Northern Akhvakh

Contributed by Indira Abdulaeva and Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile).

I.A.'s photo G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Abdulaeva, Indira and Gilles Authier. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Northern Akhvakh. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on December 15, 2023; last revised on July 13, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.4, 46.3.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Avar-Andic-Tsezic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boƛ’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

hwari-ƛƛi	mina	b-oƛ’-ere	godi
pn - gen	head	n -hurt- simul	n . cop
‘Pari has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

2. have (illness) beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hwari	q’q’wat’ala	b-eq’-e	gidi
pn	flu	n -come- pf	f . cop
‘Pari has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

3. be afraid ƛuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

hwari	χwe-gune	ƛ-ere	gidi
pn	dog- el	fear- simul	f . cop
‘Pari is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw zorooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	inč’a	zor.ari
pn - erg	stone	throw. aor
‘Pathudi threw a stone.’

5. have enough miq’q’unuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patħudi-ƛa	miq’q’w-ene	gwe	ači
pn - dat	n .be_enough- simul	n . cop	silver
‘Pathudi has enough money.’

6. resemble enɬɬunuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

patħudi	enɬɬ-ene	gudi	musa-ga
pn	resemble- simul	m . cop	pn - lat
‘Pathudi resembles Musa.’

7. believe bužuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

patħudi	buž-iri	musa-ga
pn	believe- ipf 3	pn - lat
‘Pathudi believes Musa.’

8. take beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	ʁoča	b-eχ-ari
pn - erg	book	n -take- aor
‘Pathudi took a book.’

9. see hariguruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patħudi-ƛa	č’ili	harigw-ere	godi
pn - dat	house	see- simul	n . cop
‘Pathudi sees a house.’

10. influence beʁuruƛa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

zama	mada	ri-ɬɬi	rak’wa-ro-ge	čula	b-eʁ-ušide
time	n .go. pf . ptcp	time- obl	heart- obl - loc	things	n -stand- neg . prs
‘Age influences memory’, lit.: ‘When the time goes, things do not remain on the heart’.
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dandi buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patħudi-ƛa	dandi	w-ux-ari	musa
pn - dat	in_front	m -fall- aor	pn
‘Pathudi encountered Musa.’

12. enter beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

patħudi	č’ila-ga	woq’-ari
pn	house. obl - lat	m .come- aor
‘Pathudi entered the house.’

13. win bišuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

patħudi	w-uš-ari	musa-gune
pn	m -win- aor	pn - el
‘Pathudi beat Musa.’

14. go out munuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

patħudi	č’ilo-ne	w-a-ani
pn	house. obl - el	m -go- aor
‘Pathudi went out of the house.’

15. drive eχχa buq’q’ooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	žinwo	eχχa	b-uq’q’a-ari
pn - erg	cow	out	n -drive- aor
‘Pathudi is driving the cow.’

16. bend mik’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	hala	m-ik’-ani
pn - erg	branch	n -bend- aor
‘Pathudi bent the branch.’

17. tell eƛ’ƛ’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT

X: ERG

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

patħudi-de	eƛ’ƛ’-ari	musa-ga
pn - erg	say- aor	pn - lat
‘Pathudi told Musa.’

18. hold bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	ʁoča	b-ix-e	godi	kwadi
pn - erg	book	n -hold- seq	n . cop	hand. in
‘Pathudi is holding a book.’

19. catch up ƛ’a q’unuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

patħudi	ƛ’a	q’w-eni	madina-ge
pn	on	reach- aor	pn - loc
‘Pathudi caught up with Madina.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a preverb.

20. milk ƛ’ƛ’aruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

hwari-de	žinwo	ƛ’ƛ’ar-ari
pn - erg	cow	milk- aor
‘Pathudi milked the cow.’

21. reach q’unuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_TERMIN

X: NOM

Y: TERMIN

Locus: Y

patħudi	inχχa-ƛ’iga	q’we-eni
pn	river- termin	reach- aor
‘Pathudi reached the bank.’

