Rutul (Khnov)

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Rutul (Khnov). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 2, 2026; last revised on November 2, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.38, 47.44.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain yetes

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-d	gıˁğ	yete-ne	i
pn - obl - attr	head	n .hurt. ipfv - cv	n . cop
‘Ahmed has a headache.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) yidq'as

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-is	zokembı	yidq’ı	i
pn - dat	flu( n )	n .come. pfv	n . cop
‘Ahmed has the flu.’

3. be afraid kiç' yuˁxuˁs

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	xiy-i-le	kiç'e-ri
pn - obl - dat	dog- obl - el	fear. ipfv - prs
‘Ahmed is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw sapas qhihis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	sapı-ri	duxul
pn - erg	a .throw. pfv - prf	stone( a )
‘Ahmed threw a stone.’

5. have enough ğeviq'as

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-dı	tanga	ğeviq'a-ri
pn - attr / obl . super	money	a .be.enough. ipfv - prs
‘Ahmed has enough money.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble kiykas

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	kiyka-ri	Ali-s
pn	m .resemble. ipfv - prs	pn - dat
‘Ahmed resembles Ali.’

7. believe inamiş hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Ali	inamiş	i	Aˁhmaˁd-ı
pn	believe	m . cop	pn - super
‘Ali believes Ahmed.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take loşus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	loşu-ri	kitab
pn - erg	a .take. pfv - prf	book( a )
‘Ahmed took a book.’

9. see ğogus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	ğoga-na	i	xal
pn - obl - dat	n .see. ipfv - cv	n . cop	house
‘Ahmed sees a house.’

10. influence teʔsir haq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yixh-di	ç’ilmi-re	ğva-s	teʔsir	haq’a-ri
i - attr . obl	word. pl . obl - erg	2 sg . obl - dat	effect( n )	n .do. ipfv - prs
‘My words influence you.’

11. encounter ğogas

Valency pattern: NOM_fan

X: NOM

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	Ali-fan	ğodgu	diʔi
pn	pn -with	hpl .see. pfv	hpl . cop
‘Ahmed encountered Ali.’

12. enter oç'us

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	oç'u-ri	xal-a
pn	m .enter. pfv - prf	house- in
‘Ahmed entered the house.’

13. win *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

14. go out oğoç'us

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	xal-ı-gı	oğoç'u-ri
pn	house- obl - abl	m .go.out. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed went out of the house.’

15. drive kağabixis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	zer	çeğevirxe-ne	viʔi
pn - erg	cow	a . ipfv .drive.over- cv	a . cop
‘Ahmed is driving the cow.’

16. bend qat' haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	pıtax	qat'	haq'ı-ri
pn - erg	branch	piece	n .do. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed bent the branch.’

17. tell hıfıs

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Ali-ra	hıfı-ri	Aˁhmaˁd-ı	yiq'a	ya-k	mehman-na
pn - erg	say. pfv - prf	pn - super	m .come. imper	1 sg . obl - cont	guest- adv
‘Ali told Ahmed: "Come visit me!"’

18. hold faqhas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	kitab	faqhı	i
pn - erg	book	( n )hold. pfv	n . cop
‘Ahmed is holding a book.’

19. catch up qhiyiq'as

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	qhiyiq'ı-ri	Ali-xda
pn	m .catch.up. pfv - prf	pn - apud
‘Ahmed caught up with Ali.’

20. milk vezas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	zer	vezı-ri
pn - erg	cow	a .milk. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed milked the cow.’

21. reach layq'as

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	deriy-dı	qirax-a	layq'ı-ri
pn	sea. obl - attr / obl . super	shore- in	m .arrive. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed reached the shore.’

22. touch çiyq'as

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	çiyq'ı-ri	bariʔe-k
pn	m .touch. pfv - prf	fence. obl - cont
‘Ahmed touched the fence.’

