BivalTyp

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Contributed by Gasangusen Sulaibanov (Academia.edu profile)

G.S.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024 from Amirbek Magomedov. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Sulaibanov, Gasangusen. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Dargwa (Kubachi). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 8, 2025; last revised on April 8, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-la b-ik' icː-ul=sab
boy- gen head hurt- prog . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
gal grip-la icː-an uχ-e
boy flu- gen hurt. ipfv - ptcp ( m )be. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy caught the flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEABL
X: NOM
Y: ANTEABL
Locus: Y
gal χʷi-l-ta-l uχ k-ul=saw
boy dog- obl - ante - abl fear ( m )say. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l qːaqːa ixʷ-aj
boy- obl - erg stone throw. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l as χap b-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg money id .gather n -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal atːa-že miši-l=saw
boy father- super ( lat ) similar- adv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy resembles his father.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i w-iχː-ul=saw
boy friend- obl - dat m -trust- prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy believes his friend.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l kiniška či-ka-b-alč-in
boy- obl - erg book super . abl - down - n -gather. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i qal ti-sa-b-ilg-un=sab
boy- dat home ante - hither - n -watch. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop :3
‘The boy sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-cːila sawnne w-ič-e
boy friend- obl - com together. m m -get. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy encountered his friend.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCLAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCLAT
Locus: Y
gal uškul-le w-inha w-q-in
boy school- loc ( lat ) m -inside( lat ) m -move. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy entered the school.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-ži tala w-ič-e
boy friend- obl - super ( lat ) front( lat ) m -get. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy beat his friend.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCABL
X: NOM
Y: LOCABL
Locus: Y
gal uškul-li-l w-inika w-q-in
boy school- loc - abl m -outside( lat ) m -move. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy went out of the school.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l q'uˤl awlaq-le b-ini b-id-iʁ-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg cow plain- loc ( lat ) n -inside( lat ) n -thither-make. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l q'aˤle b-aˤlk'ʷ-in
boy- obl - erg branch n -bend. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_INTERLAT
X: ERG
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l denil-cːe ha-aj
boy- obl - erg neighbor- inter ( lat ) say. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy told his neighbour.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l naˤq-i-cːi-b kitab b-us-ib=saw
boy- obl - erg hand- obl - inter - n . ess book n -keep. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i heʁe w-id-aʁ-e
boy friend- obl - dat post (after) m -thither-reach. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy caught up with his friend.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l q'uˤl b-acː-i
girl- obl - erg cow n -milk. pfv -3. aor
‘The girl milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCLAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCLAT
Locus: Y
jusːe ak'ʷ-la lum-e j-id-aʁ-e
girl river- gen edge- loc ( lat ) f -thither-reach. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The girl reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jusːe las-i-ta akta j-duχ-e
girl wall- obl - ante ( lat ) close f -be. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The girl walked up to the wall.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal w-išħiχ-uˤl=saw jusːi-l-cːila
boy m -fight. pfv - cnv . prog = cop : m (3) girl- obl - com
‘The boy is fighting with a girl.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
gal juldaš až-i deni-l-la
boy friend get/become. pfv -3. aor neighbor- obl - gen
‘The boy is friends with his neighbour.’

25. think

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal pikre uk'-ul=saw aba-ži-l
boy thought ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3) mother- super - abl
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l hinze b-in-b-ekʷ-in
boy- obl - erg apple n -inside. abl - n -eat. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l dig b-ec'-aj
girl- obl - erg meat n -roast. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The girl fried the meat.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jusːe aba-j heʁe k-ež-ib=saj
girl mother- dat post (after) down -( f )sit. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : f (3)
‘The girl is waiting for her mother.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i sal xune qum et-ul=saw
boy- dat another road mind lv . pfv - pret . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l juldaš-l-i waˤ ka-b-ek'-aj
boy- obl - erg friend- obl - dat call/cry down - n -chase. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy called his friend.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i dene či-ulħ-in
boy- dat neighbor up-(m)know. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy got to know his neighbour.’