22. touch q’wen beɬɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

patħudi-de	q’q’enda-ge	q’w-en	b-eɬɬ-eri
pn - erg	wall- loc	reach- seq	n -end_up- uwpst
‘Pathudi touched the wall.’

23. fight buqquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

patħudi	w-uqq-ero	gudi	musa-k’ena
pn	m -hit- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop	pn - com
‘Pathudi is fighting with Musa.’

24. be friends c’c’eɬe bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM

X: POSS

Y: COM

Locus: XY

patħudi-be	hanže	c’c’eɬe	godi	musa-k’ena
pn - n	now	friendship. nom	n . cop	pn - com
‘Pathudi is now friends with Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think uʁilode bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

patħudi	musa-ƛƛi	čundala	uʁi-lo-de	gudi
pn	pn - gen	always	thought- pl . obl - erg	m . cop
‘Pathudi is always thinking about Musa’ (lit. ‘Pathudi is always in thoughts of Musa’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat q’q’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	ʕeče	q’q’a-ani
pn - erg	apple	eat- aor
‘Pathudi ate an apple.’

27. fry bižuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	č:uʕa	b-iž-ari
pn - erg	fish	n -fry- aor
‘Pathudi fried the fish.’

28. wait eqquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

patħudi	musa-ga	eqq-ohe	gudi
pn	pn - lat	wait- seq . m	m . cop
‘Pathudi is waiting for Musa.’

29. forget hidičeχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patħudi-ƛa	hudu	česse	miq’q’i	hidičeχχw-ewi
pn - dat	prox	another	road	forget- perf
‘Pathudi forgot the other road.’

30. depend belooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

rak’wa-ro-ge	čula	b-eʁ-e	zama	b-eqq-ero-ga	b-ela-ada	gwede
heart- obl - loc	things	n -stand- seq	time	n -cross- ipf . ptcp . m - lat	n -depend- pf . ptcp	n . cop
‘Memory depends on age’ (lit. ‘The way thing remain in the memory depends on the passing of time’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call žooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	musa	ža-ari
pn - erg	pn	call- aor
‘Pathudi called Musa.’

32. get to know ɬe-qqwe buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM

X: POSS

Y: COM

Locus: XY

pataħi-ƛƛi	musa-k’ena	ɬe-qqwe	reše	ssigi	b-ux-ari
pn - gen	pn - com	acquaintance	year	in_front	n -fall- aor
‘Patahi got to know Musa a year ago.’

33. know beq’uruɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	musa	woq’-ero	gudi
pn - dat	pn	m .know- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop
‘Patahi knows Musa.’

34. play (instrument) qqwaruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi	gitara	qqwar-ero	gudi
pn	guitar	scratch- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pataħi	musa	wuk’-iɬɬa	wuχχ-ero	guƛa
pn	pn	m .be- cv :where	m .remain- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop . neg
‘Patahi doesn’t stay (in the place) where Musa is.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

36. make guruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	bomba	go-je	godi
pn - erg	bomb	do- seq	n . cop
‘Patahi made a bomb.’

37. make fun badaƛuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCla

X: NOM

Y: LOCla

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-ge	ƛ’a	w-adaƛ-ero	gudi
pn	pn - loc	on	m -laugh- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is making fun of Musa.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a postposition. Postpositions ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms.

38. have bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-be	mašina	godi
pn - n	car	n . cop
‘Patahi has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

39. look for eqqedooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

pataħi	rik’aƛƛa	eqq-edare	gudi
pn	keys	look_for- ipf . ptcp . npl	m . cop
‘Patahi is looking for his keys.’
Note: This structure is unusual (two nominatives). Probably, this is a remnant of the affective construction.

40. paint ražba ɬaruruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	ruq’q’e-ge	ražba	ɬar-eri
pn - erg	fence- loc	paint	wipe- ipf 3
‘Patahi painted the fence.’

