Gban

Contributed by Maksim Fedotov (Google Scholar profile, Academia.edu profile)

M.F.'s photo J.K.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2024 from Julienne Kouadio (see the second picture above). The French version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Fedotov, Maksim. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Gban. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 10, 2025; last revised on April 10, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 6.41, -5.52.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Mande, genus: Eastern Mande.
Macro-area: Sub-Saharan Africa.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain yȁ̰

Valency pattern: POSS&nen_SBJ

X: POSS&nen

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Zá̰	bò	ɛ̏	yȁ̰	ȁ	nɛ̰̏
pn	head	3 sg	ipfv \ache	s/he/it	at
‘Zan has a headache.’

2. have (illness) yè

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

gbɔ̰̏gbɔ̰̏	‶	yȅȅ	Zá̰	là
flu	3 sg	ipfv \be	pn	on
‘Zan has the flu.’

3. be afraid gbɛ̰̏

Valency pattern: SBJ_ga

X: SBJ

Y: ga

Locus: Y

Zá̰	‶	gbɛ̰̏	kpűkpɔ̏	nɔ̰́	gȁ
pn	3 sg	ipfv \be_afraid	dog	that	in_front_of
‘Zan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw vȉ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	gwȁ	vȉ
pn	3 sg \ pst	stone	throw[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan threw a stone.’

5. have enough bɔ̀

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

zḭ̋gő	nɛ̰̀yë,	la̋lȁ	∅	Zá̰	bɔ́
now	this	money	3 sg	pn	ipfv \suffice
‘Now Zan has enough money.’

6. resemble bɔ̀ lè

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	bɔ̏=lè	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg	ipfv \arrive= loc 2	pn	at
‘Zan resembles Monbi.’

7. believe bɛ̋ dìɛ̀ zȅ ɛ̏

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	bɛ̀	dìɛ̀	zȅ=ɛ̏
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \take	truth	say= ag
‘Zan believes Monbi.’

8. take bɛ̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	flűa̋	dò	bɛ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	paper	one	take[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan took a book.’

9. see zḭ̏

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	‶	zḭ̏	sa̋	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	ipfv \see	house	with
‘Zan sees a house.’

10. influence kpȅ … bò

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

vékwɛ́	‶	kpȅ	mṵ̋	mɔ̰́	gbíta̋kȁlè	bò
year	3 sg	ipfv \be3	person	for	thought	head.in
‘Age influences a person’s thinking.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

11. encounter bɔ̀ kè ɛ̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	bɔ̀	kè=ɛ̀	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̀
pn	3 sg \ pst	arrive[ pfv . hod ]	each_other=at	pn	at
‘Zan encountered Monbi.’

12. enter ylɛ̰̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_go

X: SBJ

Y: go

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	ylɛ̰̀	lȅkɔ́	gȍ
pn	3 sg \ pst	enter[ pfv . hod ]	school	in
‘Zan entered the school yard.’

13. win zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kpɛ̀	nɛ̰̀	w	ä	dȍ	Zá̰	ɛ́	Fíɛ́lȅ	zɛ̀
awalé	which	3 pl \ pst	s/he/it	throw[ pfv . hod ]	pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	kill[ pfv . hod ]
‘In the game of awalé that they played, Zan beat Pierre.’

14. go out bɛ̋ e̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_go

X: SBJ

Y: go

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	bɛ̋=e̋	lȅkɔ́	gȍ
pn	3 sg \ pst	take[ pfv . hod ]= loc 1	school	in
‘Zan went out of the school yard.’

15. drive yà

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	‶	yà	ba̋ba̋	yɛ̋	blábȅdìà
pn	3 sg	ipfv \go	sheep	with	pasture
‘Zan is driving the sheep to the pasture.’

16. bend lɛ́kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	yűkwȉ	kwà	lɛ́-kȁ
pn	3 sg \ pst	tree	arm	bend- caus [ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan bent a branch.’

