BivalTyp

Lak (Quba)

Contributed by Michael Daniel, Victor A. Friedman, and Shakhmurad Gamzalaev.

M.D.'s photo V.F.'s photo

The data were contributed in 2024 and 2025 by Shakhmurad Gamzalaev. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Daniel, Michael, Victor A. Friedman and Shakhmurad Gamzalaev. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Lak (Quba). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 14, 2025; last revised on April 14, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Maħammad-lu-l bak’ c’u-j b-ur
pn - obl - gen head ache- cvb . ipfv 3-be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because the combination of encoding devices for X and Y [GEN_NOM] happens to be identical to that observed in the transitive pattern, whereas syntactically, the encoding pattern here does not align with regular transitive clauses.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Maħammad grip-ra-l qːa-šaw-aj ur
pn flu[ ru ]- obl - gen neg -be.able- cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad has the flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad kːačːi-j-a niha us-la-j ur
pn dog- sup - el afraid 1.say- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
cal Maħammad-lu-l li<w>č-und-i čaru
first pn - obl - gen <3>throw- aor -3 p stone
‘Mohammad threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
utːi Maħammad-u-n d-ijal qan-aj d-ur arcu
now pn - obl - dat 4-sufficient become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 4-be. prs .3 p money
‘Mohammad has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_POSTEL
X: NOM
Y: POSTEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad Rasul-du-χ-a la<w>xːu-sːa ur
pn pn - obl - post - el <1>be.similar- attr 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad resembles Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-j-n wiχ-nu ur
pn pn - sup - lat be.certain- advbz 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad believes Ashura.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l la<w>s-und-i lu polka-li-j-a
pn - obl - gen <3>take- aor -3 p book shelf[ ru ]- obl - sup - el
‘Mohammad took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n qːatːa č'a-la-j b-ur
pn - obl - dat house see- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 3-be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
oˁrmu-lu-l č’un dak'-ni-j lič’-aw-ri-j-n asar b-ija-n b-ul-la-j d-ur
life- obl - gen time heart- obl - sup remain- nmlz - obl - sup - lat impact 3-reach- inf 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 4-be. prs .3 p
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n xuna b-a<w>qʼ-und-i Aˁšura
pn - obl - dat meet 3-<3>lead- aor -3 p pn (3)
‘Mohammad encountered Ashura.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT
X: NOM
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad u<w>χː-und i qːat-lu-bu-n
pn <1>1.enter- aor -3 p house- obl - in - lat
‘Mohammad entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Maħammad χːu x-und-i Rasul-du-jar
pn winning become- aor -3 p pn - obl - comp
‘Mohammad beat Rasul.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Maħammad u<w>kːu-nd-i tːučan-dalu-wa-tu
pn <1>1.leave- aor -3 p shop- obl - in - el 1
‘Mohammad went out of the shop.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad oˁl liqa-n b-ul-la-j ur qːuru-n
pn cow drive- inf 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p at.field- lat
‘Mohammad is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l laħa-n d-u-nd-i qːaˁrtːa
pn - obl - gen bend- inf 4-do- aor -3 p branch
‘Mohammad bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: GEN_APUD
X: GEN
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l u<w>k-und-i Aˁšura-x : b-uxːu tːu-č'a-n qmalu
pn - obl - gen <1>say- aor -3 p pn - apud 3-come. imp i - cont - lat guest
‘Mohammad told Ashura: “Come and visit me”.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad b-u<w>h-unu ur lu kani-bu
pn 3-<3>take- cvb . pfv 1.be. prs .3 p book hand- in
‘Mohammad is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Maħammad qriw la-w-nd-i Aˁšura-l
pn after touch-1- aor -3 p pn - gen
‘Mohammad caught up with Ashura.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Aˁšura-l tːiz-und-i oˁl
pn - gen milk- aor -3 p cow
‘Ashura milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad i-nd-i neχːa-l zma-ni-j-n
pn 1.reach- aor -3 p river. obl - gen edge- obl - sup - lat
‘Mohammad reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l č’ir-a-j-n ka šːu-nd-i
pn - obl - gen wall- obl - sup - lat hand touch- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Maħammad il-la-j ur Rasul-du-šːal
pn 1.reach- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - obl - com
‘Mohammad is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Maħammad dus-šiwu d-ul-la-j ur Rasul-du-šːal
pn friend- nmlz 4-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - obl - com
‘Mohammad is friends with Rasul.’