41. bite q’q’eleč’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

χwe-de	pataħi-ge	q’q’eleč’-ari
dog- erg	pn - loc	bite- aor
‘A dog bit Patahi.’

42. forfeit biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_golo

X: NOM

Y: golo

Locus: Y

pataħi	awa	goƛo	w-uχχ-ari
pn	home	without	m -remain- aor
‘Patahi lost his house.’

43. try to catch bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	keto	b-ix-ere	godi
pn - erg	cat	n -hold- simul	n . cop
‘Patahi is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break biq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	č’uli	b-iq’w-ari
pn - erg	stick	n -break- aor
‘Patahi broke a stick.’

45. flatter beccuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	madina	j-ecc-ere	gidi
pn - erg	pn	f -flatter- simul	f . cop
‘Patahi is flattering Madina.’

46. love (person) kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	madina	kwene	gidi
pn - dat	pn	love. simul	f . cop
‘Patahi loves Madina.’

47. wave qqwat’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

hwari-de	hwado	qqwat’-ere	godi
pn - erg	handkerchief	shake- simul	n . cop
‘Pari is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream kwinɬunuƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

pataħi	č’inda	mašina	kwinɬ-o	gudi
pn	new	car	want- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: This structure is unusual (two nominatives). Probably, this is a remnant of the affective construction.

49. wash čooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

hwari-de	ššet’o	ča-ari
pn - erg	cup	wash- aor
‘Patahi washed the cup.’

50. put on iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	bata	iɬ-ari
pn - erg	trousers	put_on- aor
‘Patahi put on his trousers.’

51. be called c’c’eri bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: LAT

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

ha	čula-ɬɬi-ga	c’c’eri	gweda	kompase
this	thing- obl - lat	name	n . cop	compass
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish tamiħi guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	wašo-ƛa	tamiħi	gw-eri
pn - erg	boy- dat	punishment	do- aor
‘Patahi punished his son.’

53. attack ƛ’ada k’ooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

šin	č:uʕiqqass-u-ga	ƛ’ada	k’a-ari
bear	fisherman- obl - lat	on	grab- aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms. Here, ƛ’ada functions as a preverb.

54. fill (intr) beč’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

bidira	ɬɬen-ƛƛi	b-eč’-e	godi
pail	water. obl - gen	n -fill- seq	n . cop
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bičunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	rik’aƛƛa	r-ič-eni
pn - dat	keys	npl -find- aor
‘Patahi found his keys.’

56. be short kamilooruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	če	dollare	kamilaj-e	godi
pn - dat	one	dollar	be_lacking- pf	n . cop
‘Patahi is one dollar short.’

57. hate kit’aɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	musa	kit’aɬ-o	gudi
pn - dat	pn	hate- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi hates Musa.’

58. like kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	ha	ƛ’onko	kw-ini
pn - dat	this	shirt	like- ipf
‘Patahi likes this shirt.’

59. need q’q’waraʕunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	ači	q’q’waranʕ-e	godi
pn - dat	silver	need- seq	n . cop
‘Patahi needs money.’

60. surround ssore bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

šaha	q’q’enda-lede	ssore	b-ix-e	godi
town	wall- pl . erg	turn. seq	n -hold- seq	n . cop
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛƛi	ač’ada	dollare	b-iχχw-ari
pn - gen	ten	dollar	n -remain- aor
‘Patahi has ten dollars left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

62. answer džawa oxuruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	učiƛƛli-sswa	džawa	ox-ari
pn - erg	teacher. obl - m . dat	answer	give- aor
‘Patahi answered the teacher.’

63. open aχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	maka	aχ-ari
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‘Patahi opened a jar.’

64. be different bahada bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

di-be	ƛ’onko	du-ɬɬi-gune	b-ahada	gwede
1. obl - n	shirt	2. obl - obl - el	n -different	n . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qedi biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

pataħi	qedi	w-uχχ-ari	musa-gune
pn	behind	m -remain- aor	pn - el
‘Patahi fell behind Musa.’

