Polish
Contributed by George Moroz
The data were gathered by George Moroz in 2013 from National Corpus of Polish , some of the examples were constructed based on Corpus examples. All examples were elicitated with the native speaker of Polish, Elżbieta Garuch.
How to cite
Moroz, George. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Polish.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS.
(Data first published on July 26, 2021;
last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 51.84, 18.63 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.
Grammar notes
Basic clause structure
Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument, in the accusative. The word order is relatively free. For the majority of bivalent predicates, the SVO order is unmarked, other combinations of information structure having communicative and pragmatic functions. The P-argument marking depends on negation: it is accusative in affirmative sentences and genitive, in negative sentences, compare (1) and (2):
(1) Paweł spotka-ł Mart-ę
PN[NOM.SG] encounter:PFV-PST[M.3SG] PN-ACC.SG
‘Paweł encountered Marta.’
(2) Paweł nie spotka-ł Mart-y
PN[NOM.SG] NEG encounter:PFV-PST[M.3SG] PN-GEN.SG
‘Paweł did not encounter Marta.’
The verb always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person (and also in gender in the past tense). In analytic forms, agreement is split: the number and person markers are on the auxiliary and the gender and number are on the participle or participle-like part, see (3) and (4).
(3) Ann-a podobn-a jest do Magd-y
PN(F)-NOM.SG similar-F.NOM.SG be[PRS.3SG] at PN-GEN.SG
‘Anna resembles Magda.’
(4) Janek będzie rzuca-ł kamień
pn[NOM.SG] AUX:FUT.3SG throw:IPFV-PST[M.3SG] stone[ACC.SG]
‘Janek threw a stone.’
Non-subjects are never indexed on the verb. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. The same preposition can be used with different cases, see (5) and (6).
(5) Andrzej wyszed-ł z dom-u
pn[NOM.SG] go_out:PFV\M-PST[M.3SG] from house-GEN.SG
‘Andrzej went out of the house.’
(6) Marek bije się z Tomasz-em
PN[NOM.SG] fight:IPFV.PRS.3SG REFL with PN-INS.SG
‘Marek is fighting with Tomasz.’
Case system
There are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, and vocative.
Verb lemmas
Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).
Glossing abbreviations
ACC — accusative; ADV — adverb; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neutral; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
ACC_NOM
DAT_GEN
DAT_NOM
NOM_DAT
NOM_doGEN
NOM_GEN
NOM_INS
NOM_naACC
NOM_naLOC
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
NOM_odGEN
NOM_oLOC
NOM_wACC
NOM_wLOC
NOM_z.powoduGEN
NOM_zaINS
NOM_zGEN
NOM_zINS
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Ann-ę
boli
głow-a
pn
-
acc
.
sg
hurt:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
head-
nom
.
sg
‘Anna has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Michał
choruje
na
gryp-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
be_ill:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
on
flu-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Jacek
trochę
boi
się
ps-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
a_little
fear:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
dog-
gen
.
sg
‘Jacek is a little afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Janek
rzuci-ł
kamień
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
throw:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
stone[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Janek threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
Anni-e
wystarcza
pieniędz-y
pn
-
dat
.
sg
suffice:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
money-
gen
.
pl
‘Anna has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a
podobn-a
jest
do
Magd-y
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
similar-
f
.
nom
.
sg
be[
prs
.3
sg
]
at
pn
-
gen
.
sg
‘Anna resembles Magda.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Michał
wierzy
ojc-u
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
believe:
pfv
.
prs
.3
sg
father-
dat
.
sg
‘Michał believes his father.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ewaryst
wzią-ł
książk-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
take:
pfv
\
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
book-
acc
.
sg
‘Ewaryst took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł
widzi
dom
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
see:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
house[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Paweł sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
wiek
wpływa
na
pamięć
age[
nom
.
sg
]
influence:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
on
memory[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł
spotka-ł
Mart-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
encounter:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Paweł encountered Marta.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Paweł
wszed-ł
do
dom-u
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
go_in:
pfv
\
pst
.
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
at
house-
gen
.
sg
‘Paweł entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Paweł
wygra-ł
z
Lech-em
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
win:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Paweł beat Lech.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Andrzej
wyszed-ł
z
dom-u
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
go_out:
pfv
\
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
from
house-
gen
.
sg
‘Andrzej went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Andrzej
goni
krow-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
drive:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
cow-
acc
.
sg
‘Andrzej is driving the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł
zgią-ł
gałąź
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
bend:
pfv
\
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
branch[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Paweł bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Franek
powiedzia-ł
Anc-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
tell:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Franek told Anka.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek
trzyma
książk-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
hold:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
book-
acc
.
sg
‘Franek is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maciek
dogoni-ł
Jank-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
catch_up:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Maciek caught up with Janek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Hank-a
wydoi-ł-a
krow-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
milk:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
cow-
acc
.