17. tell zè

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	y	ä	zè	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̀	nḭ́ bȅ	nṵ̀	ḭ̀	yɔ́
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	say[ pfv . hod ]	pn	at	that	2 sg . sbjv	come[ sbjv ]	i	at
‘Zan told Monbi: “Come to my place”.’

18. hold kṵ̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	flűa̋	dò	kṵ̀
pn	3 sg	paper	one	ipfv \catch
‘Zan is holding a book.’

19. catch up kṵ̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	kṵ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	catch[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan caught up with Monbi.’

20. milk yḭ̋ yi̋ bő

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	ɛ́	ba̋ba̋	yḭ̋	yi̋	bő	bì
pn	3 sg \ pst	sheep	breast	water	remove[ pfv . hod ]	there
‘Zan milked the sheep.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

21. reach sȍ

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	sȍ	yi̋	le̋ɛ̋	nɛ̰́	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	pass[ pfv . hod ]	water	bank	this	at
‘Zan reached this bank of the river.’

22. touch tíé

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	tíé	gwli̋	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	touch[ pfv . hod ]	wall	at
‘Zan touched the wall.’

23. fight gɔ̰̏ gò

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	gɔ̰̏	gò	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	fight	buy[ pfv . hod ]	pn	with
‘Zan fought with Monbi.’

24. be friends dɔ̏ő yɔ̋

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	dɔ̏ő	yɔ̋	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	friend	be_this	pn	with
‘Zan is friends with Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

25. think gbí ta̋kȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	gbí	tá-kȁ	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	breast	ipfv \walk‑ caus	pn	with
‘Zan is thinking about Monbi.’

26. eat bȅ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	vȁ̰kḭ̏	bȅ
pn	3 sg \ pst	papaya	eat[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan ate a papaya.’

27. fry kpȁkà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	zɔ̰́	kpȁkà
pn	3 sg \ pst	fish	grill[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan roasted the fish.’

28. wait dɔ̰̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	dɔ̰̀
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \wait
‘Zan is waiting for Monbi.’

29. forget gbí … gà lè

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	gbí	ɛ́	gà=lè	di̋	kȅkpa̋	nɔ̰́	là
pn	breast	3 sg \ pst	die[ pfv . hod ]= loc 2	road	another	that	on
‘Zan forgot the other road.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

30. depend dè lè

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

mṵ̋	mɔ̰́	gbíta̋kȁlè	‶	dȅ=lè	ȁ	vèkwɛ̋	nɛ̰̏
person	for	thought	3 sg	ipfv \be2= loc 2	s/he/it	year	at
‘A person’s thinking depends on their age.’

31. call kpȍ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	kpȍ
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	call[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan called Monbi.’

32. get to know dɔ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	dɔ̈,	ȁ	vèkwɛ̋	dò	∅-lí	yȅ
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	know\ pfv . preh	s/he/it	year	one	3 sg - foc	here
‘Zan got to know Monbi a year ago.’

33. know dɔ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	dɔ̀
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \know
‘Zan knows Monbi.’

34. play (instrument) zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	mɔ̰̀kṵ̀	zɛ̀
pn	3 sg	tom_tom	ipfv \kill
‘Zan is playing the tom-tom.’

35. avoid bò

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

Zá̰	‶	bȍ	Mɔ̰̈bì	di̋
pn	3 sg	ipfv \remove	pn	under
‘Zan avoids Monbi.’

36. make kɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	kǒ	kɛ̀
pn	3 sg \ pst	cage	make[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan made a cage.’

37. make fun wɔ́kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	wɔ̏-kȁ
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \talk- caus
‘Zan is making fun of Monbi.’

38. have yè

Valency pattern: kon_SBJ

X: kon

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

wȍtló	‶	yȅȅ	Zá̰	kɔ̰́
car	3 sg	ipfv \be	pn	on
‘Zan has a car.’