66. plough beƛ’ƛ’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi	quri	b-eƛ’ƛ’-ere	gudi
pn	field	n -plough- simul	m . cop
‘Patahi is ploughing the field.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

67. smell šwani bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: EL_POSS

X: EL

Y: POSS

Locus: XY

di-re	reƛ’ili-gune	bizi-ƛƛi	koša	šwani	godi
1 sg . obl - npl	hand. pl . obl - el	oil- gen	bad	smell	n . cop
‘My hands smell badly of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

68. cross q’q’ot’ilooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	miq’q’i	q’q’ot’il-ari
pn - erg	road	cross- aor
‘Patahi crossed the road.’

69. sing huruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	rešša	nikwa	hweri
pn - erg	nice	song	sing. aor
‘Patahi sang a nice song.’

70. write qqwaruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	kaʁa	qqwar-ari
pn - erg	paper	write- aor
‘Patahi wrote a letter.’

71. drink c’c’aruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	sso	c’c’ar-ari
pn - erg	milk	drink- aor
‘Patahi drank the milk.’

72. melt miħoonuƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	t’oša-ƛƛi	keseki	miħa-ani
pn - erg	lead- gen	piece	n .melt. caus - aor
‘Patahi melted a piece of lead.’

73. match raq’q’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ha	raƛ’ƛ’iča	di	ƛ’onko-ɬɬi-ge	raq’q’-iri
this	belt	1. gen	shirt- obl - loc	match- ipf 3
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave beɬɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	šaha	b-eɬɬ-ari
pn - erg	town	n -leave- aor
‘Patahi left his native city.’

75. cover bacilooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

t’assa-de	anƛ’oda	q’oda	b-acila-are	godi
rug- erg	whole	floor	n -cover- ipf . ptcp	n . cop
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rak’waroge bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ge	č’ili	šweq’e	rak’wa-ro-ge	godi
pn - loc	house	very_well	heart- obl - loc	n . cop
‘Patahi remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help komoki guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	madina-ƛa	komoki	gweri
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	do. aor
‘Patahi helped Madina.’

78. understand (language) bič’č’uruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	francuzskij	bič’č’il-eri
pn - dat	f rench	understand- ipf 3
‘Patahi understands French.’

79. hit (target) goc’c’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

piri	č’ila-ge	goc’c’-ari
lightning	house. obl - loc	hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself sanuruƛa

Valency pattern: LOC_ERG

X: LOC

Y: ERG

Locus: X

pataħi-ge	britwa-de	san-e	b-eɬɬ-ari
pn - loc	razor- erg	cut- seq	n -leave- aor
‘Patahi cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck šinuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

istaka	uštu-ge	šin-e	b-iχχw-ari
glass	table- loc	stick- seq	n -remain- aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) bituruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

pataħi	w-ut-ari	musa-gune
pn	m -lose- aor	pn - el
‘Patahi lost to Musa.’

83. be glad beχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_gulo

X: NOM

Y: gulo

Locus: Y

pataħi	w-oχχ-ari	kaʁa-ɬɬi-guɬo
pn	m -rejoice- aor	paper- obl -because
‘Patahi was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ʁuruƛ

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-k’ena	ʁw-ere	wuč-ani
pn	pn - com	speak- simul	m .find- aor
‘Patahi is speaking with Musa.’

85. give birth guruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

madina-de	waša	gweri
pn - erg	boy	do. aor
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop kwadu munuƛa

Valency pattern: EL_NOM

X: EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-gune	istaka	kwadu	ma-ani
pn - el	glass	hand. el	n .go- aor
‘Patahi dropped the glass.’

87. govern nuχmaɬɬi guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	esse	poselok-ɬɬa	nuχmaɬɬi	gw-ere	gwede
pn - erg	our. excl	town- obl . dat	leadership	do- simul	n . cop
‘Patahi runs our town.’

88. miss mišaraquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

pataħi	madina-qqe	mišaraq-o	gudi
pn	pn - ad	miss- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi misses Madina.’