sg
‘Hanka milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Maciek
dotar-ł
do
brzeg-u
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
reach:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
at
bank-
gen
.
sg
‘Maciek reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Marek
dotkną-ł
ścian-y
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
touch:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
wall-
gen
.
sg
‘Marek touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Marek
bije
się
z
Tomasz-em
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
fight:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Maciek is fighting with Tomasz.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
król
Maciuś
przyjaźni
się
z
Bum-Drum-em
king[
nom
.
sg
]
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
be_friends:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘King Maciuś is friends with Bum-Drum.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Tadeusz
myśli
o
Hanc-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
about
pn
-
loc
.
sg
‘Tadeusz is thinking about Hanka.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Adam
zjad-ł
jabłk-o
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
eat:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
apple-
acc
.
sg
‘Adam ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Adam
usmaży-ł
ryb-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
fry:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
fish-
acc
.
sg
‘Adam fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Basi-a
czeka
na
kuzynk-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
wait:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
on
cousin-
acc
.
sg
‘Basia is waiting for her cousin.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Basi-a
zapomnia-ł-a
o
t-ej
drodz-e
pn
-
nom
.
sg
forget:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
about
this-
f
.
loc
.
sg
road-
loc
.
sg
‘Basia forgot about that road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
pamięć
zależy
od
wiek-u
memory[
nom
.
sg
]
depend:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
from
age-
gen
.
sg
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Józef
zawoła-ł
zięci-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
call:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
son_in_law-
acc
.
sg
‘Józef called his son in law.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Józef
zapozna-ł
się
z
Adam-em
rok
temu
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
get_to_know:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
year
that.
n
.
dat
.
sg
‘Józef got to know Adam a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Józef
zna
Adam-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
know:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Józef knows Adam.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Dariusz
gra
na
gitarz-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
play:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
on
guitar-
loc
.
sg
‘Dariusz is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Dariusz
unika
Adam-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
avoid:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
gen
.
sg
‘Dariusz avoids Adam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Dariusz
skonstruowa-ł
bomb-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
make:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
bomb-
acc
.
sg
‘Dariusz made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Mefistofeles
drwi
z
Bog-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
make_fun:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
from
god-
gen
.
sg
‘Mephistopheles is making fun of God.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
mąż
ma
samochód
husband[
nom
.
sg
]
have:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
car[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Husband has a car.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Sylwi-a
szuka
klucz-y
pn
-
nom
.
sg
look_for:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
key-
gen
.
pl
‘Sylwia is looking for her keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tomasz
pomalowa-ł
płot
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
paint:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
fence[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Tomasz painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pies
ugryz-ł
mam-ę
dog[
nom
.
sg
]
bite:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
mummy-
acc
.
sg
‘A dog bit mummy.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł
straci-ł
dom
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
lose:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
house[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Paweł lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
dziewczynk-a
łapie
kot-a
girl-
nom
.
sg
catch:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
cat-
acc
.
sg
‘The girl is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Jan
złama-ł
lask-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
break:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
stick-
acc
.
sg
‘Jan broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sylwi-a
pochlebia
Anni-e
pn
-
nom
.
sg
flatter:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Sylwia is flattering Anna.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a
kocha
Mark-a
pn
-
nom
.
sg
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Anna loves Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Paweł
macha
chustk-ą
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
wave:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
handkerchief-
ins
.
sg
‘Paweł is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Jacek
marzy
o
samochodz-ie
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
dream:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
about
car-
loc
.
sg
‘Jacek is dreaming of a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Jacek
umy-ł
filiżank-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
wash:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
cup-
acc
.
sg
‘Jacek washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł
włoży-ł
spodn-ie
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
put_on:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
trousers-
acc
.
sg
‘Paweł put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ten
przedmiot
nazywa
się
busol-a
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
object[
nom
.
sg
]
call:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
compass-
nom
.
sg
‘This object is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Andrzej
ukara-ł
sw-ego
syn-a
pn
-
nom
.
sg
punish:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
one’s_own-
m
.
acc
.
sg
son-
acc
.
sg
‘Andrzej punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
niedźwiedź
napad-ł
na
rybak-a
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
attack:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
on
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
wiadr-o
napełni-ł-o
się
wod-ą
bucket-
nom
.
sg
fill:
pfv
-
pst
-
n
.3
sg
refl
water-
ins
.
sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Feliks
znalaz-ł
klucz-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
find:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
key-
acc
.
pl
‘Feliks found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
Ann-ie
brakuje
dolar-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
dollar-
gen
.
sg
‘Anna is one euro short.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Feliks
nienawidzi
Ann-y
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
hate:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
gen
.
sg
‘Feliks hates Anna.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Feliks-owi
podoba
się
ta
koszul-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
like:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
this.
f
.
nom
.
sg
shirt-
nom
.