39. look for kḭ̏ȁ̰

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	‶	kḭ̏ȁ̰	lȁklé	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg	ipfv \look_for	key	at
‘Zan is looking for the keys.’

40. paint vɛ́ wò

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	vɛ́	wò	gwlḭ̋	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	color	put[ pfv . hod ]	wall	at
‘Zan painted the wall.’

41. bite ki̋ő ű

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kpűkpɔ̏	dò	ɛ́	Zá̰	kȉȍ	ű
dog	one	3 sg \ pst	pn	bite\ pfv . hest	mouth.in
‘A dog bit Zan.’

42. forfeit gɔ̰̀ è

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	gɔ̰̀=è	sa̋	la̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	remain[ pfv . hod ]= loc 1	house	on
‘Zan has been left without a house.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

43. try to catch kɛ̀ + kṵ̋

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	‶	kɛ̏	y	ȁ	í	sèfṵ̋	kṵ̋
pn	3 sg	ipfv \want	3 sg	s/he/it	gen	cat	ipfv \catch
‘Zan is trying to catch his cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a combination of two clauses.

44. break ylɛ̏

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	yűkwȉ	ylɛ̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	tree	break[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan broke a stick.’

45. flatter fè

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	fè
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \say_name
‘Zan is flattering Monbi.’

46. love (person) lìè … gbḭ́ ɛ̰́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mɔ̰̈bì	‶	lȉȅ	Zá̰	gbḭ́=ɛ̰́
pn	3 sg	ipfv \be_good	pn	lung=at
‘Zan loves Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

47. wave fȉfi̋kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	tɔ̏nḭ̋	fi̋fi̋-kȁ
pn	3 sg	handkerchief	ipfv \move- caus
‘Zan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream gbí ta̋kȁ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	∅	gbí	tá-kȁ	wȍtló	dòà	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	breast	ipfv \walk‑ caus	car	new	with
‘Zan is thinking about a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

49. wash ző

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	kpɔ̰̀	ző
pn	3 sg \ pst	hand	wash[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan washed his hands.’

50. put on wò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ä	í	wȍnɛ̰̏	wò
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	gen	trousers	put[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan put on his trousers.’

51. be called kpȍ

Valency pattern: DO_BARE

X: DO

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

ɔ̏	nɔ̰̌	nɛ̰̀yë	kpȍ	« kǒ »
3 pl	thing	this	ipfv \call	cage
‘This thing is called a cage.’
Note: Transimpersonal.

52. punish gbèlì dȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	gbèlì	dȁ	ȁ	nḭ̋	là
pn	3 sg \ pst	forfeit	put[ pfv . hod ]	s/he/it	child	on
‘Zan punished his son.’

53. attack wà gȉȅ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kȁdi̋wè	ɛ́	wà	gȉȅ	kȁdi̋kɛ̏ɛ̏yḭ̀kò	yɛ̋
wild_animal	3 sg \ pst	front	become[ pfv . hod ]	hunter	with
‘A wild animal confronted the hunter.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

54. fill (intr) fà

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

gwlɛ̰́	yi̋	ɛ́	lò	fà
rain	water	3 sg \ pst	clay_jug	be_numerous[ pfv . hod ]
‘The jug was filled with rainwater.’

55. find yè

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ä	í	lȁklé	yè
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	gen	key	get[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan found his keys.’

56. be short gɔ̰̀ bì

Valency pattern: nen_SBJ

X: nen

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

vȕ	fɛ̰̋ḭ̋	‶	gɔ̰̏	bì	Zá̰	nɛ̰̏
ten	two	3 pl	ipfv \stay	there	pn	at
‘Zan is a hundred francs short.’

