Dargwa (Kubachi)
Contributed by Gasangusen Sulaibanov (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in 2024 from Amirbek Magomedov. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Sulaibanov, Gasangusen. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Dargwa (Kubachi).
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on April 8, 2025;
last revised on April 8, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 42.09, 47.6 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Dargwic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
DAT_DAT
DAT_ERG
DAT_NOM
ERG(NON.CORE)_NOM
ERG_COM
ERG_DAT
ERG_GEN
ERG_INTERLAT
GEN_COM
GEN_NOM
NOM_ANTEABL
NOM_COM
NOM_DAT
NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
NOM_GEN
NOM_INTERABL
NOM_INTERLAT
NOM_LOCABL
NOM_LOCLAT
NOM_SUPERABL
NOM_SUPERLAT
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-la
b-ik'
icː-ul=sab
boy-
gen
head
hurt-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘The boy has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
gal
grip-la
icː-an
uχ-e
boy
flu-
gen
hurt.
ipfv
-
ptcp
(
m
)be.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy caught the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ANTEABL
X: NOM
Y: ANTEABL
Locus: Y
gal
χʷi-l-ta-l
uχ
k-ul=saw
boy
dog-
obl
-
ante
-
abl
fear
(
m
)say.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
qːaqːa
ixʷ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
stone
throw.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
as
χap
b-aq'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
money
id
.gather
n
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal
atːa-že
miši-l=saw
boy
father-
super
(
lat
)
similar-
adv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy resembles his father.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-l-i
w-iχː-ul=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
m
-trust-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
‘The boy believes his friend.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
kiniška
či-ka-b-alč-in
boy-
obl
-
erg
book
super
.
abl
-
down
-
n
-gather.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy took a book.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
qal
ti-sa-b-ilg-un=sab
boy-
dat
home
ante
-
hither
-
n
-watch.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:3
‘The boy sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-li-cːila
sawnne
w-ič-e
boy
friend-
obl
-
com
together.
m
m
-get.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy encountered his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOCLAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCLAT
Locus: Y
gal
uškul-le
w-inha
w-q-in
boy
school-
loc
(
lat
)
m
-inside(
lat
)
m
-move.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy entered the school.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-li-ži
tala
w-ič-e
boy
friend-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
front(
lat
)
m
-get.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy beat his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOCABL
X: NOM
Y: LOCABL
Locus: Y
gal
uškul-li-l
w-inika
w-q-in
boy
school-
loc
-
abl
m
-outside(
lat
)
m
-move.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy went out of the school.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
q'uˤl
awlaq-le
b-ini
b-id-iʁ-ul=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
cow
plain-
loc
(
lat
)
n
-inside(
lat
)
n
-thither-make.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
q'aˤle
b-aˤlk'ʷ-in
boy-
obl
-
erg
branch
n
-bend.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_INTERLAT
X: ERG
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
denil-cːe
ha-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
neighbor-
inter
(
lat
)
say.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy told his neighbour.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
naˤq-i-cːi-b
kitab
b-us-ib=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
hand-
obl
-
inter
-
n
.
ess
book
n
-keep.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-l-i
heʁe
w-id-aʁ-e
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
post
(after)
m
-thither-reach.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy caught up with his friend.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l
q'uˤl
b-acː-i
girl-
obl
-
erg
cow
n
-milk.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The girl milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOCLAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCLAT
Locus: Y
jusːe
ak'ʷ-la
lum-e
j-id-aʁ-e
girl
river-
gen
edge-
loc
(
lat
)
f
-thither-reach.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The girl reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jusːe
las-i-ta
akta
j-duχ-e
girl
wall-
obl
-
ante
(
lat
)
close
f
-be.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The girl walked up to the wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal
w-išħiχ-uˤl=saw
jusːi-l-cːila
boy
m
-fight.
pfv
-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
girl-
obl
-
com
‘The boy is fighting with a girl.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš
až-i
deni-l-la
boy
friend
get/become.
pfv
-3.
aor
neighbor-
obl
-
gen
‘The boy is friends with his neighbour.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal
pikre
uk'-ul=saw
aba-ži-l
boy
thought
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
mother-
super
-
abl
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
hinze
b-in-b-ekʷ-in
boy-
obl
-
erg
apple
n
-inside.