sg
‘Feliks likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a
potrzebuje
pieniędz-y
pn
-
nom
.
sg
need:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
money-
gen
.
pl
‘Mummy needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
miast-o
otacza
mur
city-
acc
.
sg
surround:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
wall[
nom
.
sg
]
‘Walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
zosta-ł-o
Anni-e
dziesięć
dolar-ów
remain:
pfv
-
pst
-
n
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
ten[
nom
]
dollar-
gen
.
pl
‘Anna has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Marek
odpowiedzia-ł
nauczyciel-owi
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
answer:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
teacher-
dat
.
sg
‘Marek answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Marek
otworzy-ł
puszk-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
open:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
can-
acc
.
sg
‘Marek opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a
koszul-a
odróżnia
się
od
twoj-ej
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
shirt-
nom
.
sg
differ:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
from
your-
f
.
gen
.
sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Ann-a
zosta-ł-a
w
tyl-e
pn
-
nom
.
sg
remain:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
in
back-
loc
.
sg
‘Anna fell behind.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is not overtly expressed.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Michał
orze
pol-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
plough:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
field-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
moj-e
ręc-e
pachną
benzyn-ą
my-
f
.
nom
.
pl
hand-
nom
.
pl
smell:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
pl
gasoline-
ins
.
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Stefan
przeszed-ł
drog-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
cross:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
road-
acc
.
sg
‘Stefan crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Stefan
zaśpiewa-ł
ładn-ą
piosenk-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
sing:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
song-
acc
.
sg
‘Stefan sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
napisa-ł
list
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
write:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
letter[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Staszek wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
wypi-ł
mlek-o
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
drink:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
milk-
acc
.
sg
‘Staszek drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
roztopi-ł
kawałek
ołowi-u
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
melt:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
piece[
acc
.
sg
]
lead-
gen
.
sg
‘Staszek melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
ten
pasek
pasuje
do
moj-ej
sukienk-i
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
belt[
nom
.
sg
]
match:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
at
my-
f
.
gen
.
sg
dress-
gen
.
sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
opuści-ł
rodzim-e
miast-o
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
leave:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
native-
n
.
acc
.
sg
town-
acc
.
sg
‘Staszek left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
dywan
pokrywa
cał-ą
podłog-ę
carpet[
nom
.
sg
]
cover:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
whole-
f
.
acc
.
sg
floor-
acc
.
sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
dobrz-e
pamięta
dom
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
good-
adv
remember:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
house[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Staszek remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Stanisław
pomóg-ł
Roman-owi
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
help\
pst
:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Stanisław helped Roman.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
rozumie
język
francusk-i
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
understand:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
language[
acc
.
sg
]
f
rench-
m
.
acc
.
sg
‘Staszek understands French.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_wACC
X: NOM
Y: wACC
Locus: Y
piorun
trafi-ł
w
dom
lightning[
nom
.
sg
]
strike:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
in
house[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Staszek
zacią-ł
się
brzytw-ą
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
cut\
pst
:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
razor-
ins
.
sg
‘Staszek cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
szklank-a
przylepi-ł-a
się
do
stoł-u
glass-
nom
.
sg
stick:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
refl
at
table-
gen
.
sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Józef
przegra-ł
z
Eugeniusz-em
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
lose:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Józef lost to Eugeniusz.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
generał
ucieszy-ł
się
z
list-u
general[
nom
.
sg
]
become_glad:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
from
letter-
gen
.
sg
‘The general was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Staszek
rozmawia
z
Adam-em
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mariol-a
urodzi-ł-a
syn-a
pn
-
nom
.
sg
give_birth-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
son-
acc
.
sg
‘Mariola gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a
upuści-ł-a
szklank-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
drop:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
glass-
acc
.
sg
‘Anna dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Eliz-a
rządzi
nasz-ą
wsi-ą
pn
-
nom
.
sg
govern:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
our-
f
.
ins
.
sg
village-
ins
.
sg
‘Eliza runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Marek
tęskni
za
Magd-ą
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
miss:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
behind
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Marek misses Magda.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Jacek
idzie
za
Mark-iem
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
go:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
behind
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Jacek follows Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Jacek
zszed-ł
z
koni-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
go_down:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
from
horse-
gen
.
sg
‘Jacek got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a
słucha
radi-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
listen:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
radio-
gen
.
sg
‘Anna is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a
słucha
się
mam-y
pn
-
nom
.
sg
listen:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
mummy-
gen
.
sg
‘Anna obeys her mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a
słyszy
muzyk-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
hear:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
music-
acc
.
sg
‘Anna hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
miód
zmiesza-ł
się
z
mlek-iem
honey[
nom
.
sg
]
mix:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
with
milk-
ins
.
sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Ann-a
patrzy
na
chmur-y
pn
-
nom
.
sg
look:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
on
cloud-
acc
.