25. think

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-j-a pikr-irda-j ur
pn pn - sup - el thought- obl - sup 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is thinking about Ashura.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l b-uk-und-i ič
pn - obl - gen 3-eat- aor -3 p apple
‘Mohammad ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l c'-ra-j-χ b-u-nd-i baˁluqʼ
pn - obl - gen fire- obl - sup - trans 3-do- aor -3 p fish
‘Mohammad fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_POST
X: NOM
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-χ jaluh-la-j ur
pn pn - post look- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1-be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is waiting for Ashura.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEL
Locus: XY
Maħammad-lu-n qma b-itu-n b-uja ta-mur χːuldu-j-a
pn - obl - dat forget 3-leave- inf 3-be. pst .3 p be.other- contr .3 road- sup - el
‘Mohammad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
bak’ zuz-awu xra-nu b-ur oˁrmu-lu-l šin-da-j-atu
head work- nmlz be.weak- advbz 3-be. prs .3 p life- obl - gen year- pl - sup - el 1
‘One’s mind weakens with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l oˁk-und-i Rasul-du-j-n
pn - obl - gen call- aor -3 p pn - obl - sup - lat
‘Mohammad called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n k’ul xu-nd-i Aˁšura ca šina-l хːičʼ
pn - obl - dat know become- aor -3 p pn one year. obl - gen before
‘Mohammad got to know Ashura a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n kʼul-sːa-r Aˁšura.
pn - obl - dat know- attr - prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad knows Ashura.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad gitara b-iš-la-j ur
pn guitar[ ru ] 3-hit- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is playing the guitar.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
kʼanaj Maħammad liq-la-j ur Rasul-du-j-atu
pn flee- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - obl - sup - el 1
‘Mohammad avoids Rasul.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l b-und-i bomba
pn - obl - gen 3-do. aor -3 p bomb[ ru ]
‘Mohammad made a bomb.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: GEN_SUP
X: GEN
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad zulmu b-ul-la-j ur Rasul-du-j
pn scoff 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - obl - sup
‘Now Mohammad is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive. CV.

38. have

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammadu-č'a mašina b-ur
pn - cont car[ ru ] 3-be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad has a car.’

39. look for

Valency pattern: NOM_POST
X: NOM
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad lug-la-j ur k’ul-d-a-χ
pn seek- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p key- pl - obl - post
‘Mohammad is looking for the keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPTRANS
X: GEN
Y: SUPTRANS
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l zabor-dani-j-χ sːir b-u<w>kʼ-und-i
pn - obl - gen fence- obl - sup - trans paint 3-<3>insert- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
kːačː-i-l qʼacʼ uk-und-i Maħammad-u-j-n
dog- obl - gen mouth say- aor -3 p pn - obl - sup - lat
‘A dog bit Mohammad.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Maħammad qːat-ri b-aqːa li<w>č'-und-i.
pn house- pl 3 pl -absent <1>remain- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad d-uh-la-j ur čːitu.
pn 4-catch- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p cat
‘Mohammad is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l ʁa<w>ʁ-und-i tːarx
pn - obl - gen <3>break- aor -3 p stick
‘Mohammad broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPEL
X: GEN
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-j-a c'a-rdu d-ul-la-j ur
pn pn - sup - el name- pl 4 pl -do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is flattering Ashura.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n Aˁšura χːira-r
pn - obl - dat pn love- prs .3 p
‘Mohammad loves Ashura.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Aˁšura glaj d-ul-la-j b-ur kajši
pn wave 4 pl -do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 3-be. prs .3 p kerchief
‘Mohammad is waving a handkerchief.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive. “glaj” and “kajši “ are Quba dialect wordw, with the equivalents in Standard Lak being “galaj”, “karši”.