23. fight çicirqhas

Valency pattern: NOM_fan

X: NOM

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	çicirqha-na	i	Ali-fan
pn	m .fight. ipfv - cv	m . cop	pn -with
‘Ahmed is fighting with Ali.’

24. be friends dust hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_fan

X: NOM

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	dust	yişi-ri	Ali-fan
pn	friend	be. pfv - prf	pn -with
‘Ahmed is friends with Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think fikir vaq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	fikir	vaq'a-na	vi	Ali-dı
pn - erg	thought( a )	a .do. ipfv - cv	a . cop	pn - attr / obl . super
‘Ahmed is thinking about Ali.’

26. eat iles

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	luʔu-ri	eç
pn - erg	a .eat. pfv - prf	apple
‘Ahmed ate an apple.’

27. fry ir-e haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	baluğ	ire	hoq'u-ri
pn - erg	fish	red.predic	a .do. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed fried the fish.’

28. wait guzet haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	guzet	haq'a-na	i	Ali
pn - erg	wait	m .do. ipfv - cv	m . cop	pn
‘Ahmed is waiting for Ali.’

29. forget yik'-e-s qhuduxus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	mab-dı	raˁqh	yik'-e-s	qhuduxu	i
pn - obl - dat	left- attr / obl . super	road	heart- obl - dat	n .forget. pfv	n . cop
‘Ahmed forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

31. call ses vaq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	ses	hoq'u-ri	Ali-xda
pn - erg	sound	a .do. pfv - prf	pn - apud
‘Ahmed called Ali.’

32. get to know dats'as

Valency pattern: NOM_fan

X: NOM

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	Ali-fan	dats'ı	diʔi	sa	sen	qabağa
pn	pn -with	hpl .know. pfv	hpl . cop	one	year	before
‘Ahmed got to know Ali a year ago.’

33. know hats'as

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	hats'ı-ri	Ali
pn - obl - dat	n .know. pfv - prf	pn
‘Ahmed knows Ali.’

34. play (instrument) tsıdılq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	gitara	kıˁrıˁxaˁ-na	i
pn - erg	guitar	n . ipfv .strike- cv	n . cop
‘Ahmed is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid yexes

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

rış	r-exe-ne	r-i	Ali-la
girl	f -run. ipfv - cv	f - cop	pn - el
‘The girl avoids Ali.’

36. make hazır haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	hazır	hoq'u	vi	ç'eng
pn - erg	ready	a .do. pfv	a . cop	trap( a )
‘Ahmed made a trap.’

37. make fun maxtsara haq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	maxtsara	vaq'a-na	vi	Ali-kla
pn - erg	fun	a .do. ipfv - cv	a . cop	pn - contel
‘Ahmed is making fun of Ali.’

38. have hıkıs

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ali-xda	viʔi	maşin
pn - apud	a . cop	car( a )
‘Ahmed has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for harsas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	harsa-na	i	açar
pn - erg	n .search. ipfv - cv	n . cop	key
‘Ahmed is looking for the key.’

40. paint rang hıˁxıˁs

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	rang	yıˁxıˁ	i	bariʔe-s
pn - erg	colour	n .hit. pfv	n . cop	fence. obl - dat
‘Ahmed painted the fence.’

41. bite sılab haq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

xiy-i-re	sılab	haq'ı	i	Aˁhmaˁd-i-s
dog- obl - erg	tooth	n .do. pfv	n . cop	pn - obl - dat
‘A dog bit Ahmed.’

42. forfeit fiğitfıs

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Aˁhmaˁd-ıd	xal	xıl-i-kla	fiğitfı-ri
pn - attr	house	hand- obl - contel	n .escape. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

43. try to catch faqhas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	favaqha-na	viʔi	gaˁt
pn - erg	a .hold. ipfv - cv	a . cop	cat
‘Ahmed is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break qat' haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	qat'	haq'ı-ri	t'at'al
pn - erg	piece	n .do. pfv - prf	stick
‘Ahmed broke a stick.’