pl
‘Anna is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a
zdję-ł-a
koszul-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
take_off:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
shirt-
acc
.
sg
‘Anna took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Roman-owi
śni
się
Matk-a
Bosk-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
dream:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
mother-
nom
.
sg
god’s-
f
.
nom
.
sg
‘Roman dreams about Virgin Mary.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Ann-a
zgodzi-ł-a
się
z
Mark-iem
pn
-
nom
.
sg
agree:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
refl
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Anna agreed with Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Agnieszk-a
pokłóci-ł-a
się
z
Magd-ą
pn
-
nom
.
sg
quarrell:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
refl
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Agnieszka had a quarrel with Magda.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta
filiżank-a
kosztuje
jeden
dolar
this.
f
.
nom
.
sg
cup-
nom
.
sg
cost:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
one[
m
.
acc
.
sg
]
dollar[
acc
.
sg
]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Paweł
strzeli-ł
do
ptak-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
shoot:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
at
bird-
gen
.
sg
‘Paweł shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek
wsypa-ł
cukier
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
pour:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
sugar[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Staszek poured the sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Marek
zgubi-ł
klucz-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
lose:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
key-
acc
.
pl
‘Marek lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_wLOC
X: NOM
Y: wLOC
Locus: Y
polan-o
utonę-ł-o
w
wodzi-e
log-
nom
.
sg
sink:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
in
water-
loc
.
sg
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Janek
zabi-ł
Magdalen-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
kill:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Janek killed Magdalena.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek
uderzy-ł
Andrzej-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
hit:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Franek hit Andrzej.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek
pocałowa-ł
Mart-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
kiss:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Franek kissed Marta.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a
przeczyta-ł-a
ciekaw-ą
książk-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
read:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
book-
acc
.
sg
‘Anna read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Andrzej
poruszy-ł
palc-em
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
move:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
finger-
ins
.
sg
‘Andrzej moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Krystyn-a
szanuje
Ann-ę
pn
-
nom
.
sg
respect:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Krystyna respects Anna.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Marek
brzydzi
się
dzieć-mi
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
be_squeamish:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
child-
ins
.
pl
‘Marek is squeamish about children.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Dariusz
by-ł
zadowolon-y
z
syn-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
be\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
satisfied-
m
.
nom
.
sg
from
son-
gen
.
sg
‘Dariusz was satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_wLOC
X: NOM
Y: wLOC
Locus: Y
Michał
zakocha-ł
się
w
Janc-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
fall_in_love:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
in
pn
-
loc
.
sg
‘Michał fell in love with Janka.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Michał
ufa
Janas-owi
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
trust:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Michał trusts Janas.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Michał
żałuje
swoj-ej
matk-i
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
sympathise:
pfv
.
prs
.3
sg
one’s_own-
f
.
gen
.
sg
mother-
gen
.
sg
‘Michał sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Michał
zazdrości
Janc-e
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
envy:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Michał envies Janka.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Michał
gniew-a
się
na
Jank-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
make_angry:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał is angry with Janka.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Michał
zdziwi-ł
się
tym
prezent-em
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
surprise:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
this.
m
.
ins
.
sg
gift-
ins
.
sg
‘Michał was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Michał
lubi
herbat-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
tea-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Michał
delektuje
się
gorąc-ą
herbat-ą
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
hot-
f
.
ins
.
sg
tea-
ins
.
sg
‘Michał enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Michał
chce
now-ą
komórk-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
want:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
new-
f
.
acc
.
sg
mobile_phone-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Michał
wścieka
się
na
Ann-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
annoy:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał holds a grudge against Anna.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Michał
obrazi-ł
się
na
Magd-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
offend:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał took offence at Magda.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł
bardzo
zasmuci-ł
Magd-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
very
upset:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Paweł greatly upset Magda.’
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pawł-a
porazi-ł-o
to
miast-o
pn
-
acc
.
sg
strike:
pfv
-
pst
-
n
.3
sg
that.
n
.
nom
.
sg
town-
nom
.
sg
‘Paweł was impressed by this town.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Paweł
gardzi
Magd-ą
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
despise:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Paweł despises Magda.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_z.powoduGEN
X: NOM
Y: z.powoduGEN
Locus: Y
Michał
zasmuci-ł
się
z
powod-u
syn-a
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
upset:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
refl
from
reason-
gen
.
sg
son-
gen
.
sg
‘Michał got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Michał
denerwuje
się
na
swoj-ą
córk-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
irritate:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
on
one’s_own-
acc
.
sg
daughter-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Michał
lubi
Magd-ę
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Michał is fond of Magda.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Michał
wstydzi
się
swoj-ego
wzrost-u
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
be_shy:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
refl
one’s_own-
m
.
gen
.
sg
height-
gen
.
sg
‘Michał is embarrased about his height.’