48. dream

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad murad-ra-j ur c'u-sːa mašina-li-j-a
pn wish- obl - sup 1.be. prs .3 p be.new- attr car[ ru ]- obl - sup - el
‘Mohammad is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l šuˁ<w>š-und-i bušqːap.
pn - obl - gen <3>wash- aor -3 p cup
‘Mohammad washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l la<r>χː-und-i ħažak.
pn - obl - gen <4>put.on- aor -3 p trousers
‘Mohammad put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_QUOT
X: SUPLAT
Y: QUOT
Locus: XY
wa zat-ira-j-n kompas-kunu uč-aj-sːa-r
this thing- obl - sup - lat compass[ ru ]- quot say- prs - attr - prs .3 p
‘This object is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l ca-l-a ars tanmiħ und-i
pn - obl - gen self. obl .1- gen -1. ptcl son punishment 1.do. aor -3 p
‘Mohammad punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
cuša jalun χːaˁ<w>χː-und-i baluʁ-či-na-j-n
bear up <3>attack- aor -3 p fish- agnt - obl - sup - lat
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
bidra b-uc'i-n b-und-i šːin-al.
bucket 3-fill- inf 3-do. aor -3 p water- gen
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n k’ul-di laˁ<r>qː-und-i.
pn - obl - dat key- pl <4. pl >find- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n d-ijal qːa-qana-j d-ur ca dollar
pn - obl - dat 4-sufficient neg -become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 4-be. prs .3 p one dollar[ ru ]
‘Mohammad is one dollar short.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n kːa<w>kː-un qːa-čːi-sːa-r Rasul
pn - obl - dat <1>see- cvb . pfv neg -want- attr - prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad hates Rasul.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n wa huqa χːuj b-iz-la~zi-sːa-r
pn - obl - dat this shirt good 3-stand.up- ipfv ~stand.up- attr - prs .3 p
‘Mohammad likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n tːi arcu aˁrkin-nu d-ur
pn - obl - dat now money(4) be.necessary- advbz 4-be. prs .3 p
‘Now Mohammad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: GEN_GENlagma
X: GEN
Y: GENlagma
Locus: Y
č'ir-tː-al šahru-lu-l lagma d-u<r>h-unu d-ur
wall- pl - gen town- obl - gen around 4-<4>catch- cvb . pfv 4-be. prs .3 p
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-č'a li<r>č'-und-i ac'-wa dollar
pn - obl - cont <4>remain- aor -3 p ten-3. card dollar[ ru ]
‘Mohammad has ten dollars left.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: GEN_APUDLAT
X: GEN
Y: APUDLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l žawab d-uld-und-i muaˁlim-na-xː-un
pn - obl - gen response 4-give- aor -3 p teacher- obl - apud - lat
‘Mohammad answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l t'i<r>t'-und-i banka
pn - obl - gen <4>open- aor -3 p jar[ ru ]
‘Mohammad opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
tːu-l huqa wi-l-mun-ijar lič'i-sːa b-ur
i - gen gown you.sg. obl - gen - obl .3- comp be.different- attr 3-be. prs .3 p
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Maħammad maq-un ah-und-i Rasul-du-jar
pn behind- lat 1.fall- aor -3 p pn - obl - comp
‘Mohammad fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad ʁaj-t'-i ur qu
pn plough-say. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p field
‘Mohammad is ploughing the field.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tːu-l ka-ru-ndi-c'-a benzin-dal-ul qʼanqʼ x-und-i
i . obl - gen hand- pl - obl - ad - el gas[ ru ]- obl - gen smell become- aor -3 p
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l χːuldu la<w>q-und-i
pn - obl - gen road <3>raise- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l u<w>k-und-i χːallil-sːa balaj
pn - obl - gen <3>say- aor -3 p be.proud- attr song
‘Mohammad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maħmmad-u-l či<w>č-und-i čaʁar
pn - obl - gen <3>write- aor -3 p paper
‘Mohammad wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l ħa<w>č'-und-i nak'
pn - obl - gen <3>drink- aor -3 p milk(4)
‘Mohammad drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l d-a<r>c'a-n d-und-i č'ut'-il kasak
pn - obl - gen 4-<4>melt- inf 4-do- aor -3 p lead- gen piece[ ru ](3)
‘Mohammad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_ADLAT
X: NOM
Y: ADLAT
Locus: Y
wa muħlu d-a<r>qʼ-unu d-ur tːu-l huqu-c'-un
this belt(4) 4-<4>agree- cvb . pfv 4-be. prs .3 p i . obl - gen shirt- ad - lat
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l qʼa-b-it-und-i ninu+ppu ca-sːa šahru
pn - obl - gen pv -3-<3>leave- aor -3 p parents one- attr town
‘Mohammad left his native city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
bartbisu-lu-l b-ax laga-n b-ul-la-j b-ur šːal-ba č'anqːatːa
carpet- obl - gen 3-vanish go- inf 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 3-be. prs .3 p all-3. ptcl floor(3)
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n qin-nu dak’-ni-j b-ur qːatːa cu-wa quna xu-sːa
pn - obl - dat good- advbz heart- obl - sup 3-be. prs .3 p house self-1. ptcl big become- attr
‘Mohammad remembers the house where he grew up well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l kumag b-und-i Aˁšura-n.
pn - obl - gen help 3-do. aor -3 p pn - dat
‘Mohammad helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n b-u<w>č'-la-j b-ur francuz-ra-l maz
pn - obl - dat 3-<3>understand- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 3-be. prs .3 p f rench- obl - gen tongue
‘Mohammad understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
c'upar šː-und-i qːat-lu-j-n
lightning(4) touch- aor -3 p house- obl - sup - lat
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: GEN_POST
X: GEN
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l qʼu<w>qʼu-sːa-r č'ri čart'i b-aj-sːa č'il-du-χ
pn - obl - gen <3>cut- attr - prs .3 p beard shave 3-do. ptcp - attr knife- obl - post
‘Mohammad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
istːikan la<w>č'-und-i ustːul-dan-ij-n
glass[ ru ] <3>catch- aor -3 p table- obl - sup - lat
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Maħammad Rasul-du-jar uχ x-und-i.
pn pn - obl - comp 1.lost become- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad lost to Rasul.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad čaʁar-dan-ij-a χːari x-und-i.
pn paper- obl - sup - el glad become- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-šːal ʁalʁa b-ul-la-j u-šiwu
pn pn - com conversation(3) 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be- nmlz
‘Mohammad is speaking with Ashura.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Aˁšura-l ars und-i
pn - gen son 1.do. aor -3 p
‘Ashura gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l istːikan šːaˁw-n b-u<w>t-und-i
pn - obl - gen glass on.earth- lat 3-<3>cause.to.fall- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: GEN_SUP
X: GEN
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad kajaluw-šiwu d-ul-la-j ur žu-l poselok-ra-j
pn leading- nmlz 4-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p we- gen village[ ru ]- obl - sup
‘Mohammad runs our village.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad bajzar qana-j ur Aˁšura-j-a
pn dull become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - sup - el
‘Mohammad misses Ashura.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-l qriw na-j ur
pn pn - gen after go- cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad follows Ashura.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad u<w>č'-und-i ča-j-atu
pn <1>1.go.down- aor -3 p horse. obl - sup - el 1
‘Mohammad got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: GEN_POST
X: GEN
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad radio-lu-χ wič'i d-i<r>x-la-j ur
pn radio- obl - post ear(4) 4-<4>put- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is listening to radio.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

