BivalTyp

Romanian

Contributed by Daria Konior (academia.edu profile).

The data were provided in 2013 by Dumitru Tucan, professor (then lecturer) in literature at the West University of Timișoara, Romania.

How to cite

Konior, Daria. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Romanian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 6, 2025; last revised on September 2, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain a durea

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pe Petru îl doare cap-ul
on pn he. acc . nant ache. prs .3 sg head- def . dir
‘Petru has a headache.’

2. have (illness) a avea

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru are grip-ă
pn have. prs .3 sg flu- indf . dir
‘Petru has the flu.’

3. be afraid a fi frică

Valency pattern: DAT_de
X: DAT
Y: de
Locus: XY
lui Petru îi e fric-ă de câine-le
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant be. prs .3 sg fear- indf . dir of dog- def . dir
‘Petru is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw a arunca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a aruncat o piatr-ă
pn aux .3 sg throw. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir stone- indf . dir
‘Petru threw a stone.’

5. have enough a avea destul

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petru are destu-i ban-i
pn have. prs .3 sg enough- m . pl money- indf . dir
‘Petru has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble a semănă

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru seamănă cu Maria
pn resemble. prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petru resembles Maria.’

7. believe a avea încredere

Valency pattern: NOM_in
X: NOM
Y: in
Locus: Y
Petru are încreder-e în Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg trust- indf . dir in pn
‘Petru believes Maria.’

8. take a lua

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a luat carte-a de pe raft
pn aux .3 sg take. pst . ptcp book- def . dir of on shelf
‘Petru took a book from the shelf.’

9. see a vedea

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru vede o cas-ă
pn see. prs .3 sg art . indf . f . dir house- indf . dir
‘Petru sees a house.’

10. influence a influența

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
vârst-a influențează memori-a
age- def . dir influence. prs .3 sg memory- def . dir
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter a se întâlni

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru s-a întâlnit din întâmplar-e cu Maria
pn refl - aux .3 sg meet. pst . ptcp from occasion- indf . dir with pn
‘Petru encountered Maria by chance.’

12. enter a intra

Valency pattern: NOM_in
X: NOM
Y: in
Locus: Y
Petru a intrat în cas-ă
pn aux .3 sg enter. pst . ptcp in house- indf . dir
‘Petru entered a house.’

13. win a învinge

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a învins-о pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg win. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru beat Maria.’

14. go out a ieși

Valency pattern: NOM_din
X: NOM
Y: din
Locus: Y
Petru a ieșit din cas-ă
pn aux .3 sg go_out. pst . ptcp from house- indf . dir
‘Petru went out of a house.’

15. drive a paște

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru paște vac-a
pn herd. prs .3 sg cow- def . dir
‘Petru is driving the cow.’

16. bend a îndoi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a îndoit creang-a
pn aux .3 sg bend. pst . ptcp branch- def . dir
‘Petru bent the branch.’

17. tell a spune

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petru i-a spus Mari-ei vino la mine în vizit-ă
pn s/he. dat . nant - aux .3 sg tell. pst . ptcp pn - obl come. imp at i . acc . acnt in visit- indf . dir
‘Petru told Maria: “Come and visit me!”.’

18. hold a ține

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru ține o cart-e în mân-ă
pn hold. prs .3 sg art . indf . f . dir book- indf . dir in hand- indf . dir
‘Petru is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up a prinde … din urmă

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a prins-o din urm-ă pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg take. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant from trace- indf . dir on pn
‘Petru caught up with Maria.’

20. milk a mulge

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a muls o vac-ă
pn aux .3 sg milk. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir cow- indf . dir
‘Petru milked a cow.’

21. reach a ajunge

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru a ajuns la țărm
pn aux .3 sg reach. pst . ptcp at bank
‘Petru reached the bank.’

22. touch a atinge

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a atins zid-ul
pn aux .3 sg touch. pst . ptcp wall- def . dir
‘Petru touched the wall.’

23. fight a se bate

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru se bate cu Maria
pn refl fight. prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petru is fighting with Maria.’

24. be friends a fi prieten

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru e prieten cu Maria
pn be. prs .3 sg friend with pn
‘Petru is friends with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think a se gândi

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru se gândește la Maria
pn refl think. prs .3 sg at pn
‘Petru is thinking about Maria.’