45. flatter eğleytas

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	eğleyta-na	i	Ali-la
pn	m .flatter. ipfv - cv	m . cop	pn - el
‘Ahmed is flattering Ali.’

46. love (person) qhigas aşix hıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	riga-na	ri	xanım
pn - obl - dat	f .want. ipfv - cv	f . cop	lady
‘Ahmed loves a woman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

47. wave supta vaq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	yelix	supta	vaq'a-na	viʔi
pn - erg	handkerchief	a .move	a .do. ipfv - cv	a . cop
‘Ahmed is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream dileg haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	dileg	haq'a-ri	ts'in-di	maşin
pn - erg	wish	n .do. ipfv - prs	new- attr / obl . super	car( a )
‘Ahmed is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash sidğas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	sidğı-ri	guruşga
pn - erg	n .wash. pfv - prf	cup
‘Ahmed washed the cup.’

50. put on laq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	laq'ı-ri	şalvar
pn - erg	n .put_on. pfv - prf	trousers
‘Ahmed put on his trousers.’

51. be called tur lixhis

Valency pattern: ATTR_BARE

X: ATTR

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

mi-na-d	tur	kompas	i
prox - obl - attr	name	compass	n . cop
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack qhipıs

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

siy	qhipı-ri	balixçi-ya-xda
bear	a .attack. pfv - prf	fisherman- obl - apud
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ats'ıs

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)

X: NOM

Y: ERG(NON.CORE)

Locus: Y

vedre	ats'ı-ri	xhidi-r
pail	n .fill. pfv - prf	water. obl - erg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find fitfıs

Valency pattern: AD_NOM

X: AD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-da	fiqhitfı-ri	açar
pn - ad	n . re .find. pfv - prf	key
‘Ahmed found the key.’

56. be short laçiyq'as

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-d	sa	dollar	layirq'a-yş
pn - obl - attr	one	dollar	n . ipfv .arrive- neg . prf
‘Ahmed is one dollar short.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate q'uˁsq'e hıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	q'uˁsq'-e	yiʔi	Ali
pn - obl - dat	hated-predic	m . cop	pn
‘Ahmed hates Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like q'abıl hıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	q'abıl	yiʔi	uxun
pn - obl - dat	pleasing	n . cop	shirt( a )
‘Ahmed likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need bakar hıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	tanga	bakar-a	viʔi
pn - obl - dat	money	needed-predic	a . cop
‘Ahmed needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

61. remain atkas

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-xda	aqhakı	i	yits'ıd	dollar
pn - obl - apud	n . re .remain. pfv	n . cop	ten	dollar
‘Ahmed has ten dollars left.’

62. answer cuvab vıs

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	cuvab	vı	i	melim-a-s
pn - erg	answer	give. pfv	n . cop	teacher- obl - dat
‘Ahmed answered the teacher.’

63. open açmiş haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	banka	açmiş	haq'ı	i
pn - erg	jar	open	n .do. pfv	n . cop
‘Ahmed opened a jar.’

64. be different cure-d hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

yixh-di	uxun	ğudu-na-la	cure-di	viʔi
i - attr / obl . super	shirt( a )	you- obl - el	separate- attr / obl . super	a . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xhala arkas

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	Ali-la	xhala	arkı-ri
pn	pn - el	behind	h .remain. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed fell behind Ali.’

66. plough ç'ir lağus

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	sahe	layğu-na	i
pn - erg	field	n .till. ipfv - cv	n . cop
‘Ahmed is ploughing the field.’

67. smell il aˁğuˁs

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR

X: CONTEL

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

yix-di	xıl-amı-kla	benzin-a-d	il	aˁğuˁ-ri
i - attr / obl . super	hand- pl . obl - contel	oil- obl - attr	smell	come. ipfv - prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross oğloç'us

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	oğloç'u-ri	rıˁqhıˁ-la
pn	m .cross. pfv - prf	road. obl - el
‘Ahmed crossed the road.’