57. hate yȁ̰ lȅ … wɔ̰̋ő

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mɔ̰̈bì	‶	yȁ̰=lȅ	Zá̰	wɔ̰̋ő
pn	3 sg	ipfv \be_brave= loc 2	pn	eye:in
‘Zan hates Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

58. like lìè … gbḭ́ ɛ̰́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

dlȅké	nɛ̰́	‶	lȉȅ	Zá̰	gbḭ́=ɛ̰́
shirt	this	3 sg	ipfv \be_good	pn	lung=at
‘Zan likes this shirt.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

59. need ta̋ + NEG

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

la̋lȁ	∅‑kè	tà	Zá̰	kɔ̰́
money	3 sg ‑ ind . neg	ipfv \be. neg	pn	on
‘Zan has no money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

60. surround lȉ

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

gwli̋=nṵ̏	‶	lȉ	bàà	nɛ̰̏
walls= pl	3 pl	ipfv \turn_around	village	at
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain gɔ̰̀

Valency pattern: kon_SBJ

X: kon

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

vȕ	fɛ̰̋ḭ̋	‶	gɔ̰̏	Zá̰	kɔ̰́
ten	two	3 pl	ipfv \stay	pn	on
‘Zan has a hundred francs left.’

62. answer ȁ bò ȁ di̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	y	ä	bò	ȁ	di̋	mṵ̋	nɔ̰́	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	remove[ pfv . hod ]	s/he/it	under	person	that	at
‘Zan answered that man.’

63. open gò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	vle̋	gò
pn	3 sg \ pst	door	open[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan opened the door.’

64. be different gbɛ̰̀ kè ɛ̀ + NEG

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

ḭ̀	mɔ̰́	tɔ̏	ɛ̏‑kè	gbɛ̰̀	kè=ɛ̀	ɛ̀	mɔ̰́	yɛ̋
i	for	cloth	3 sg ‑ ind . neg	ipfv \be_same	each_other=at	thou	for	with
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind fò è … Y kwȁà

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	fò=è	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̏	ȁ	kwȁà
pn	3 sg \ pst	move_away[ pfv . hod ]= loc 1	pn	at	s/he/it	behind
‘Zan fell behind Monbi.’

66. plough bò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ȁ	í	vé	bó
pn	3 sg	s/he/it	gen	field	ipfv \remove
‘Zan is cultivating his field.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

67. smell sȁ̰ … bɔ̀

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

sá̰sȅ	sȁ̰	‶	bɔ̏	ḭ̀	kpɔ̰̀	nɛ̰̏
gasoline	smell	3 sg	ipfv \arrive	i	hand	on
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ki̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	di̋	ki̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	road	cut[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan crossed the road.’

69. sing sḭ̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	sà	sȁkȁ	sḭ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	song	beautiful	sing[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write klɛ̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	flűa̋	dò	klɛ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	paper	one	write[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan wrote a letter.’

71. drink dà̰

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	nɔ̰̋nɔ̰̋	dà̰
pn	3 sg \ pst	milk	drink[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan drank the milk.’

72. melt fȍflőkȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	kpɛ̏ȁ	fȍflő-kȁ
pn	3 sg \ pst	iron	melt- caus [ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan melted some iron.’

73. match lìè

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

gbló	nɛ̰̀yë,	ɛ̏	lȉȅ	ḭ̀	mɔ̰́	tɔ̏	là
belt	this	3 sg	ipfv \be_good	i	for	cloth	on
‘This belt goes well with my clothes.’

74. leave bɛ̋ e̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	bɛ̈=é	ȁ	là	tòà	là
pn	3 sg \ pst	take\ pfv . preh = loc 1	s/he/it	have_child[ inf ]	lrel \earth	on
‘Zan left his native land.’