26. eat a mânca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a mâncat un măr
pn aux .3 sg eat. pst . ptcp art . indf . m . dir apple
‘Petru ate an apple.’

27. fry a prăji

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a prăjit un pește
pn aux .3 sg fry. pst . ptcp art . indf . m . dir fish
‘Petru fried the fish.’

28. wait a aștepta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru о așteaptă pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant wait. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru is waiting for Maria.’

29. forget a uita

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a uitat scurtătur-a
pn aux .3 sg forget. pst . ptcp shortcut- def . dir
‘Petru forgot about the shortcut.’

30. depend a fi înfluențat

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
memori-a e înfluențat-ă de vârst-ă
память- def . dir be. prs .3 sg influence. pst . ptcp - f of age- indf . dir
‘Memory is dependent on age.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

31. call a chema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a chemat-о pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg call. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru called Maria.’

32. get to know a se întâlni

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru s-a întâlnit cu Maria cu un an în urm-ă
pn refl - aux .3 sg meet. pst . ptcp with pn with one year in trace- indf . dir
‘Petru got to know Maria a year ago.’

33. know a știe

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o știe pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant know. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru knows Maria.’

34. play (instrument) a cânta

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru cântă la chitar-ă
pn sing. prs .3 sg at guitar- indf . dir
‘Petru is playing a guitar.’

35. avoid a evita

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru о evită pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant avoid. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru avoids Maria.’

36. make a fabrica

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a fabricat o bomb-ă
pn aux .3 sg make. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir bomb- indf . dir
‘Petru made a bomb.’

37. make fun ași bate joc

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru își bate joc de Maria
pn refl . dat . nant beat. prs .3 sg play of pn
‘Petru is making fun of Maria.’

38. have a avea

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru are o mașin-ă
pn have. prs .3 sg art . indf . f . dir car- indf . dir
‘Petru has a car.’

39. look for a căuta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru își caută che-ile
pn refl . dat look_for. prs .3 sg key- def . pl . dir
‘Petru is looking for the keys.’

40. paint a vopsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a vopsit gard-ul
pn aux .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp fence- def . dir
‘Petru painted the fence.’

41. bite a mușca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
câine-le l-a mușcat pe Petru
dog- def . dir he. acc . nant - aux .3 sg bite. pst . ptcp on pn
‘A dog bit Petru.’

42. forfeit a pierde

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a pierdut cas-a
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg lose. pst . ptcp house- def . dir
‘Petru lost the house.’

43. try to catch a încerca să prindă

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru încearcă să prindă pisic-a
pn try. prs .3 sg sbrd catch. conj . prs .3 sg cat- def . dir
‘Petru is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break a rupe

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a rupt un băț
pn aux .3 sg break. pst . ptcp art . indf . m . dir stick
‘Petru broke a stick.’

45. flatter a linguși

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o lingușește pe Maria
pn she. dir . nant flatter. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) a iubi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o iubește pe Maria
pn she. dir . nant love. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru loves Maria.’

47. wave a flutura

Valency pattern: NOM_din
X: NOM
Y: din
Locus: Y
Petru flutură din batist-ă
pn wave. prs .3 sg from handkerchief- indf . dir
‘Petru is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream a visa

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru visează la o nouă mașin-ă
pn dream. prs .3 sg at art . indf . f . dir new. f car- indf . dir
‘Petru is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash a spăla

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a spălat can-a
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg wash. pst . ptcp cup- def . dir
‘Petru washed the cup.’

50. put on a lua … pe sine

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a luat pantalon-ii pe el
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg take. pst . ptcp trousers- def . pl . dir on he. acc . acnt
‘Petru put on the trousers.’

51. be called a se numi

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
obiect-ul acesta se numește busol-a
object- def . dir this refl call. prs .3 sg compass- def . dir
‘This object is called a compass.’
Note: The second argument never receives the DOM marker “pe”, that is why this verb is not classified as a transitive verb.

52. punish a pedepsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru l-a pedepsit pe fi-ul său
pn he. acc . nant - aux .3 sg punish. pst . ptcp on son- def . dir refl . poss
‘Petru punished his son.’