69. sing ç'al-bı hıfıs

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	bat'ra-d	ç'al-bı	hıfı-ri
pn - erg	nice- attr	word- pl . nom	say. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kixhi-s

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	kağat'	kixhi-ri
pn - erg	letter	n .write. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed wrote a letter.’

71. drink raˁğaˁs

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	nek	vaˁraˁğıˁ-ri
pn - erg	milk( a )	a .drink. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed drank the milk.’

72. melt yits'a haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	gurpğuşin-a-d	sa	qat'	yits'a	haq'ı-ri
pn - erg	lead- obl - attr	one	piece	n .melt	n .do. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed melted a piece of lead.’

73. match kiykas

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mi-di	ç'il	yix-di	dun-a-s	kivika-ri
prox - attr / obl . super	belt( a )	good- attr / obl . super	dress- obl - dat	a .resemble. ipfv - prs
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave satas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	huxu-du	şahar	saqhaptı-ri
pn - erg	m .be_born. pfv - attr / obl . super	town	a . re .leave. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed left his native city.’

75. cover yik-a haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

palaz-a	sinne	cıl	yik-a	vaq'a-ri
carpet- erg	whole	earth	shut- predic	a .do. ipfv - prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik'-i aˁğuˁs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	xal	yıx-ana	yik'-i	ğa-na	i
pn - obl - dat	house	good- adv	heart- super	be_on- cv	n . cop
‘Ahmed remembers the house well.’

77. help kumek haq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	Ali-s	kumek	haq'ı-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	n .do. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed helped Ali.’

78. understand (language) başda irfı-s

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	vats'a-ri	frantsuz	ç'al
pn - obl - dat	a .know. ipfv - prs	f rench	word
‘Ahmed understands French.’

79. hit (target) sitfıs

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

ildırım	xal-ı	sitfı-ri
lightning	house- super	n .fall_on. pfv - prf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself hat'us

Valency pattern: ERG_fan

X: ERG

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	almas-a-fan	qhuˁş-bı	hat'u-ri
pn - erg	razor- obl -with	face- pl . nom	n .cut. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed cut his face with a razor.’

81. get stuck kit'iq'as

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

istikan	kit'ibq'ı	viʔi	ustul-a-k
glass( a )	a .stick. pfv	a . cop	table- obl - cont
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

83. be glad şad hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	şad	yişi-ri	kağat'-a
pn	glad	m .be. pfv - prf	letter- in
‘Ahmed was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak halgas

Valency pattern: NOM_fan

X: NOM

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	halga-na	i	Ali-fan
pn	ipfv .speak- cv	m . cop	pn -with
‘Ahmed is speaking with Ali.’

85. give birth huxu-s

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xanım-a	dix	huxu-ri
lady- erg	son	m .be.born. pfv - prf
‘The woman gave birth to a son.’

86. drop sevis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	istikan	sevi-ri
pn - erg	glass( a )	a .drop. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed dropped the glass.’

87. govern qufval-dı haq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	qufval-dı	vaq'a-na	viʔi	yuxhdun-du	muˁqh-uˁ-s
pn - erg	ruling- attr / obl . super	a .do. ipfv - cv	a . cop	we- attr / obl . super	village- obl - dat
‘Ahmed runs our village.’

88. miss ts'iğal hıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	ts'iğal	yişi	i	Ali
pn - obl - dat	nostalgic	m .be. pfv	m . cop	pn
‘Ahmed misses Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow cubra ruˁq'uˁs

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRcubra

X: NOM

Y: ATTRcubra

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	Ali-dı	cubra	ruˁq'uˁ-na	i
pn	pn - attr / obl . super	behind	m . ipfv .go- cv	m . cop
‘Ahmed follows Ali.’