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i dene uˤsːe j-ak'-ul=saw
boy- dat neighbor_girl f -know. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy knows his neighbour.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l tam d-iχ-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg drum npl -hit. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is playing the drum.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal-di-l deni-l-cːila aχː-ekʷa-la d-iq'-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg neighbor- obl - com good- cop . neg - gen npl -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy avoids his neighbour.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l wasa-la pːaw d-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg mouse- gen trap npl -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l čitu inžit b-iq'-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg cat disturb n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is mocking the cat.’

38. have

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-la qal tib
boy- gen home exst . dist . n
‘The boy has a house.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal umxu-l-i umc'-ul=saw
boy key- obl - dat ( m )search- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is looking for his key.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l ucːa b-ik-aj
boy- obl - erg door n -paint. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy painted the door.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χʷe gal-i sus če-b-ič-e
dog boy- dat id /throat on - n -get. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘A dog bit the boy.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NOM_INTERABL
X: NOM
Y: INTERABL
Locus: Y
dene qulba-cːi-l uq-in
neighbor home. pl . obl - inter - abl ( m )move. pfv -3. aor
‘The neighbour lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
čitu-di-l wasa b-us-aj
cat- obl - erg mouse n -catch. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The cat caught the mouse.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l usul b-ag hatː-aʁ-aj
boy- obl - erg stick n -middle up -make. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i aba j-ikː-ul=saw
boy- dat mother f -love/want. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy loves his mother.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l naˤq hak' b-iq'-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg hand id .swing n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy is waving his hand.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

48. dream

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i c'izi-b mašina b-ikː-ul=saw
boy- dat new- n car n ßlove/want. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l b-ik'a waq b-ini b-is-aj
girl- obl - erg n -little bowl n -inside( lat ) n -wash. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The girl washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
jusːi-ldi-l agʷa č-aχ-i
girl- obl - erg dress wear. pfv -3. aor
‘The girl put on her dress.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
je jaraq' šːit'ak'untbar=sab
this instrument/weapon pliers= cop . n (3)
‘This instrument is a pair of pliers.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
deni-ldi-l sin-na gal mimi w-aq'-aj
neighbor- obl - erg refl . obl - gen boy id .reproof m -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The neighbour punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χʷe gal-i či-b-duq-in
dog boy- dat on - n -move. pfv -3. aor
‘A dog attacked the boy.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
bidra šin-ne b-ic'-e
bucket water- erg n -fill. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: While the Y noun aligns morphologically with ergative NPs, it differs in terms of indexing and other morphosyntactic properties.

55. find

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i umxu b-akː-aj
boy- dat key n -find. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy found his key.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i sa qːuruš kam b-uχ-e
boy- dat one ruble little n -be. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy is one rouble short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal deni-l-i ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy neighbor- obl - dat angry- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is angry with his friend.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i mašina b-ikː-ul=saw
boy- dat car n -love/want. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy likes the car.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i mašina b-aži-l=sab
boy- dat car n -need- adv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy needs a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
qulbe lasuba-cːila alaw satːus-ib=sad
home. pl wall. pl . obl - com around catch. pfv - pret . cnv = cop . npl (3)
‘Walls surround the house.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-la wic' qːuruš tib-al
boy- gen ten money exst . dist . n -still
‘The boy has ten roubles left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l atːa-j žuwab b-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg father- dat answer n -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy answered his father.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l bank'a takʷ b-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg pot open n -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
dila mašina ilal-ži dik'ezi-b=sab
1. gen car 2. gen - super ( lat ) different- n = cop : n (3)
‘My car is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-ži hila w-ič-e
boy friend- obl - super ( lat ) behind( lat ) m -fall. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy fell behind his friend.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
deni-ldi-l qu b-uqː-aj
neighbor- obl - erg field n -plough/dig. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The neighbour ploughed the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dila nuˤqbe binzin-na kʷaˤʡ d-uχ-ub=sad
1. gen hand. pl oil- gen smell npl -be. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal xuni-ži-l či-w-id-uq-in
boy road- super - abl on - m -thither-( m )move. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l dalaj ha-aj
boy- obl - erg song say. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy sang a song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l k'a ka-b-g-aj
boy- obl - erg letter down - n -write. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l nig d-ečː-aj
boy- obl - erg milk pl -drink. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l kaˤtun budaj b-ac'-aj
boy- obl - erg bullet lead n -melt. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy melted a lead bullet.’