89. follow bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_qedo

X: NOM

Y: qedo

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa	qedo	gudi
pn	pn	behind	m . cop
‘Patahi follows Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount geƛ’ƛ’a χχeruruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

pataħi	xwana-gu	geƛ’ƛ’a	χχer-ari
pn	horse. obl - el	down	climb- aor
‘Patahi got down from the horse.’
Note: The elative marker "-gu" is interchangeable with "-gune".

91. listen hadaxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

pataħi	radio-ga	handax-o	gudi
pn	radio- lat	listen- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is listening to radio.’

92. obey hadaxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

pataħi	ilo-ga	handax-iri
pn	mother. obl - lat	listen- ipf 3
‘Patahi always listens to his mother.’

93. hear anƛunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	maq’q’a	anƛ-ene	godi
pn - dat	tune	hear- simul	n . cop
‘Patahi hears the music.’

94. mix dandiraq’q’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

unc’c’i	sso-ga	dandiraq’q’-ari
honey	milk- lat	mix- aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: The citation form is not certain.

95. look eqquruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

pataħi	hira-ga	eqq-ohe	gudi
pn	cloud- lat	look- seq	m . cop
‘Patahi is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off beqquruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	ƛ’onko	b-eqq-ari
pn - erg	shirt	n -extract- aor
‘Patahi took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) miƛ’ƛ’eƛƛi bičunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	madina	miƛ’ƛ’e-ƛƛi	j-ič-ene	gidi
pn - dat	pn	dream- inter	f -find- simul	f . cop
‘Patahi dreams about Madina.’

98. agree raq’q’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCla

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	madina-ge	ƛ’a	raq’q’-ari
pn	pn - loc	on	match- aor
‘Patahi agreed with Madina.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a postposition.

99. have a quarrel maɬɬeq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pataħi	madina-k’ena	maɬɬeq’-ari
pn	pn - com	quarrel- aor
‘Patahi had a quarrel with Madina.’

100. cost baha bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: POSS

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

ha	ššet’o-ƛƛi	baha	če	dollare
this	cup- gen	price	one	dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at ƛ’ƛ’wahunuƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	ššakiba-qqe	ƛ’ƛ’wah-ani
pn - erg	bird. obl - ad	shoot- aor
‘Patahi shot at the bird.’

102. pour ssussuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	čaka	ssuss-ari
pn - erg	sugar	pour- aor
‘Patahi poured the sugar.’

103. lose buquruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛƛi	rik’aƛƛa	r-uq-ari
pn - gen	keys	npl -lose- aor
‘Patahi lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

104. sink geƛ’ƛ’a buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

ɬuda	ɬɬen-ga	geƛ’ƛ’a	b-ux-ari
wood	water. obl - lat	down	n -fall- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ƛ’ƛ’waruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	musa	ƛ’ƛ’war-ari
pn - erg	pn	strike- aor
‘Patahi killed Musa.’

106. hit ƛ’ƛ’waruruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	musa-ge	ƛ’ƛ’war-ari
pn - erg	pn - loc	strike- aor
‘Patahi hit Musa.’

107. kiss c’c’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	madina-ge	c’c’a-ani
pn - erg	pn - loc	kiss- aor
‘Patahi kissed Madina.’

108. read žooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	kepe-ƛƛi	ʁoča	ža-ari
pn - erg	pleasure- gen	book	read- aor
‘Patahi read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) korooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	unk’a	kora-ari
pn - erg	finger	move. caus - aor
‘Patahi moved his finger.’