92. obey

Valency pattern: GEN_POST
X: GEN
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad dada-χ wič'i d-ix-la-j ur
pn mom- post ear 4-put- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad obeys his mother.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n muzɨka-lu-l č'u b-al-la-j b-ur
pn - obl - dat music- obl - gen sound 3-hear- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 3-be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
nic' ħala xu-sːa-r nak'-li-šːal
honey mixed become- attr - prs .3 p milk- obl - com
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_POST
X: NOM
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad uru<w>g-la-j ur tːurul-da-χ
pn <1>1.look- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p cloud. pl - obl - post
‘Mohammad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l li<w>kː-und-i huqa
pn - obl - gen <3>take.off- aor -3 p shirt
‘Mohammad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n mak'ra kːak-la-j ur Rasul
pn - obl - dat asleep see- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad dreams about Ashura.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
muħammad raˁzij x-und-i Aˁšura-šːal
pn satisfied become- aor -3 p pn - com
‘Mohammad agreed with Rasul.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l Aˁšura-šːal rah-und-i
pn - obl - gen pn - com quarrel- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad had a quarrel with Rasul.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wa bušqːap-ra-l baha ca dollar-di
this dish- obl - gen price one dollar[ ru ]- prs .3 p
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l b-i<w>t-und-i leluχː-u-j-n
pn - obl - gen 3-<3>shoot- aor -3 p bird- obl - sup - lat
‘Mohammad shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l b-i<w>č-und-i kačar bušqːap-ra-bu-n
pn - obl - gen 3-<3>pour- aor -3 p sugar cup- obl - in - lat
‘Mohammad poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l d-aqːa d-und-i k'ul-di.
pn - obl - gen 4. pl -absent 4 pl -do. aor -3 p key- pl
‘Mohammad lost the keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
č'ula d-uˁ<r>qʼ-uˁnd-i neχː-a-wu
log(3) 4-<4>drown- aor -3 p river- obl - in
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l i<w>k'-und-i Rasul
pn - obl - gen <1>1.kill- aor -3 p pn
‘Mohammad killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPTRANS
X: GEN
Y: SUPTRANS
Locus: Y
Maħammad-lu-l rišː-und-i Rasul-du-j-χ
pn - obl - gen hit- aor -3 p pn - obl - sup - trans
‘Mohammad hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-lu-l pːaj u<w>k-und-i Aˁšura-j-n
pn - obl - gen kiss 1.say- aor -3 p pn - sup - lat
‘Mohammad kissed Ashura.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l b-u<w>kː-und-i ʁira b-ut-la~ti-sːa lu
pn - obl - gen 3-<3>read- aor -3 p wish 3-throw- ipfv ~throw- attr book
‘Mohammad read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l sukːu b-und-i k'išːa
pn - obl - gen move 3-do. aor -3 p finger(3)
‘Mohammad moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l kːalli ul-la-j ur Rasul
pn - obl - gen renown 1.do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad dak’ oˁz-la-j ur čapal-sːa t’aħni+k’ič’-u-j-a
pn heart disdain- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p be.dirty- attr cookware- obl - sup - el
‘Mohammad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad raˁzi-nu ur ca-l-a ars-na-j-a
pn satisfied- advbz 1.be. prs .3 p self. obl .1- gen -1. ptcl son- obl - sup - el
‘Mohammad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: NOM_POST
X: NOM
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad ešqʼi x-unu ur Aˁšura-χ
pn love become- cvb . pfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - post
‘Mohammad fell in love with Ashura.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: GEN_SUP
X: GEN
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad wiχšala d-ul-la-j ur Aˁšura-j
pn trust 4-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - sup
‘Mohammad trusts Ashura.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad jazuʁ qana-j ur ca-l-a nitːi-j
pn compassion become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p self. obl .1- gen -1. ptcl mother. obl - sup
‘Mohammad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad dak’ maˁš qana-j ur Rasul-du-j
pn heart be.greedy become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - obl - sup
‘Mohammad envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad sːi b-iz-la-j ur Aˁšura-j-n
pn anger 3-rise- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - sup - lat
‘Mohammad is angry with Ashura.’