abl
-
n
-eat.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l
dig
b-ec'-aj
girl-
obl
-
erg
meat
n
-roast.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The girl fried the meat.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jusːe
aba-j
heʁe
k-ež-ib=saj
girl
mother-
dat
post
(after)
down
-(
f
)sit.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
f
(3)
‘The girl is waiting for her mother.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
sal
xune
qum
et-ul=saw
boy-
dat
another
road
mind
lv
.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
‘The boy forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
juldaš-l-i
waˤ
ka-b-ek'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
friend-
obl
-
dat
call/cry
down
-
n
-chase.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy called his friend.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
dene
či-ulħ-in
boy-
dat
neighbor
up-(m)know.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy got to know his neighbour.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
dene
uˤsːe j-ak'-ul=saw
boy-
dat
neighbor_girl
f
-know.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy knows his neighbour.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
tam
d-iχ-ul=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
drum
npl
-hit.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is playing the drum.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
deni-l-cːila
aχː-ekʷa-la
d-iq'-ul=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
neighbor-
obl
-
com
good-
cop
.
neg
-
gen
npl
-do.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy avoids his neighbour.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
wasa-la
pːaw
d-aq'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
mouse-
gen
trap
npl
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy made a mousetrap.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
čitu
inžit
b-iq'-ul=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
cat
disturb
n
-do.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is mocking the cat.’
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-la
qal
tib
boy-
gen
home
exst
.
dist
.
n
‘The boy has a house.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
umxu-l-i
umc'-ul=saw
boy
key-
obl
-
dat
(
m
)search-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is looking for his key.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
ucːa
b-ik-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
door
n
-paint.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy painted the door.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χʷe
gal-i
sus
če-b-ič-e
dog
boy-
dat
id
/throat
on
-
n
-get.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘A dog bit the boy.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTERABL
X: NOM
Y: INTERABL
Locus: Y
dene
qulba-cːi-l
uq-in
neighbor
home.
pl
.
obl
-
inter
-
abl
(
m
)move.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The neighbour lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
čitu-di-l
wasa
b-us-aj
cat-
obl
-
erg
mouse
n
-catch.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The cat caught the mouse.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
usul
b-ag
hatː-aʁ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
stick
n
-middle
up
-make.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
aba
j-ikː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
mother
f
-love/want.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
‘The boy loves his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
naˤq
hak'
b-iq'-ul=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
hand
id
.swing
n
-do.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
‘The boy is waving his hand.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
c'izi-b
mašina
b-ikː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
new-
n
car
n
ßlove/want.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l
b-ik'a
waq
b-ini
b-is-aj
girl-
obl
-
erg
n
-little
bowl
n
-inside(
lat
)
n
-wash.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The girl washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l
agʷa
č-aχ-i
girl-
obl
-
erg
dress
wear.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The girl put on her dress.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
je
jaraq'
šːit'ak'untbar=sab
this
instrument/weapon
pliers=
cop
.
n
(3)
‘This instrument is a pair of pliers.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
deni-ldi-l
sin-na
gal
mimi
w-aq'-aj
neighbor-
obl
-
erg
refl
.
obl
-
gen
boy
id
.reproof
m
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The neighbour punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χʷe
gal-i
či-b-duq-in
dog
boy-
dat
on
-
n
-move.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘A dog attacked the boy.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
bidra
šin-ne
b-ic'-e
bucket
water-
erg
n
-fill.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: While the Y noun aligns morphologically with ergative NPs, it differs in terms of indexing and other morphosyntactic properties.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
umxu
b-akː-aj
boy-
dat
key
n
-find.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy found his key.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
sa
qːuruš
kam
b-uχ-e
boy-
dat
one
ruble
little
n
-be.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy is one rouble short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal
deni-l-i
ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy
neighbor-
obl
-
dat
angry-
adv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy is angry with his friend.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
mašina
b-ikː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
car
n
-love/want.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
‘The boy likes the car.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
mašina
b-aži-l=sab
boy-
dat
car
n
-need-
adv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘The boy needs a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
qulbe
lasuba-cːila
alaw
satːus-ib=sad
home.
pl
wall.
pl
.
obl
-
com
around
catch.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
.
npl
(3)
‘Walls surround the house.’
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-la
wic'
qːuruš
tib-al
boy-
gen
ten
money
exst
.
dist
.
n
-still
‘The boy has ten roubles left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
atːa-j
žuwab
b-aq'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
father-
dat
answer
n
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy answered his father.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
bank'a
takʷ
b-aq'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
pot
open
n
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
dila
mašina
ilal-ži
dik'ezi-b=sab
1.
gen
car
2.
gen
-
super
(
lat
)
different-
n
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘My car is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-li-ži
hila
w-ič-e
boy
friend-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
behind(
lat
)
m
-fall.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy fell behind his friend.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
deni-ldi-l
qu
b-uqː-aj
neighbor-
obl
-
erg
field
n
-plough/dig.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The neighbour ploughed the field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dila
nuˤqbe
binzin-na
kʷaˤʡ
d-uχ-ub=sad
1.