110. respect q’q’imate guruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS

X: ERG

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	musa-ƛƛi	q’q’imate	gw-iri
pn - erg	pn - gen	esteem	do- ipf 3
‘Patahi respects Musa.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

111. be squeamish rak’wa bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_EL

X: POSS

Y: EL

Locus: XY

pataħi-ƛƛi	rak’wa	b-ix-iri	čoroka	qqot’o-ššet’o-ɬɬi-gune
pn - gen	heart	n -hold- ipf 3	dirty	plate-cup- obl - el
‘Patahi is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

112. be content razi bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	wašo-ge	razi	gudi
pn	boy- loc	agreed	m . cop
‘Patahi is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love roƛ’ƛ’i buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_AD

X: POSS

Y: AD

Locus: XY

pataħi-ƛƛi	madina-qqe	roƛ’ƛ’i	b-ux-e	godi
pn - gen	pn - ad	love	n -fall- seq	n . cop
‘Patahi fell in love with Madina.’

114. trust bužuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

pataħi	madina-ga	buž-iri
pn	pn - lat	believe- ipf 3
‘Patahi trusts Madina.’

115. sympathise rak’wa guħiluruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_EL

X: POSS

Y: EL

Locus: XY

pataħi-ƛƛi	rak’wa	guħil-eri	inssuda	ila-ɬɬi-gune
pn - gen	heart	pity- ipf 3	refl. m . gen	mother- obl - el
‘Patahi sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

116. envy rak’wač’iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-ge	rak’wač’iɬ-ohe	w-uk’-iri
pn	pn - loc	envy- seq	m -be- ipf 3
‘Patahi envies Musa.’

117. be angry ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-ge	ssimi	b-eq’-ohe	gudi
pn	pn - loc	anger	n -come- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is angry with Musa.’

118. be surprised tamašaɬiluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	tamašaɬil-ari	sejeʁate-ɬɬi-ge
pn	be_surprised- aor	gift- obl - loc
‘Patahi was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	čeje	kw-ini
pn - dat	tea	like- ipf
‘Patahi loves tea.’

120. enjoy t’anʕa beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	t’anʕa	b-eχ-ere	gwe	č’eda	čeje-ɬɬi-ƛƛi
pn - erg	taste	n -take- simul	n . cop	hot	tea- obl - gen
‘Patahi enjoys hot tea.’

121. want kwinɬunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	č’inda	telefo	kwinɬ-e	godi
pn - dat	new	telephone	want- pf	n . cop
‘Patahi wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	ssimi	b-eq’-o	gudi	musa-ge
pn	anger	n -come- seq . m	m . cop	pn - loc
‘Patahi holds a grudge against Musa.’

123. take offence q’iluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pataħi	madina-k’ena	q’il-ohe	gudi
pn	pn - com	be_offended- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi took offence at Madina.’

124. upset rak’wa baq’q’weloot’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS

X: ERG

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

pataħi-de	čaka	rak’wa	b-aq’q’weloot’-ari	madina-ƛƛi
pn - erg	very	heart	n -dry. caus - aor	pn - gen
‘Patahi greatly upset Madina.’

125. marvel ħikmaɬiluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	ħikmaɬil-ari	šaha-ɬɬi-ge
pn	wonder- aor	town- obl - loc
‘Patahi was impressed by this town.’

126. despise wuguše

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	wug-iki	musa
pn - erg	m .consider- neg . ipf	pn
‘Patahi despises Musa.’

127. get upset rak’wa baq’q’weluruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_salilohe

X: POSS

Y: salilohe

Locus: XY

pataħi-ƛƛi	rak’wa	baq’q’wel-ari	inssuda	waša	saɬilohe
pn - gen	heart	n .dry- aor	refl . m . gen	boy	because
‘Patahi got upset with his son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

128. get irritated ssimi beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	jašo-ge	ssimi	b-eq’-ohe	gudi
pn	girl- loc	anger	n -come- seq . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond rak’waroƛa beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	madina	rak’wa-ro-ƛa	j-eχ-e	gidi
pn - dat	pn	heart- obl - dat	f -take- seq	f . cop
‘Patahi is fond of Madina.’

130. be shy šulaʁuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

pataħi	šulaʁ-are	gwi	inssuda	w-ačaɬero-gune
pn	be_ashamed- prog	m . cop	refl . m . gen	even m -shortness. obl - el
‘Patahi is embarrased about his height.’