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad piškaš-li-j-n maħatːal x-und-i
pn gift- obl - sup - lat be.amazed become- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n χːira-r čaj
pn - obl - gen love- prs .3 p tea
‘Mohammad loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPEL
X: GEN
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad k'ri-sːa čaj-li-j-a neʔmat b-ul-la-j ur
pn be.hot- attr tea- obl - sup - el delight(3) 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n čːa-j d-ur c'u-sːa mobilnik
pn - obl - dat want- cvb . ipfv 4-be. prs .3 p be.new- attr mobile
‘Mohammad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad sːi b-iz-la-j ur Aˁšura-j-n
pn anger 3-rise- ipfv - cvb 1.be. prs .3 p pn - sup - lat
‘Mohammad holds a grudge against Ashura.’

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-j-n qːa-čːa-n b-i<w>k'-un ur
pn pn - sup - lat neg -see- inf 3-<3>be- cvb . pfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad took offence at Ashura.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l qin-nu Aˁšura qːuma laga-n b-und-i
pn - obl - gen good- advbz pn sad go. ipfv - inf 3-do. aor -3 p
‘Mohammad greatly upset Ashura.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad maħatːal x-und-i wa šahru-li-j
pn be.amazed become- aor -3 p this town- obl - sup
‘Mohammad was impressed by this town.’

126. despise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-u-n kːa<w>kː-un qːa-čːa-r Rasul
pn - obl - dat <1>see- cvb . pfv neg -want- prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad despises Rasul.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad qːuma la<w>g-und-i cala ars-na-j-a
pn sad <1>become- aor -3 p self. obl .1- gen -1. ptcl son- obl - sup - el
‘Mohammad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
b-urig-i, c'unil=gu Maħammad sːi b-iz-la-j ur ca-l-ba duš-ni-j-n
hpl -look- imp again= add pn anger 3-stand.up- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p self. obl .1- gen -3. ptcl daughter- obl - sup - lat
‘Look, Mohammad is getting irritated with his daughter again.’

129. be fond

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Maħammad-u-l dak'-ni-l la<w>s-un b-ur Aˁšura
pn - obl - gen heart- obl - gen <3>take- cvb . pfv 3-be. prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad is fond of Ashura.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-n nač qan-aj d-ur ca-l-da qʼarqʼal-tːu-l laq-širu-j-a
pn - obl - dat shame(4) become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 4-be. prs .3 p self. obl .1-4. ptcl body- pl - gen be.high- nmlz - sup - el
‘Mohammad is embarrassed about his height.’