihmoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ndihmo-i Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg help- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter helped Lindita.’

78. understand (language) kuptoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e kupto-n gjuh-ën freng-e
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg understand.3 sg language- acc . f . sg . def f rench- f
‘Pjeter understands French.’

79. hit (target) bie

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
rrufe-ja ra në shtëpi
lightning- nom . f . sg . def fall. aor .3 sg in house. acc . f . sg . indef
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself pritem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u pre me brisk
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass cut. aor .3 sg . pass with razor. acc . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck ngjitem

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
got-a u ngjit në tryezë
glass- nom . f . sg . def pass stick. aor .3 sg . pass in table. acc . f . sg . indef
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) humbas

Valency pattern: NOM_tekNOM
X: NOM
Y: tekNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i humb-i tek Lindit-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def lose- aor .3 sg at pn - nom . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter lost to Lindita.’

83. be glad gëzohem

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i-u gëzua letr-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg - pass make_glad. aor .3 sg . pass letter- dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter was glad about the letter.’

84. speak flas

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i po fl-et me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog speak-3 sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is speaking with Lindita.’

85. give birth lind

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Lindit-a e lind-i djal-in
pn - nom . f . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg give_birth- aor .3 sg son- acc . m . sg . def
‘Lindita gave birth to a son.’

86. drop lëshoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i lësho-i got-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def drop- aor .3 sg glass- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter dropped the glass.’

87. govern drejtoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i drejto-n fshat-in tonë
pn - nom . m . sg . def govern-3 sg village- acc . m . sg . def our. acc . sg
‘Pjeter runs our village.’

88. miss kam mall

Valency pattern: NOM_perACC
X: NOM
Y: perACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ka mall për Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def have.3 sg longing. acc . m . sg . indef about pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter misses Lindita.’

89. follow ndjek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ndjek Lindit-ën
pn - nom pro . acc .3 sg follow.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter follows Lindita.’

90. dismount zbres

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i zbrit-i nga kal-i
pn - nom . m . sg . def get_down- aor .3 sg from horse- nom . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter got down from the horse.’

91. listen dëgjoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po dëgjo-n radio-n
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog hear-3 sg radio- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is listening to the radio.’

92. obey dëgjoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e dëgjo-n nën-ën e tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg hear-3 sg mother- acc . f . sg . def pa . acc . sg his
‘Pjeter listens to his mother.’

93. hear dëgjoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i dëgjo-n muzik-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def hear-3 sg music- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter hears the music.’

94. mix përzihem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
mjalt-ë u përzie me qumësht
honey- nom . m . sg . def pass mix. aor .3 sg . pass with milk. acc . m . sg . indef
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look shikoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i po shiko-n re të zëz-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def prog look-3 sg cloud. acc . f . pl . indef pa . pl black- f . pl
‘Pjeter is looking at the black clouds.’

96. take off heq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hoq-i këmish-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg take_off- aor .3 sg shirt- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) shfaqem në ëndërr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i shfaq-et Lindit-a në ëndërr
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg appear-3 sg . pass pn - nom . f . sg . def in dream- acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter dreams about Lindita.’

98. agree bie dakord

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ra dakord me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def fall. aor .3 sg agreed with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter agreed with Lindita.’

99. have a quarrel grindem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u grind me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass have_a_quarrel. aor .3 sg . pass with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter had a quarrel with Lindita.’

100. cost kushtoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ky filxhan kushto-n një dollar
this. nom . m . sg cup. nom . m . sg . indef cost-3 sg one dollar. acc . m . sg . indef
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at qëlloj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pjetr-i tento-i t-a qëllo-nte zog-un
pn - nom . m . sg . def try- aor .3 sg subj - pro . acc .3 sg shoot- impf .3 sg bird- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter tried to shoot the bird.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

102. pour hedh

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i hodh-i sheqer në filxhan
pn - nom . m . sg . def throw- aor .3 sg sugar. acc . m . sg . indef in cup. acc . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter poured the sugar.’

103. lose humb

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i i humb-i çelës-at
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg lose- aor .3 sg key- acc . m . pl . def
‘Pjeter lost his keys.’

