BivalTyp

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)

Contributed by Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile)

N.K.'s photo

Nikita Kuzin obtained the data in 2024 from four different speakers. English and German were used as languages of elicitation.

How to cite

Kuzin, Nikita. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 19, 2024; last revised on November 19, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain êşin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ser-ê zilam di-êş-e
head( m )- ez . m man prs -ache. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man has a headache’.
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBL
Locus: Y
zilam bi grip-ê ye
man with flu( f )- obl . f cop .3 sg
‘The man has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid tirsîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji kuçik di-tirs-e
man from dog( m ) prs -be_afraid. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw avêtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kevir avet
man stone( m ) throw. pfv . sg
‘The man threw the stone.’

5. have enough têr- kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pere têr-a zilam di-k-e
money( m ) enough- ez . f man prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier (last member of the ezafe construction).

6. resemble man (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_IO
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: IO
Locus: Y
zilam di-mîn-e jin-ê
man prs -resemble. ipfv -3 sg woman- obl . f
‘The man resembles the woman.’

7. believe bawer kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê bawer di-k-e
man from woman- obl . f belief prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man believes the woman.’

8. take birin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pirtûk-ek bir
man book( f )- indef take. pfv . sg
‘The man took a book.’

9. see dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam mal-ek-ê di-bîn-e
man house( f )- indef - obl . f prs -see. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man sees a house.’

10. influence bandor kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
temen bandor-ê li bîr-ê di-k-e
age( m ) influence( f )- obl . f at memory( f )- obl . f prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘Age influences the memory.’

11. encounter rast hatin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam û jin li hev rast hat-in
man and woman at each_other straight come. pfv -3 pl
‘The man and the woman chanced upon each other.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

12. enter hundir çûn (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam çû hundir-ê mal-ê
man go. pfv .3 sg inside- ez . m house( f )- obl . f
‘The man went inside the house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

13. win zor birin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam zor-a Gul-ê bir
man force- ez . f pn - obl . f take. pfv . sg
‘The man defeated Gule.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

14. go out derketin (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji mal-ê derket
man from house- obl . f go_out. pfv . sg
‘The man went out of the house.’

15. drive ajotin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam dewar di-ajot
man cattle( m ) prs -drive. ipfv .3 sg
‘The man is driving the cattle.’

16. bend xwar kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam şax-ek xwar kir
man branch- indef bent make. pfv . sg
‘The man bent the branch.’

17. tell gotin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBLre
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBLre
Locus: Y
wer serdan-ê jinik-ê ji zilam re got
come. imp . s visit- obl . f woman- obl . f from man to say. pfv . sg
‘“Come for a visit!” — said the woman to the man.’

18. hold girtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pirtûk-ek girt-iye
man book( f )- indef grab. pfv - perf . sg
‘The man is holding a book.’

19. catch up çûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_duOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: duOBL
Locus: Y
zilam çû dû jin-ê
man go. pfv .3 sg after woman- obl . f
‘The man caught up with the woman.’

20. milk dotin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam çêlek dot
man cow( f ) milk. pfv . sg
‘The man milked the cow.’

21. reach gihîştin (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_IO
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: IO
Locus: Y
zilam gihaşt perav-ê
man reach. pfv . sg bank( f )- obl . f
‘The man reached the bank.’

22. touch dest dan (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_IO
X: SBJ.TR
Y: IO
Locus: Y
pîrek-ê dest da diwêr
woman- obl . f hand give. pfv .3 sg wall. obl
‘The woman touched the wall.’

23. fight şer kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
zilam bi jin-ê re şer di-k-e
man with woman- obl . f to fighting prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man fights with the woman.’

24. be friends heval bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
zilam bi jin-ê re heval e
man with woman- obl . f to friend cop .3 sg
‘The man is friends with the woman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think fikirîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_li.serOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: li.serOBL
Locus: Y
zilam li ser jinik-ê di-fikir-e
man at on woman- obl . f prs -think. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man thinks about the woman.’

26. eat xwarin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam sêv-ek xwar
man apple( f )- indef eat. pfv . sg
‘The man ate an apple.’

27. fry sor kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam masî sor kir-in
man fish( pl ) red make. pfv - pl
‘The man fried the fish.’