gen
hand.
pl
oil-
gen
smell
npl
-be.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal
xuni-ži-l
či-w-id-uq-in
boy
road-
super
-
abl
on
-
m
-thither-(
m
)move.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
dalaj
ha-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
song
say.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy sang a song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
k'a
ka-b-g-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
letter
down
-
n
-write.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
nig
d-ečː-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
milk
pl
-drink.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
kaˤtun
budaj
b-ac'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
bullet
lead
n
-melt.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy melted a lead bullet.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
šːi-lla
hawa
b-al
b-ič-ib=sab
boy-
dat
village-
gen
weather
n
-suitable
n
-get.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘The boy finds the weather in the village suitable.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
gal
šːi-l-cːi-l
w-id-až-i
boy
village-
obl
-
inter
-
abl
m
-thither-go-3.
aor
‘The boy left the village.’
Valency pattern:
ERG(NON.CORE)_NOM
X: ERG(NON.CORE)
Y: NOM
Locus: X
wi-k-ax-ub
t'amsa-ldi-l
libil
qal
b-ic'-ib=sab
pv
-
down
-lay.
pfv
-
pret
carpet-
obl
-
erg
all:
n
home
n
-fill.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Note: While the X noun aligns morphologically with ergative NPs, it differs in terms of indexing and other morphosyntactic properties.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
ʡaˤχ-le
han
tib-al
šːe
boy-
dat
good-
adv
mind
exst
.
dist
.
n
-still
village
‘The boy remembers the village well.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
juldaš-l-i
kumak
b-aq'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
friend-
obl
-
dat
help
n
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy helped his friend.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
ʡuˤrus
kub
d-ak'-ul=saw
boy-
dat
russian
speech
npl
-know.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
‘The boy understands the Russian language.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
c'alipan
tutːa-l-cːe
ka-b-at-ul=sab
lightning
tree-
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
down
-
n
-put.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: XY
gal-la
dis-li-cːila
t'up
b-aˤq-ib=sab
boy-
gen
knife-
obl
-
com
finger
n
-hurt.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘The boy cut himself with the knife.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
cacːe
wačag-li-že
či-b-ec'-ib=sab
thorn
trousers-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
on
-
n
-cling.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
n
(3)
‘A burr stuck to the trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-lidi-l
h-at-i
boy
friend-
obl
-
erg
up
-(
m
)let.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy lost to his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
gal
ʡaˤχšːu-d
χabarta-ddi
ciq
če-ha-w-χ-e
boy
good-
npl
news.
pl
.
obl
-
erg
happy
on
-
up
-
m
-grow.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
itr
‘The boy was glad about the good news.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-li-cːila
ʁaj
uk'-ul=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
com
speech
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
dene
xunul-la
gal
w-aq'-aj
neighbor
woman-
gen
boy
m
-do.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The neighbour gave birth to a son.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal-di-l
istikan
b-aqʷ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
cup
n
-break.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy broke the glass.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
dene
nisːi-la
šil-la
χʷalel=saw
neighbor
1
pl
.
obl
-
gen
village-
gen
big=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The neighbour runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
aba
han-ta-j-dič-ib=saw
boy-
dat
mother
memory-
ante
-
f
-get.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy misses his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldašː-l-i
heʁe
w-id-až-i
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
after
m
-thither-go-3.
aor
‘The boy follows his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal
uči-ži-l
či-ka-w-q-in
boy
horse-
super
-
abl
on
-
abl
.
down
-
m
-move.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The boy got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
telewizorr-i
laˤwe-w-ač'-ib=saw
boy
tv
-
dat
m
:listen.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is listening to the TV.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gule
atːa-j
laˤwe-b-ač'-ib=sab
boy.
pl
father-
dat
hpl
:listen.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The children obey their father.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
t'amne
d-iq'-ul=saw
boy-
dat
noise.
pl
npl
-hear.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy hears the noise.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
wada
nig-i-cːe
b-aχ
ha-tː-až-i
honey
milk-
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
n
-mix
up
-
npl
-put.
pfv
-3.
aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
qːažajtadd-i
či-w-h-ul=saw
boy
cloud.
pl
.
obl
-
dat
on
-
m
-watch.
ipfv
‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
awačan
či-haxʷ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
shirt
on
.
abl
-pull.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
aba
mužeta-j
d-icː-ul=saj
boy-
dat
mother
dream.
pl
-
dat
npl
-get.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy dreamed his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal
aba-cːila
razi
uχ-ub=saw
b
oy
mother-
com
glad
(
m
)be.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy agreed with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-li-cːila
ħaˤχ-ib=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
com
argue.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy had a quarrel with his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kːilu
kartupːal-la
ʁa
qːuruš-l-i=sab
kilo
potato.