75. cover yè kpɔ̋ le̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

tɔ̏nḭ̋	‶	yȅ	kpɔ̋=le̋	ta̋blȍ	lȁ
cloth	3 sg	ipfv \be	spread= nmlz	table	on
‘The cloth is spread on the table.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

76. remember gbí … zɔ̰́ lé

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	gbí	‶	zɔ̰̏=lȅ	ȁ	sa̋	bɛ̏	là	cɛ́
pn	breast	3 sg	ipfv \be_complete= loc 2	s/he/it	house	there	on	correctly
‘Zan remembers the house well.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

77. help wȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	wȁ	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	help[ pfv . hod ]	pn	at
‘Zan helped Monbi.’

78. understand (language) mà̰

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	dȉfà	mà̰
pn	3 sg	g uro	ipfv \hear
‘Zan understands Guro.’

79. hit (target) vȉ di̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

gàíza̰̋	ɛ́	vȉ	di̋	sa̋	là
lightning	3 sg \ pst	throw[ pfv . hod ]	below	house	on
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself X blɛ̋ kwɛ̏sɛ̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	y	ä	blɛ̋	kwɛ̏sɛ̋	glámäkɛ̏ȁyɛ̋	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	self	wound[ pfv . hod ]	razor	with
‘Zan cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck ná̰ é

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

vɛ́lȅ	ɛ́	ná̰=é	ta̋blȍ	là
glass	3 sg \ pst	stick[ pfv . hod ]= loc 1	table	on
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) zɛ̀

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	ɛ́	Fíɛ́lȅ	zɛ̀
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	kill[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan beat Pierre.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

83. be glad gbíà … lìè

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	gbíà	ɛ́	lìè	flűa̋	là
pn	breast:surface	3 sg \ pst	be_good[ pfv . hod ]	paper	on
‘Zan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

84. speak lɛ̌ zè

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	lɛ̌	ze̋	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg	matter	ipfv \hear	pn	at
‘Zan is speaking with Monbi.’

85. give birth vlȕ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Mɔ̰̈bì	ɛ́	vlȕ	nḭ̋	gwɛ̰̋ḭ̋	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	give_birth[ pfv . hod ]	child	boy	with
‘Monbi gave birth to a son.’

86. drop vȉkà di̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	vɛ́lȅ	vȉ-kà	di̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	glass	throw- caus [ pfv . hod ]	below
‘Zan dropped the glass.’

87. govern yè

Valency pattern: SBJ_wale

X: SBJ

Y: wale

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅-lí	yȅ	ù	mɔ̰́	bàà	wàle̋
pn	3 sg - foc	ipfv \be	we	for	village	in_front_of
‘Zan runs our village.’

88. miss lìè … zɛ̀

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mɔ̰̈bì	lìè	∅	Zá̰	zɛ́
pn	craving	3 sg	pn	ipfv \kill
‘Zan misses Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

89. follow dè

Valency pattern: SBJ_ven

X: SBJ

Y: ven

Locus: Y

Zá̰	‶	dȅ	Mɔ̰̈bì	vɛ̰́
pn	3 sg	ipfv \be2	pn	behind
‘Zan follows Monbi.’

90. dismount zȉ

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	zȉ	sȍ	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	descend[ pfv . hod ]	horse	at
‘Zan got off the horse.’

91. listen tő kpɔ̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	tő	kpɔ̋	lȁdíó	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg	ear	ipfv \spread	radio	at
‘Zan is listening to radio.’

92. obey wa̰̋ bɔ̀kȁ + NEG

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅-kè	wa̰̋	bɔ̋-kȁ	ȁ	yȅ	là
pn	3 sg - ind . neg	eye	ipfv \arrive- caus	s/he/it	mother	on
‘Zan doesn’t disobey his mother.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

93. hear mà̰

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	sà	dȉ	mà̰
pn	3 sg	song	sound	ipfv \hear
‘Zan hears the music.’

94. mix lȅa̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

wṵ̋	ɛ́	lȅa̋	nɔ̰̋nɔ̰̋	yɛ̋
oil	3 sg \ pst	mix[ pfv . hod ]	milk	with
‘The oil got mixed with the milk.’