28. wait li bendê bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam li bend-a jin-ê ye
man at waiting- ez . f woman- obl . f cop .3 sg
‘The man is waiting for the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

29. forget ji bîr kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam riy-a din ji bîr kir
man road- ez . f another from memory do. pfv . sg
‘The man forgot the other road.’

30. depend girêdayi bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLve
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLve
Locus: Y
bîr bi temen ve girêdayi ye
memory with age( m ) along depending cop .3 s
‘The memory depends on the age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call gazî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam gaziy-a jin-ê kir
man call- ez . f woman- obl . f do. pfv . sg
‘The man called the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

32. get to know nas kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam ber-ê sal-ek-î jin nas kir
man before- ez . m year( m )- indef - obl . m woman acquainted do. pfv . sg
‘The man got acquainted with the woman a year ago.’

33. know nas kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin-ê nas di-k-e
man woman- obl . f acquainted prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man knows the woman.’

34. play (instrument) xistin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
zilam niha li gîtar-ê di-x-e
man now at guitar( f )- obl . f prs -beat. ipfv -3 sg
‘Now the man is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid dûr ketin (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
mêrik ji jinik-ê dûr di-kev-e
man from woman- obl . f far prs -fall. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man avoids the woman.’

36. make çêkirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam xefik-a mişk-an çêkir
man trap- ez . f mouse- obl . pl make. pfv . sg
‘The man made a mouse trap.’

37. make fun henekê xwe kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_biOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: biOBL
Locus: Y
zilam henek-ê xwe bi jin-ê di-k-e
man joke- ez . pl self with woman- obl . f prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man makes fun of the woman.’

38. have hebûn (intr)

Valency pattern: IO_SBJ.INTR
X: IO
Y: SBJ.INTR
Locus: X
min tirimbêl-ek heye
1 sg . obl car( f )- indef exst . sg
‘I have a car.’

39. look for gerîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
zilam li kilît-ê xwe di-ger-e
man at key- ez . pl self prs -look_for. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is looking for his keys.’

40. paint boyax kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam çeper boyax kir
man fence paint do. pfv . sg
‘The man painted the wall.’

41. bite dirîn (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kûçik-k-î keçik-ek dirî
dog- indef - obl . m girl- indef . nom bite. pfv .3 m
‘A dog bit a girl.’

42. forfeit winda kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam mal-a xwe winda kir
man house( f )- ez . f self lost do. pfv . sg
‘The man lost his house.’

43. try to catch girtin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam hewl di-d-e pisîk-ê bi-gir-e
man attempt( f ) prs -give. ipfv -3 sg cat( f )- obl . f subj -catch. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

44. break şikandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam dar şikand
man stick( m ) break. pfv . sg
‘The man broke the stick.’

45. flatter pesin dan (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mêrik pesn-ê jinik-ê di-d-e
man praise- ez . m woman- obl . f prs -give. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man flatters/praises the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier (last member of the ezaphe).

46. love (person) hez kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê hez di-k-e
man from woman- obl . f love prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man loves the woman.’

47. wave hejandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
wê destmal-a xwe ji me re di-hejand
she. obl handkerchief- ez . f self from us. obl to prs -wave. pfv . sg
‘She was waving at us with her handkerchief.’

48. dream xewn dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam xewn-a tirimbêl-ek-e nû di-bîn-e
man dream( f )- ez . f car( f )- indef - ez . f new prs -see. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man dreams about a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

49. wash şûştin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam qedeh şûşt-in
man cup wash. pfv - pl
‘The man washed the cups.’

50. put on li xwe kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pantor-ê xwe li xwe kir
man pants- ez . pl self at himself do. pfv . sg
‘The man put on his pants.’

51. be called gotin (tr)

Valency pattern: jiOBLre_SBJ.INTR
X: jiOBLre
Y: SBJ.INTR
Locus: X
ji vê amûr-ê re tê gotin kumpas
from this. f . obl device( f )- obl . f to prs .come. ipfv .3 sg saying compass
‘This device is called compass.’
Note: Passive construction.

52. punish ciza kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kur-ê xwe ciza kir
man son- ez . m self punishment do. pfv . sg
‘The man punished his son.’