53. attack a ataca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
urs-ul l-a atacat pe pescar
bear- def . dir he. acc . nant - aux .3 sg attack. pst . ptcp on fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) a fi umplut

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
găleat-ă este umplut-ă cu ap-ă
bucket- indf . dir be. prs .3 sg fill. pst . ptcp - f with water- indf . dir
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

55. find a găsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a găsit che-ile
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg find. pst . ptcp key- def . pl . dir
‘Petru found his keys.’

56. be short a lipsi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lui Petru îi lipsește un dolar
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant lack. prs .3 sg art . indf . m . dir dollar
‘Petru is one dollar short.’

57. hate a urî

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru о urăște pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant hate. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru hates Maria.’

58. like a plăcea

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lui Petru îi place cămaș-a aceasta
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant like. prs .3 sg shirt- def . dir this. f
‘Petru likes this shirt.’

59. need a avea nevoie

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru are nevoie de ban-i
pn have. prs .3 sg need. indf . dir of money- pl
‘Petru needs money.’

60. surround a înconjura

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
zid-urile înconjoară oraș-ul
wall- def . pl . dir surround. prs .3 pl city- def . dir
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain a rămâne

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lui Petru i-au rămas zece dolar-i
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant - aux .3 pl remain. pst . ptcp ten dollar- pl
‘Petru has ten dollars left.’

62. answer a răspunde

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petru a răspuns profesor-ului
pn aux .3 sg answer. pst . ptcp teacher- def . obl
‘Petru answered the teacher.’

63. open a deschide

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a deschis o conserv-ă
pn aux .3 sg open. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir can- indf . dir
‘Petru opened a can.’

64. be different a fi diferit

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
cămaș-a mea este diferit-ă de a ta
shirt- def . dir my. f be. prs .3 sg different- f of art . poss . f your. f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind a rămâne

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petru a rămas în urm-a lui Maria
pn aux .3 sg remain. pst . ptcp in trace- def . dir he. dat . acnt pn
‘Petru fell behind Maria.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

66. plough a ara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru ară câmp-ul
pn plough. prs .3 sg field- def . dir
‘Petru is ploughing the field.’

67. smell a mirosi

Valency pattern: NOM_a
X: NOM
Y: a
Locus: Y
mâin-ile mele miros a benzin-ă
hand- def . pl . dir my. pl smell.3 pl prep gasoline- indf . dir
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross a traversa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a traversat strad-a
pn aux .3 sg cross. pst . ptcp road- def . dir
‘Petru crossed the road.’

69. sing a cânta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a cântat un cântec frumos
pn aux .3 sg sing. pst . ptcp art . indf . m . dir song beautiful
‘Petru sang a beautiful song.’

70. write a scrie

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a scris o scrisoar-e
pn aux .3 sg write. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir letter- indf . dir
‘Petru wrote a letter.’

71. drink a bea

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a băut lapte-le
pn aux .3 sg drink. pst . ptcp milk- def . dir
‘Petru drank the milk.’

72. melt a topi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a topit o bucat-ă de plumb
pn aux .3 sg melt. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir piece- indf . dir of lead
‘Petru melted a piece of lead.’

73. match a se potrivi

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
curea-ua asta se potrivește cu rochi-a mea
belt- def . dir this. f refl adjust. prs .3 sg with dress- def . dir my. f
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave a părăsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a părăsit oraș-ul
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg leave. pst . ptcp city- def . dir
‘Petru left the city.’

75. cover a acoperi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
covor-ul acoperă toată podea-ua
carpet- def . dir cover. prs .3 sg all. f floor- def . dir
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember ași aminti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru își amintește bine сas-a în care a crescut
pn refl . dat . nant remember. prs .3 sg well house- def . dir in which aux .3 sg grow. pst . ptcp
‘Petru remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help a ajuta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a ajutat-о pe Мария
pn aux .3 sg help. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru helped Maria.’

78. understand (language) a înțelege

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru înțelege limb-a franceză
pn understand. prs .3 sg language- def . dir f rench. f
‘Petru understands French.’