104. sink fundosem

Valency pattern: NOM_neACC
X: NOM
Y: neACC
Locus: Y
kërcu-ri u fundos në ujë
log- nom . m . sg . def pass sink. aor .3 sg . pass in water. acc . m . sg . indef
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill vras

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e vra-u Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg kill- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter killed Drita.’

106. hit godas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e godit-i Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg hit- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter hit Drita.’

107. kiss puth

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e puth-i Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg kiss- aor .3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter kissed Drita.’

108. read lexoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i lexo-i një libër interesant
pn - nom . m . sg . def read- aor .3 sg art . indef book. acc . m . sg . indef interesting. m
‘Pjeter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) lëviz

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e lëviz-i gisht-in
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg move- aor .3 sg finger- acc . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter moved his finger.’

110. respect respektoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e respekto-n Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg respect-3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter respects Lindita.’

111. be squeamish neveritem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i neverit-et nga en-ët e pist-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def be_squeamish-3 sg . pass from dishes- nom . f . sg . def pa . pl dirty- f . pl
‘Pjeter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content jam kënaqur

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i është i kënaqur me djal-in e tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg satisfied. sg with son- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc . sg his
‘Pjeter is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love bie në dashuri

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i ra në dashuri me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def fall. aor .3 sg in love. acc . f . sg . indef with pn - acc . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter fell in love with Lindita.’

114. trust besoj

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i i beso-n Lindit-ës
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg trust-3 sg pn - dat . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter trusts Lindita.’

115. sympathise dhimbsem

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i dhimbs-et nën-a e tij
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg make_pity-3 sg . pass mother- nom . m . sg . def pa . nom . f . sg his
‘Pjeter sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy kam zili

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e ka zili Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg have.3 sg envy. acc . f . sg . indef pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter envies Lindita.’

117. be angry jam inatosur

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i është i inatosur me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg angry. sg with pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is angry with Lindita.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised habitem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u habit nga kjo dhuratë
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass surprise. aor .3 sg . pass from this. nom . f . sg gift. nom . f . sg . indef
‘Pjeter was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) pëlqej

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pjetr-it i pëlqe-n çaj-i
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg please-3 sg tea- nom . m . sg . def
‘Pjeter loves tea.’

120. enjoy kënaqem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i kënaq-et me çaj të nxehtë
pn - nom . m . sg . def enjoy-3 sg . pass with tea. acc . m . sg . indef pa . acc . sg hot
‘Pjeter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want dua

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i do një celular të ri
pn - nom . m . sg . def want.3 sg art . indef mobile. acc . m . sg . indef pa . acc . sg new. m . sg
‘Pjeter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge jam zemëruar

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i është i zemëruar me Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be.3 sg pa . nom . m . sg angry. sg with pn - acc
‘Pjeter holds a grudge against Lindita.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence fyhem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u fye nga Lindit-a
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass offend. aor .3 sg . pass from pn - nom . f . sf . def
‘Pjeter took offence at Lindita.’

124. upset hidhëroj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hidhëro-i shumë Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg upset- aor .3 sg very pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter greatly upset Lindita.’

125. marvel mahnitem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u mahnit nga ky qytet
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass impress. aor .3 sg . pass from this. nom . m . sg city. nom . m . sg . indef
‘Pjeter was impressed by this town.’

126. despise përbuz

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e përbuz Drit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg despise.3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter despises Drita.’

127. get upset hidhërohem

Valency pattern: NOM_ngaNOM
X: NOM
Y: ngaNOM
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i u hidhërua nga djal-i i tij
pn - nom . m . sg . def pass upset. aor .3 sg . pass from son- nom . m . sg . def pa . nom . m . sg his
‘Pjeter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated zemërohem

Valency pattern: NOM_meACC
X: NOM
Y: meACC
Locus: Y
Pjetr-i zemëroh-et me të bij-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def irritate-3 sg . pass with pa . acc . sg daughter- acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond simpatizoj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i simpatizo-n Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def be_fond-3 sg pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter is fond of Lindita.’

130. be shy vjen zor

Valency pattern: DAT_perACC
X: DAT
Y: perACC
Locus: XY
Pjetr-it i vje-n zor për shtat-in e tij
pn - dat . m . sg . def pro . dat .3 sg come-3 sg embarrassment about height- acc . m . sg . def pa . acc his
‘Pjeter is embarrassed about his height.’