53. attack êrîşî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hirç êrîşî masîgir-ek-î kir
bear( f ) attack fisherman- indef - obl . m do. pfv . sg
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

54. fill (intr) tijî bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_BARE
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
satil tijî av bû
bucket( f ) full water( f ) be. pfv .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kilît-ên xwe dît-in
man key- ez . pl self see. pfv - pl
‘The man found his keys.’

56. be short kêmî bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_BARE
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
euro-yek kêmî zilam e
euro- indef lacking man cop . sg
‘The man is one euro short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate nefret kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê nefret di-k-e
man from woman- obl . f hate prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man hates the woman.’

58. like ecibandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
pîrek-ê ev gomlek eciband
woman- obl . f this. m shirt. m like. pfv . sg
‘The woman liked this shirt.’

59. need hewcê bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mêrik hewce-yê perey-an e
man need- ez . m money- obl . pl cop .3 sg
‘The man needs the money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround li hawîrdor- zivirîn (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
sûr li hawîrdor-ê bajêr di-zîvir-in
wall. pl at surrounding- ez . m town( m ). obl prs -go_round-3 pl
‘The walls surround the city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

61. remain man (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
deh euroy-ê zilam ma-n-e
ten euro- ez . pl man remain. pfv - pl - perf
‘The man has ten euro left.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

62. answer bersiv dan (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lawik bersiv-a mamoste-yê da
boy answer- ez . f teacher- obl . f give. pfv . sg
‘The boy answered the teacher (F).’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

63. open vekirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zlam teneke vekir
man can( f ) open. pfv . sg
‘The man opened the can.’

64. be different cuda bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
kiras-ê min ji yê te cuda ye
shirt( m )- ez . m 1 sg . obl from ez . m 2 sg . obl different cop .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind li pişt ketin (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_li.pishtOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: li.pishtOBL
Locus: Y
lawik li pişt keçik-ê ket
man at behind girl- obl . f fall. pfv
‘The boy fell behind the girl.’

66. plough çêrandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam zevi-yê di-çêrîn-e
man field( f )- obl . f prs -plough. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is ploughing the field.’

67. smell bîhn hatin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
bîhn-a benzîn-ê ji dest-ên min tê
smell( f )- ez . f gasoline( f )- obl . f from hand- ez . pl 1 sg . obl prs .come. ipfv .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross derbas kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kolan derbas kir
man street( f ) crossing do. pfv . sg
‘The man crossed the street.’

69. sing gotin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam stran-ek-e xweş got
man song( f )- indef - ez . f beautiful say. pfv . sg
‘The man song a beautiful song.’

70. write nivisîn (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam name-yek nivîsand
man letter( f )- indef write. pfv . sg
‘The man wrote a letter.’

71. drink vexwarin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam şîr vexwar
man milk( m ) drink. pfv . sg
‘The man drank the milk.’

72. melt helandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pari-yek serw-ê heland
man piece- indef lead( f )- obl . f melt. pfv . sg
‘The man melted a piece of lead.’

73. match li hev kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.TR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
kember bi cil-ê min re li hev di-k-e
belt( f ) with clothes- ez . pl 1 sg . obl to at each_other prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The belts matches my clothes.’

74. leave derketin (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji bajar-ê xwe derket
man from house( m )- ez . m self go_out. pfv .3 sg
‘The man left his town.’

75. cover girtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
xalîçe erd-ê gişî di-gr-e
carpet( f ) ground( f )- obl . f whole prs -seize. ipfv -3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole ground.’

76. remember bîr- hatin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mal tê bîr-a zilam
house( f ) prs .come. ipfv .3 sg mind- ez . f man
‘The man remembers the house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

77. help alîkarî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam alîkari-ya jin-ê di-k-e
man help- ez . f woman- obl . f prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man helps the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

78. understand (language) nas kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam ziman-ê fransî nas di-k-e
man language( m )- ez . m f rench acquainted prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man understands French.’

79. hit (target) xistin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
birûsk-ê li mal-ê xist
lightning( f )- obl . f at house( f )- obl . f strike. pfv . sg
‘The lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself xwe birîn (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_biOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: biOBL
Locus: Y
pîrek-ê bi cilêt-ek-î xwe birrî
woman- obl . f with razor( m )- indef - obl . m self injure. pfv . sg
‘The woman cut herself with a razor’.