79. hit (target) a lovi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
fulger-ul a lovit cas-a
lightning- def . dir aux .3 sg strike. pst . ptcp house- def . dir
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself a se taie

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru s-a tăiat cu lam-ă
pn refl - aux .3 sg cut. pst . ptcp with razor- indf . dir
‘Petru cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck a se lipi

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
pahar-ul s-a lipit de mas-ă
glass- def . dir refl - aux .3 sg stick. pst . ptcp of table- indf . dir
‘The glass got stuck to a table.’

82. lose (game) a pierde

Valency pattern: NOM_in.fata
X: NOM
Y: in.fata
Locus: Y
Petru a pierdut partid-a în fața Mari-ei
pn aux .3 sg lose. pst . ptcp game- def . dir in face- def . dir pn - obl
‘Petru lost the game to Maria.’

83. be glad a fi fericit

Valency pattern: NOM_gratie
X: NOM
Y: gratie
Locus: Y
Petru a fost fericit grație scrisor-ii
pn aux .3 sg be. pst . ptcp happy[ m ] thanks_to letter- def . obl
‘Petru was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak a vorbi

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru vorbește cu Maria
pn speak. prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petru is speaking with Maria.’

85. give birth a năște

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maria a născut un fiu
pn aux .3 sg give_birth. pst . ptcp art . indf . m . dir son
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop a scăpa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a scăpat pahar-ul
pn aux .3 sg drop. pst . ptcp glass- def . dir
‘Petru dropped the glass.’

87. govern a conduce

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru conduce sat-ul nostu
pn govern. prs .3 sg village- def . dir our
‘Petru runs our village.’

88. miss a fi dor

Valency pattern: DAT_de
X: DAT
Y: de
Locus: XY
lui Petru îi este dor de Maria
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant be. prs .3 sg longing de pn
‘Petru misses Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow a urma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o urmează pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant follow. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru follows Maria.’

90. dismount a descăleca

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petru a descălecat
pn aux .3 sg dismount. pst . ptcp
‘Petru dismounted.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of the predicate.

91. listen a asculta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru ascultă radio-ul
pn listen. prs .3 sg radio- def . dir
‘Petru is listening to radio.’

92. obey a asculta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o ascultă pe mam-a sa
pn she. acc . nant listen. prs .3 sg on mother- def . dir his. f
‘Petru listens to his mother.’

93. hear a auzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru aude o muzic-ă
pn hear. prs .3 sg art . indf . f . dir music- indf . dir
‘Petru hears the music.’

94. mix a fi amestecat

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
miere-a a fost amestecat-ă cu lapte
honey- def . dir aux .3 sg be. pst . ptcp mix. pst . ptcp - f with milk
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

95. look a se uita

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru se uită la nor-i
pn refl look. prs .3 sg at cloud- pl
‘Petru is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off a scoate

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a scos cămaș-a
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg take_off. pst . ptcp shirt- def . dir
‘Petru took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) a visa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o visează pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant dream. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru dreams about Maria.’

98. agree a fi de acord

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru a fost de acord cu Maria
pn aux .3 sg be. pst . ptcp of agreement with pn
‘Petru agreed with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel a se certa

Valency pattern: NOM_cu
X: NOM
Y: cu
Locus: Y
Petru s-a certat cu Maria
pn refl - aux .3 sg make_quarrel. pst . ptcp with pn
‘Petru had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost a costa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ceașc-a asta costă un dolar
cup- def . dir this. f cost. prs .3 sg one dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at a pușca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a pușcat o pasăr-e
pn aux .3 sg shoot. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir bird- indf . dir
‘Petru shot at a bird.’

102. pour a pune

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a pus zahăr în ceașc-ă
pn aux .3 sg put. pst . ptcp suger in cup- indf . dir
‘Petru poured sugar into a cup.’

103. lose a pierde

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a pierdut che-ile
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg lose. pst . ptcp key- def . pl . dir
‘Petru lost the keys.’

104. sink a se scufunda

Valency pattern: NOM_in
X: NOM
Y: in
Locus: Y
lemn-ul s-a scufundat în ap-ă
log- def . dir refl - aux .3 sg sink. pst . ptcp in water- indf . dir
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill a omorî

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a omorât-o pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg kill. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru killed Maria.’