73. match

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i šːi-lla hawa b-al b-ič-ib=sab
boy- dat village- gen weather n -suitable n -get. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy finds the weather in the village suitable.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

74. leave

Valency pattern: NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
gal šːi-l-cːi-l w-id-až-i
boy village- obl - inter - abl m -thither-go-3. aor
‘The boy left the village.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: ERG(NON.CORE)_NOM
X: ERG(NON.CORE)
Y: NOM
Locus: X
wi-k-ax-ub t'amsa-ldi-l libil qal b-ic'-ib=sab
pv - down -lay. pfv - pret carpet- obl - erg all: n home n -fill. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Note: While the X noun aligns morphologically with ergative NPs, it differs in terms of indexing and other morphosyntactic properties.

76. remember

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i ʡaˤχ-le han tib-al šːe
boy- dat good- adv mind exst . dist . n -still village
‘The boy remembers the village well.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l juldaš-l-i kumak b-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg friend- obl - dat help n -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy helped his friend.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i ʡuˤrus kub d-ak'-ul=saw
boy- dat russian speech npl -know. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy understands the Russian language.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
c'alipan tutːa-l-cːe ka-b-at-ul=sab
lightning tree- obl - inter ( lat ) down - n -put. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: XY
gal-la dis-li-cːila t'up b-aˤq-ib=sab
boy- gen knife- obl - com finger n -hurt. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy cut himself with the knife.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
cacːe wačag-li-že či-b-ec'-ib=sab
thorn trousers- obl - super ( lat ) on - n -cling. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘A burr stuck to the trousers.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-lidi-l h-at-i
boy friend- obl - erg up -( m )let. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy lost to his friend.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
gal ʡaˤχšːu-d χabarta-ddi ciq če-ha-w-χ-e
boy good- npl news. pl . obl - erg happy on - up - m -grow. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy was glad about the good news.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-cːila ʁaj uk'-ul=saw
boy friend- obl - com speech ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
dene xunul-la gal w-aq'-aj
neighbor woman- gen boy m -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The neighbour gave birth to a son.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

86. drop

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal-di-l istikan b-aqʷ-aj
boy- obl - erg cup n -break. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy broke the glass.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