81. get stuck zeliqîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLve
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLve
Locus: Y
cam bi mase-yê ve zeliqiya-bû
glass with table( f )- obl . f along stick. pfv .3 m - pluperf
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) xisirîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_li.hemberiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: li.hemberiOBL
Locus: Y
pîrek li hemberî mêr xisirî
woman at against man lose. pfv . sg
‘The woman lost against the man’

83. be glad kêfxweş bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBL
Locus: Y
zilam bi name-yê kêfxweş e
man with letter( f )- obl . f glad cop . sg
‘The man is glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak axaftin (tr/intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
duh zilam bi jinik-ê re axivî
yesterday man with woman- obl . f to speak. pfv .3 sg
‘Yesterday the man talked to the woman.’

85. give birth anîn (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
jinik-ê kur-ek anî
woman- obl . f boy- indef bear. pfv . sg
‘The woman gave birth to a boy.’

86. drop avêtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam cam avet
man glass( m ) throw. pfv . ls
‘The man dropped the glass.’

87. govern rêvebirî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam rêvebir-ya bajêr di-k-e
man governing- ez . f city( m ). obl prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man governs the city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

88. miss bêrî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam bêri-ya jin-ê di-k-e
zilam bêri-ya jin-ê di-k-e
‘The man misses the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

89. follow şopandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mêrik jinik-ê di-şopîn-e
man woman- obl . f prs -follow. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man follows the woman.’

90. dismount peya bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji hesp-ê peya bû
man from horse( f )- obl . f pedestrian be. pfv .3 sg
‘The man got down from the horse.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

91. listen guhdarî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
zilam niha li radyo-yê guhdarî di-k-e
man now at radio( f )- obl . f listening prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is listening to the radio now.’

92. obey gor- kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
vê car-ê wê gor-a diy-a xwe kir
this. obl . f time- obl . f she. obl accordance- ez . f mother- ez . f self do. pfv . sg
‘This time she listened to her mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear bihîstin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam muzîk-ê di-bihîz-e
man music( f )- obl . f prs -hear. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man hears the music.’

94. mix tevlihev bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
hingiv bi şîr re tevlihev bû
honey( m ) with milk( m ) to mixed be. pfv . sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look meyzandin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
pîrek-ê li ewr-an meyzand
woman- obl . f at cloud- obl . pl look. pfv . sg
‘The woman looked at the clouds.’

96. take off ji xwe kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kiras-ê xwe ji xwe kir
man shirt( m )- ez . m self from self do. pfv . sg
‘The man took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) xewn-ên xwe de dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin-ê di xewn-ên xwe de di-bîn-e
man woman- obl . f in dream- ez . pl self inside prs -see. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man dreams about the woman.’

98. agree qebûl kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pîrek-ê fikr-ê mêr qebûl kir
woman- obl . f though( m )- ez . m man acceptance do. pfv . sg
‘The woman agreed with the man.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

99. have a quarrel pevçûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
keçik bi kurik re pevçû
girl with boy to argue. pfv .3 sg
‘The girl had a quarrel with the boy.’

100. cost bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBL
Locus: Y
fincan bi yek euro ye
cup( f ) with one euro cop . sg
‘The cup costs one euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at reşandin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
pîrek-ê bi silah-ê li tayr-ek-î reşand
woman- obl . f with weapon( f )- obl . f at bird( m )- indef - obl . m shoot. pfv . sg
‘The woman shot at a bird.’

102. pour rijandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam şekir rijand qedeh-ê
man sugar( m ) pour. pfv . sg glass- obl . f
‘The man put sugar in the cup.’

103. lose winda kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kilît-ê xwe winda kir
man key- ez . pl self lost do. pfv . sg
‘The man lost his keys.’

104. sink binav bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
qoçk-ê dar-a binav bû
piece- ez . m wood- obl . pl sink be. pfv . sg
‘A piece of wood sank in water.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. Non-verbal predicate.

105. kill kuştin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin kuşt
man woman kill. pfv . sg
‘The man killed the woman.’

106. hit xistin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
zilam li jin-ê xist
man at woman- obl . f hit. pfv . sg
‘The man hit the woman.’