pl
-
gen
twenty
money-
obl
-
dat
=
cop
.
n
(3)
‘A kilogram of potatoes costs twenty rubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
χʷi-l-i
tupang
čiixʷ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
dog-
obl
-
dat
gun
on
-throw.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy shot at the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
čakajpisuk'
čaˤj-li-cːe
d-iš
k-aˤχ-aˤj
boy-
obl
-
erg
sugar
tea-
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
npl
-
in
.
lat
down
-put.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy poured the sugar into the tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
umxne
d-i-d-aq-ib=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
key.
pl
npl
-
in
.
abl
-
npl
-achive.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
usul
šin-ni-cːe
ka-b-s-ib=sab
wood
water-
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
down
-
n
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
n
(3)
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
t'uz
q'axʷ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
mosquito
kill.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
‘The boy killed a mosquito.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
q'uˤl-l-i
usul
či-b-eχ-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
cow-
obl
-
dat
wood
on
-
n
-hit.
pfv
-
aor
.3.
tr
‘The boy hit the cow.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
aba-j
umma
či-d-ig-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
mother-
dat
kiss
on
-
npl
-put.
pfv
-
aor
.3.
tr
‘The boy kissed his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
kitab
ka-b-ilč'-in
boy-
obl
-
erg
book
down
-
n
-read.
pfv
-
aor
.3
‘The boy read a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l
t'up
hak'ar
b-aq'-aj
boy-
obl
-
erg
finger
id
.stir
n
-do.
pfv
-
aor
.3.
tr
‘The boy moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
juldaš-la
ħurmat
b-iq'-ul=saw
boy-
obl
-
erg
friend-
gen
respect
n
-do.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy respects his friend.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
atːa
razi-l=saw
sin-na
gal-i
father
glad-
adv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
refl
.
obl
-
gen
boy-
dat
‘Father is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
X: DAT
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
gal-i
jusːi-l-i
dikːa
d-išː-ib=saw
boy-
dat
girl-
obl
-
dat
love
npl
-put.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy fell in love with a girl.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
atːa
w-iχː-ul=saw
sin-na
gal-i
father
m
-trust.
ipfv
-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
.
m
(3)
refl
.
obl
-
gen
boy-
dat
‘The boy trusts his friend.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
sin-na
juldaš
wabala
takicː-u
boy-
dat
refl
.
obl
-
gen
friend
id
(
m
).get.
pfv
-
aor
.3
‘The boy sympathizes with his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-l-i
uk'e
ħuˤsut-le=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
heart
envious-
adv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy envies his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-l-i
ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
angry-
adv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy is angry with his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
je
sawʁat-l-i
uk'
uq-un=saw
boy
this
gift-
obl
-
dat
heart
(
m
)move.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
čaˤj
d-ičː-iq-u
boy-
dat
tea(
npl
)
npl
-like.
ipfv
-
caus
-3
evt
‘The boy wants tea.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal-i
hakal
hank'ʷ-žu-d
čaˤj
d-ikː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
very
hot-
atr
-
npl
tea
npl
-like.
ipfv
-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy likes hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
čaˤj
d-ikː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
tea
npl
-like.
ipfv
-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-l-i
ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
angry-
adv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy holds a grudge against his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
juldaš-l-i
čitːe-w-id-uq-un=saw
boy
friend-
obl
-
dat
m
.be_offended.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy took offence at his friend.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l
hakal
juldaš-l-i
a-b-ikː-an
gaq-ul=saw”
boy-
obl
-
erg
very
friend-
obl
-
dat
neg
-like.
iprv
-
ptcp
reach.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)].
‘The boy greatly upset his friend.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
je
šahar
ʡaˤχ
taka-b-icː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
this
city
good
n
:get.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy was impressed by this town.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
gal-i
sin-na
juldaš-lidi-l
a-b-ikː-an
agaq-ul=saw
boy-
dat
refl
.
obl
-
gen
friend-
obl
-
erg
neg
-like.
iprv
-
ptcp
reach.
pfv
-
pret
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy got upset because of his friend.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal
sin-na
juldaš-l-i
ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy
refl
.
obl
-
gen
friend-
obl
-
dat
angry-
adv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy is getting irritated with his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i
jusːe
pakta
ka-j-icː-ul=saw
boy-
dat
girl
beautiful
donw
-
f
-get.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
‘The boy is fond of the girl.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal
sin-na
atːa-ta-l
us
kː-ul=saw
boy
refl
.
obl
-
gen
father-
ante
-
abl
humble
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
‘The boy is shy of his father.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.