106. hit a lovi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a lovit-o pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg hit. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru hit Maria.’

107. kiss a săruta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a sărutat-o pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg kiss. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru kissed Maria.’

108. read a citi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a citit o cart-e interesant-ă
pn aux .3 sg read. pst . ptcp art . indf . f . dir book- indf . dir interesting- f
‘Petru read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) a mișca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a mișcat deget-ul
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg move. pst . ptcp finger- def . dir
‘Petru moved the finger.’

110. respect a respecta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o respectă pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant respect. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish a fi scârbă

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lui Petru îi e scârb-ă când vede vesel-ă murdar-ă
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant be. prs .3 sg disgust- indf . dir when see. prs .3 sg dishes- indf . dir dirty- f
‘Petru is disgusted when he sees dirty dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

112. be content a fi mulțumit

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru este mulțumit de fiu-l său
pn be. prs .3 sg satisfied[ m ] of son- def . dir refl . poss
‘Petru is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love a se îndrăgosti

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru s-a îndrăgostit de Maria
pn refl - aux .3 sg make_fall_in_love. pst . ptcp of pn
‘Petru fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust a avea încredere

Valency pattern: NOM_in
X: NOM
Y: in
Locus: Y
Petru are încreder-e în Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg trust- indf . dir in pn
‘Petru trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise a fi milă

Valency pattern: DAT_de
X: DAT
Y: de
Locus: XY
lui Petru îi e mil-ă de mam-a sa
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant be. prs .3 sg pity- indf . dir of mother- def . dir his. f
‘Petru sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy a invidia

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o invidiază pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant envy. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru envies Maria.’

117. be angry a fi furios

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
Petru e furios pe Maria
pn be. prs .3 sg angry[ m ] on pn
‘Petru is angry with Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised a fi surprins

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru a fost surprins de acest dar
pn aux .3 sg be. pst . ptcp surprise. pst . ptcp [М] of this gift
‘Petru was surprised at this gift.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

119. love (tea) a plăcea

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lui Petru îi place ceai-ul
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant like. prs .3 sg tea- def . dir
‘Petru loves tea.’

120. enjoy a face bine

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lui Petru îi face bine ceai-ul fierbinte
he. dat . acnt pn s/he. dat . nant make. prs .3 sg well tea- def . dir hot
‘Petru enjoys hot tea.’

121. want a vrea

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru vrea un telefon mobil nou
pn want. prs .3 sg art . indf . m . dir phone mobile new
‘Petru wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge a fi supărat

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
Petru e supărat pe Maria
pn be. prs .3 sg make_angry. pst . ptcp [М] on pn
‘Petru holds a grudge against Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence a simți jignit

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru s-a simțit jignit de Maria
pn refl - aux .3 sg feel. pst . ptcp offend. pst . ptcp [М] of pn
‘Petru took offence at Maria.’

124. upset a întrista

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a întristat-o mult pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg upset. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant much on pn
‘Petru greatly upset Maria.’

125. marvel a se mira

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru s-a mirat de oraș-ul acesta
pn refl - aux .3 sg impress. pst . ptcp of city- def . dir this
‘Petru was impressed by this city.’

126. despise a desprețui

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o desprețuiește pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant despise. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru despises Maria.’

127. get upset a fi trist

Valency pattern: NOM_din.cauza
X: NOM
Y: din.cauza
Locus: Y
Petru a fost trist din cauz-a fiu-lui său
pn aux .3 sg be. pst . ptcp sad[ m ] from cause- def . dir son- def . obl refl . poss
‘Petru got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated a supără

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
fiic-a sa îl supără pe Petru
daughter- def . dir his. f he. acc . nant irritate. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

129. be fond a simpatiza

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru o simpatizează pe Maria
pn she. acc . nant be_fond. prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petru is fond of Maria.’

130. be shy a fi rușine

Valency pattern: DAT_de
X: DAT
Y: de
Locus: XY
lui Petru este rușin-e de statur-a sa
he. dat . acnt pn be. prs .3 sg shame- indf . dir of height- def . dir his. f
‘Petru is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.