107. kiss maç kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin maç kir
man woman kiss do. pfv . sg
‘The man kissed the woman.’

108. read xwendin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pirtûk-ek-e balkêş xwend
man book( f )- indef - ez . f interesting read. pfv . sg
‘The man read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) hejandin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam tili-ya xwe hejand
man finger( f )- ez . f self move. pfv . sg
‘The man moved his finger.’

110. respect hurmet girtin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBLre
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBLre
Locus: Y
berî vê pîrek-ê ji vî mer-î re hurmet ne-di-girt
earlier this. f . obl woman- obl . f from this. m . obl man- obl . m to respect neg - prs -take. pfv . sg
‘Earlier this woman did not respect this man.’

111. be squeamish hesas bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBLre
Locus: Y
jinik ji firax-ên qirêj re hesas e
woman from dish- ez . pl dirty to sensitive cop .3 sg
‘The woman is squeamish/sensitive about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content kêfxweş bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBL
Locus: Y
zilam bi kur-ê xwe kêfxweş e
man with son- ez . m self happy cop . sg
‘The man is happy with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love dil- ketin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dil-ê jin-ê ket-e vî mêr-î
heart- ez . m woman- obl . f fall. pfv .3 sg - dir this. obl . m man- obl . m
‘The woman fell in love with this man.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust ewl hatin (intr)

Valency pattern: BARE_liOBL
X: BARE
Y: liOBL
Locus: XY
pîrek ewleyîy-a wê li zilam di-hat
woman trust- ez . f she. obl . f at man prs -come. pfv .3 sg
‘The woman trusted the man.’

115. sympathise dil- X şewitîn (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dil-ê pîrek-ê bi diy-a wê di-şewitî
heart. ez . m woman- obl . f with mother- ez . f she. obl . f prs -burn. pfv .3 sg
‘The woman felt sorry for her mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

116. envy çavnebarî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam çavnebari-ya jin-ê di-k-e
man envy- ez . f woman- obl . f prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man envies the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

117. be angry aciz bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê aciz e
man from woman- obl . f angry cop . sg
‘The man is angry with the woman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised şaşmayî bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_li.serOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: li.serOBL
Locus: Y
jinik li ser vê diyari-yê şaşmayî bû
woman at on this. f . obl gift- obl . f surprised be. pfv . sg
‘The woman was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) hez kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji çay-ê hez di-k-e
man from tea- obl . f love prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man loves tea.’

120. enjoy kêf standin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
lawik kêf-ê ji çay-a germ di-stîn-e
boy enjoyment- obl . f from tea- obl . f hot prs -take. ipfv -3 sg
‘The boy enjoys hot tea.’

121. want xwestin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam telefon-a dest-a ya nû di-xwaz-e
man phone- ez . f hand- ez . f ez . f new prs -want. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge hêrs bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê hêrs e
man from woman- obl . f angry cop . sg
‘The man is angry at the woman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence aciz bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê aciz bû
man from woman- obl . f angry be. pfv .3 sg
‘The man got annoyed/offended by the woman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset bêhêvî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin bêhêvî kir
man woman upset do. pfv . sg
‘The man upset the woman.’

125. marvel di bin tesîr man (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
ew ji vî bajar-î di bin tesîr-ek-e mezin da ma
he from this. obl . m city- obl . m in under impression- indef - ez . f big inside remain. pfv .3 sg
‘He was very impressed by the city.’

126. despise biçûk dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mêrik jinik-ê biçûk di-bîn-e
man woman- obl . f small prs -see. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man despises the woman.’

127. get upset aciz bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji kur-ê xwe aciz bû
man from son- ez . m self upset be. pfv . sg
‘The man was upset at his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated aciz bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji keç-a xwe aciz e
man from daughter- ez . f self irritated cop . sg
‘The man is irritated by his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond hez kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji jin-ê pir hez di-k-e
man from woman- obl . f much love prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man likes the woman a lot.’

130. be shy fihêt kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
keçik-ê ji qam-a xwe fihêt di-kir
girl- obl . f from heigh- ez . f self shame prs -do. pfv . sg
‘The girl was ashamed because of her height.’