95. look nḭ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	lɔ̏	nḭ̀
pn	3 sg	cloud	ipfv \look
‘Zan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off bò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ä	í	dlȅké	bò
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	gen	shirt	remove[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) yà̰ kṵ̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	yà̰	kṵ̀	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	dream	ipfv \catch	pn	with
‘Zan dreams about Monbi.’

98. agree ȁ gɔ̰̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	y	ä	gɔ̰̋	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	accept[ pfv . hod ]	pn	at
‘Zan agreed with Monbi.’

99. have a quarrel se̋e̋ zè

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	se̋e̋	zè	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg \ pst	fire	say[ pfv . hod ]	pn	with
‘Zan had a quarrel with Monbi.’

100. cost yè

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE

X: SBJ

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

vɛ́lȅ	nɛ̰̀yë	‶	yȅȅ	vȕ	fɛ̰̋ḭ̋
glass	this	3 sg	ipfv \be	ten	two
‘This glass costs a hundred francs.’

101. shoot at se̋ kpȕ

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	ɛ́	se̋	kpȕ	sǎ̰	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	fire	burst[ pfv . hod ]	bird	at
‘Zan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ka̋

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	súklá	ka̋	vɛ́lȅ	gȍ
pn	3 sg \ pst	sugar	put[ pfv . hod ]	glass	in
‘Zan poured the sugar into the glass.’

103. lose gṵ̀à̰kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ä	í	lȁklé	gṵ̀à̰-kȁ
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	gen	key	get_lost- caus [ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan lost his keys.’

104. sink ylɛ̰̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

yűkwȉ	gɔ́	ɛ́	ylɛ̰̀	yi̋	di̋
tree	trunk	3 sg \ pst	enter[ pfv . hod ]	water	under
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	zɛ̀
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	kill[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan killed Monbi.’

106. hit mɛ̰̏

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	mɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	hit[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan hit Monbi.’

107. kiss le̋ wò … lű

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	ɛ́	le̋	wò	Mɔ̰̈bì	lű
pn	3 sg \ pst	mouth	put[ pfv . hod ]	pn	mouth
‘Zan kissed Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

108. read wò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	flűa̋	te̋kle̋e̋	dò	wò
pn	3 sg \ pst	paper	good	one	read[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) fȉfi̋kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ä	kwlɛ̰̋-wli̋	fȉfi̋-kȁ
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	finger-fruit	move- caus [ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan moved his finger.’

110. respect wò mṵ̋ ő

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	wò	mṵ̋=ő
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \put	person=in
‘Zan respects Monbi.’

111. be squeamish gbí … bò

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

wè	vlɔ̰̏=lè	sȁ̰	∅	Zá̰	gbí	bó
animal	rot= nmlz	stink	3 sg	pn	breast	ipfv \remove
‘Zan is disgusted by the stink of rotten meat.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

112. be content gbíà … lìè

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	gbíà	‶	lȉȅ	ȁ	nḭ̋	là
pn	breast:surface	3 sg	ipfv \be_good	s/he/it	child	on
‘Zan is content with his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

113. fall in love gbí … zà

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	gbí	ɛ́	zà	Mɔ̰̈bì	là
pn	breast	3 sg \ pst	surpass[ pfv . hod ]	pn	on
‘Zan fell in love with Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust gbí kpɔ̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	gbí	kpɔ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	breast	ipfv \spread	pn	with
‘Zan trusts Monbi.’

115. sympathise wlɛ̀ kpɔ̋

Valency pattern: yo_SBJ

X: yo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Mɔ̰̈bì	∅	wlɛ̀	kpɔ̀	Zá̰	yɔ́
pn	3 sg	suffering	ipfv \spread	pn	at
‘Zan pities Monbi.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

116. envy sɔ́ gò lè

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	sɔ́	gó=lȅ	Mɔ̰̈bì	là
pn	3 sg	envy	ipfv \buy= loc 2	pn	on
‘Zan envies Monbi.’