90. dismount soç'us

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	yabı-ya-la	soç'u-ri
pn	horse- obl - el	m .dismount. pfv - prf
‘Ahmed got down from the horse.’

91. listen un yidq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	ubur	qhinsa-na	yiʔi	radiyola-xda
pn - erg	ear	n . ipfv .put_at- cv	n . cop	radio. obl - apud
‘Ahmed is listening to the radio.’

92. obey ubur qhihis

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	ubur	qhinsa-ri	nin-a-xda
pn - erg	ear	n . ipfv .put_at- prs	mother- obl - apud
‘Ahmed listens to his mother.’

93. hear un aˁğuˁs

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-ı-s	un	aˁğuˁ-na	i	şaˁrq'i-bi
pn - obl - dat	sound	come. ipfv - cv	n . cop	song- pl . nom
‘Ahmed hears the music.’

94. mix kidixas

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

it	kidixı	i	nekidi-k
honey	n .mix. pfv	n . cop	milk. obl - cont
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look kaqhas

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	kaqha-na	i	kıblimı-xdal
pn - erg	m .look. ipfv - cv	n . cop	cloud. pl . obl - dir
‘Ahmed is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ağladihis

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	eğlevi-ri	uxun
pn - erg	a .take_off. pfv - prf	shirt( a )
‘Ahmed took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) naˁq' ğoga-s

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	ğoga-na	i	niq'ik'	Ali
pn - obl - dat	n .see. ipfv - cv	m . cop	in_dream	pn
‘Ahmed dreams about Ali.’

98. agree razı hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_fan

X: NOM

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	razı	yişi	i	Ali-fan
pn	content	m .be. pfv	m . cop	pn -with
‘Ahmed agreed with Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel doʔuy vaq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_fan

X: ERG

Y: fan

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	doʔuy	hoq'u	viʔi	Ali-fan
pn - erg	war	a .do. pfv	a . cop	pn -with
‘Ahmed had a quarrel with Ali.’

100. cost hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTR

X: NOM

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

mi-d	guruşga	sa	dollar-a-di	i
prox - attr	cup	one	dollar- obl - attr	n . cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at sapas

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Aˁhmaˁd-a	yuˁxuˁ-ri	şuruk
pn - erg	a .strike. pfv - prf	bird
‘Ahmed shot at the bird.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

102. pour saˁtxaˁs

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	qhoq'u-ri	şakar
pn - erg	a .pour. pfv - prf	sugar( a )
‘Ahmed poured the sugar.’

103. lose suga haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	suga	haq'ı	i	açar
pn - erg	n .lose	n .do. pfv	n . cop	key
‘Ahmed lost the key.’

104. sink itfıs

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

us	itfı-ri	xhid-e
wood	n .sink. pfv - prf	water. obl - in
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill yiq'is

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	yiq'i-ri	Ali
pn - erg	m .kill. pfv - prf	pn
‘Ahmed killed Ali.’

106. hit lixhis

Valency pattern: ERG_EL

X: ERG

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	lüxhü-ri	Ali-la
pn - erg	a .put. pfv - prf	pn - el
‘Ahmed hit Ali.’

107. kiss guh kıvıs

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	guh	kıvı-ri	xanım-ı-s
pn - erg	kiss	a .feed. pfv - prf	lady- obl - dat
‘Ahmed kissed a woman.’

108. read q'ıle haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	q'ıle	haq'ı-ri	yıx-ıd	kitab
pn - erg	read	n .do. pfv - prf	good- attr	book
‘Ahmed read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) siyile haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	sivile	hoq'u-ri	t'iliy
pn - erg	a .move	a .do. pfv - prf	finger( a )
‘Ahmed moved his finger.’

110. respect hurmet lüxhüs

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Ali-ra	hurmet	livinsa-ri	Aˁhmaˁd-ı
pn - erg	respect( a )	a .put.on. ipfv - prs	pn - super
‘Ahmed respects Ali.’