87. govern

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
dene nisːi-la šil-la χʷalel=saw
neighbor 1 pl . obl - gen village- gen big= cop . m (3)
‘The neighbour runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i aba han-ta-j-dič-ib=saw
boy- dat mother memory- ante - f -get. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy misses his mother.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldašː-l-i heʁe w-id-až-i
boy friend- obl - dat after m -thither-go-3. aor
‘The boy follows his friend.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal uči-ži-l či-ka-w-q-in
boy horse- super - abl on - abl . down - m -move. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal telewizorr-i laˤwe-w-ač'-ib=saw
boy tv - dat m :listen. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is listening to the TV.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gule atːa-j laˤwe-b-ač'-ib=sab
boy. pl father- dat hpl :listen. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The children obey their father.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i t'amne d-iq'-ul=saw
boy- dat noise. pl npl -hear. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy hears the noise.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
wada nig-i-cːe b-aχ ha-tː-až-i
honey milk- obl - inter ( lat ) n -mix up - npl -put. pfv -3. aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal qːažajtadd-i či-w-h-ul=saw
boy cloud. pl . obl - dat on - m -watch. ipfv
‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l awačan či-haxʷ-aj
boy- obl - erg shirt on . abl -pull. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i aba mužeta-j d-icː-ul=saj
boy- dat mother dream. pl - dat npl -get. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy dreamed his mother.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal aba-cːila razi uχ-ub=saw
b oy mother- com glad ( m )be. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy agreed with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-cːila ħaˤχ-ib=saw
boy friend- obl - com argue. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy had a quarrel with his friend.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kːilu kartupːal-la ʁa qːuruš-l-i=sab
kilo potato. pl - gen twenty money- obl - dat = cop . n (3)
‘A kilogram of potatoes costs twenty rubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l χʷi-l-i tupang čiixʷ-aj
boy- obl - erg dog- obl - dat gun on -throw. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy shot at the dog.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l čakajpisuk' čaˤj-li-cːe d-iš k-aˤχ-aˤj
boy- obl - erg sugar tea- obl - inter ( lat ) npl - in . lat down -put. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy poured the sugar into the tea.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l umxne d-i-d-aq-ib=saw
boy- obl - erg key. pl npl - in . abl - npl -achive. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
usul šin-ni-cːe ka-b-s-ib=sab
wood water- obl - inter ( lat ) down - n -fall. pfv - pret = cop . n (3)
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l t'uz q'axʷ-aj
boy- obl - erg mosquito kill. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy killed a mosquito.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l q'uˤl-l-i usul či-b-eχ-aj
boy- obl - erg cow- obl - dat wood on - n -hit. pfv - aor .3. tr
‘The boy hit the cow.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l aba-j umma či-d-ig-aj
boy- obl - erg mother- dat kiss on - npl -put. pfv - aor .3. tr
‘The boy kissed his mother.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l kitab ka-b-ilč'-in
boy- obl - erg book down - n -read. pfv - aor .3
‘The boy read a book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l t'up hak'ar b-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg finger id .stir n -do. pfv - aor .3. tr
‘The boy moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
gal-di-l juldaš-la ħurmat b-iq'-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg friend- gen respect n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy respects his friend.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
atːa razi-l=saw sin-na gal-i
father glad- adv = cop . m (3) refl . obl - gen boy- dat
‘Father is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DAT_DAT
X: DAT
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
gal-i jusːi-l-i dikːa d-išː-ib=saw
boy- dat girl- obl - dat love npl -put. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy fell in love with a girl.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
atːa w-iχː-ul=saw sin-na gal-i
father m -trust. ipfv - cnv . prog = cop . m (3) refl . obl - gen boy- dat
‘The boy trusts his friend.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i sin-na juldaš wabala takicː-u
boy- dat refl . obl - gen friend id ( m ).get. pfv - aor .3
‘The boy sympathizes with his friend.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i uk'e ħuˤsut-le=saw
boy friend- obl - dat heart envious- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy envies his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy friend- obl - dat angry- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is angry with his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal je sawʁat-l-i uk' uq-un=saw
boy this gift- obl - dat heart ( m )move. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i čaˤj d-ičː-iq-u
boy- dat tea( npl ) npl -like. ipfv - caus -3 evt
‘The boy wants tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal-i hakal hank'ʷ-žu-d čaˤj d-ikː-ul=saw
boy- dat very hot- atr - npl tea npl -like. ipfv - cnv . prog = cop . m (3)
‘The boy likes hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i čaˤj d-ikː-ul=saw
boy- dat tea npl -like. ipfv - cnv . prog = cop . m (3)
‘The boy wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy friend- obl - dat angry- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy holds a grudge against his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-l-i čitːe-w-id-uq-un=saw
boy friend- obl - dat m .be_offended. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy took offence at his friend.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l hakal juldaš-l-i a-b-ikː-an gaq-ul=saw”
boy- obl - erg very friend- obl - dat neg -like. iprv - ptcp reach. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)].
‘The boy greatly upset his friend.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i je šahar ʡaˤχ taka-b-icː-ul=saw
boy- dat this city good n :get. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy was impressed by this town.’

126. despise

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
gal-i sin-na juldaš-lidi-l a-b-ikː-an agaq-ul=saw
boy- dat refl . obl - gen friend- obl - erg neg -like. iprv - ptcp reach. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy got upset because of his friend.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal sin-na juldaš-l-i ħaˤsi-l=saw
boy refl . obl - gen friend- obl - dat angry- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is getting irritated with his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i jusːe pakta ka-j-icː-ul=saw
boy- dat girl beautiful donw - f -get. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is fond of the girl.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal sin-na atːa-ta-l us kː-ul=saw
boy refl . obl - gen father- ante - abl humble ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is shy of his father.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.