117. be angry nḭ̏a̰̋ wò

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	nḭ̏a̰̋	wő	Mɔ̰̈bì	là
pn	3 sg	anger	ipfv \put	pn	on
‘Zan is angry with Monbi.’

118. be surprised kṵ̋

Valency pattern: nen_SBJ

X: nen

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Mɔ̰̈bì	dè	ɛ́	kṵ̋	Zá̰	nɛ̰̏
pn	gift	3 sg \ pst	catch[ pfv . hod ]	pn	at
‘Zan was surprised at Monbi’s gift.’

119. love (tea) lìè … gbḭ́ ɛ̰́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ka̋fe̋	‶	lȉȅ	Zá̰	gbḭ́=ɛ̰́
coffee	3 sg	ipfv \be_good	pn	lung=at
‘Zan loves coffee.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

120. enjoy dà̰ gbíà lȉȅ lè yɛ̋

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	∅	ka̋fe̋	zǒzǒ	da̰̋	gbíà	lȉȅ=lè	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	coffee	hot	ipfv \drink	breast:surface	be_good= nmlz	with
‘Zan drinks hot coffee with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

121. want kɛ̀ + yè

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	‶	kɛ̏	ɛ̏	kpȍwòlȁȁgȍ	dòà	yè
pn	3 sg	ipfv \want	3 sg	mobile_phone	new	ipfv \get
‘Zan wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

122. have a grudge gbí sȉȅ lè bȅ

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	gbí	sȉȅ=lè	bè	Mɔ̰̈bì	là
pn	3 sg	breast	deteriorate= nmlz	ipfv \eat	pn	on
‘Zan has a grudge against Monbi.’

123. take offence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

124. upset tő vɔ̰̏ṵ̏

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	Mɔ̰̈bì	tő	vɔ̰̏ṵ̏
pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	leave[ pfv . hod ]	cold
‘Zan upset Monbi.’

125. marvel fóá lé

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Ya̋mȁ̰sókló	bàà	ɛ́	fóá=lé	Zá̰	là
y amoussoukro	village	3 sg \ pst	heat[ pfv . hod ]= loc 2	pn	on
‘The city of Yamoussoukro impressed Zan.’

126. despise bɛ̋ mṵ̋ + NEG

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅-kè	Mɔ̰̈bì	bɛ̀	mṵ̋
pn	3 sg - ind . neg	pn	ipfv \take	person
‘Zan doesn’t respect Monbi.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

127. get upset mä̰ó … gà

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	mä̰-ó	ɛ́	gà	ȁ	nḭ̋	là
pn	hair-inside	3 sg \ pst	die[ pfv . hod ]	s/he/it	child	on
‘Zan got upset with his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated gbí … yè zǒzǒ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Zá̰	gbí	‶	yȅȅ	zǒzǒ	ȁ	nḭ̋	là
pn	breast	3 sg	ipfv \be	hot	s/he/it	child	on
‘Zan’s irritated with his child.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

129. be fond gbí sȁkȁ ta̋kȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	gbí	sȁkȁ	tà-kȁ	Mɔ̰̈bì	yɛ̋
pn	3 sg	breast	pretty	ipfv \walk‑ caus	pn	with
‘Zan thinks well of Monbi.’

130. be shy ya̰̋ka̰̋ kpɔ̋ lȅ

Valency pattern: nen_SBJ

X: nen

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Zá̰	mɔ̰́	yȅȅ	kpɔ̀ɔ̀=lȅ	∅	ya̰̋ka̰̋	kpɔ̋=lȅ	ȁ	nɛ̰̏
pn	for	be	short= nmlz	3 sg	shame	ipfv \spread	= loc 2	s/he/it at
‘Zan is embarrassed about his shortness’, lit. ‘Zan’s shortness embarrasses (= spreads shame on) him’.