111. be squeamish disginmiş hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	t'aˁlqhıˁ-dı	rahlımı-la	disginmiş-di	i
pn	n .be_dirty. pfv - attr / obl . super	dish. pl . obl - el	disgusted- attr / obl . super	m . cop
‘Ahmed is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content razı hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	cuˁ-du	duxarı-la	razı	yiʔi
pn	refl - attr / obl . super	son. obl - el	content	m . cop
‘Ahmed is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

114. trust ixtibar haq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	ixtibar	haq'a-ri	Ali
pn - erg	trust	n .do. ipfv - prs	pn
‘Ahmed trusts Ali.’

115. sympathise yazux vıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER

X: DAT

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	yazux	viʔi	cuˁ-du	nin-di
pn - obl - dat	pity( a )	a . cop	refl - attr / obl . super	mother- attr / obl . super
‘Ahmed sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy baxil hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Ali	baxil	yiʔi	Aˁhmaˁd-ı
pn	envious	n . cop	pn - super
‘Ali envies Ahmed.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry qhaˁl löç'us

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER

X: DAT

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	qhaˁl	löç'u-na	viʔi	Ali-dı
pn - obl - dat	anger( a )	a .rise. ipfv - cv	a . cop	pn - attr / obl . super
‘Ahmed is angry with Ali.’

118. be surprised maˁhdaˁl hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	maˁhdaˁl	yişi	i	mi-di	pay-a
pn	surprised	m .be. pfv	m . cop	prox - attr / obl . super	gift- in
‘Ahmed was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) yigas

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	çay	yiga-di	i
pn - obl - dat	tea	n .like. ipfv - attr / obl . super	n . cop
‘Ahmed loves tea.’

120. enjoy kef haq'as

Valency pattern: ERG_EL

X: ERG

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd-a	bik'-di	çay-la	kef	haq'a-na	i
pn - erg	hot- attr / obl . super	tea- el	pleasure	n .do. ipf - cv	n . cop
‘Ahmed enjoys hot tea.’

121. want yigas

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	yiga-na	viʔi	ts'in-di	telefun
pn - obl - dat	n .like. ipfv - cv	a . cop	new- attr / obl . super	telephone( a )
‘Ahmed wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

123. take offence qhaˁl-a hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	qhaˁl-a	yişi	i	Ali-la
pn	anger- in	m .be. pfv	m . cop	pn - el
‘Ahmed took offence at Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset kef-di-k çiyq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Aˁhmaˁd-a	kef-di-k	çiyq'ı	i	Ali
pn - erg	pleasure- obl - cont	m .touch. pfv	m . cop	pn
‘Ahmed greatly upset Ali.’

125. marvel maˁhdaˁl hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	şahar-di	maˁhdaˁl	yişi	i
pn	town- attr / obl . super	surprised	be. pfv	m . cop
‘Ahmed was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise q'uˁsq'-e hıkıs

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	q'uˁsq'-e	yişi	i	Ali
pn - obl - dat	hated- predic	be. pfv	m . cop	pn
‘Ahmed despises Ali.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset incitmiş hıkıs

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Aˁhmaˁd	incitmiş	yiʔi	cuˁ-du	duxar-i-la
pn	annoyed	n . cop	refl - attr / obl . super	son. obl - obl - el
‘Ahmed got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated qhaˁl löç'us

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER

X: DAT

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	qhaˁl	löç'u-na	viʔi	cuˁ-dı	rış-a-dı
pn - obl - dat	anger( a )	a .rise. ipfv - cv	a . cop	refl - attr / obl . super	girl- obl - attr / obl . super
‘Ahmed is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy rıˁx hıkıs

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

Aˁhmaˁd-i-s	rıˁx	i	cuˁ-dı	buy-a-la
pn - obl - dat	shame	n . cop	refl - attr / obl . super	size- obl - el
‘Ahmed is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.